Kuyini i-hydrogen isibopho? Nazi izinhlobo nomthelela

Kuyini i-hydrogen isibopho? Zonke isibonelo esaziwa yalesi uxhumano amanzi avamile (H2O). Ngenxa yokuthi i-athomu mpilo (O) kuyinto electronegative engaphezu kwemibili hydrogen atom (H), ke ukudansela isiginci sakhe efana ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ye-hydrogen ukusondelana electron. Ukusungulwa enjalo covalent isibopho polar dipole kwakhiwa. Oxygen athomu ozuza hhayi icala elikhulu kakhulu ezimbi futhi ama-athomu ye-hydrogen - inkokhelo encane omuhle, okuyinto bakhangwa electron (umbhangqwana oyedwa wabo) ku-oxygen athomu H2O eduze molecule (ngamanye amazwi, amanzi). Ngakho, singasho ukuthi isibopho hydrogen - indlela amandla Luhambo phakathi athomu ye-hydrogen ne-athomu electronegative. Isici esibalulekile kuyi-athomu ye-hydrogen wukuthi ngibopha yayo nge ekhangayo electron kuba core angenalutho (ngamanye amazwi, i-proton, akekho omunye electron kwakuvikela). Nakuba isibopho hydrogen kuyinto ntekenteke covalent, ukuthi kudala lonke uchungechunge izakhiwo ezingasadingeki ka H2O (amanzi).

Ngokuvamile, eyakha lesi isibopho ne-athomu izici ezilandelayo: i-oksijini (O), i-nitrogen (N) futhi fluorine (F). Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ama-athomu salezi zici ezincane ngobukhulu futhi ube electronegativity okusezingeni eliphezulu. C-athomu omoya-usayizi enkulu (S sulphur noma chlorine Cl) akha khona ubuhlobo obuqinile hydrogen mancane, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngu electronegativity zabo lezinto kukhona ifaniswe N (okuyi-nitrogen).

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-hydrogen izibopho:

1. hydrogen isibopho aphakathi - kwenzeka phakathi molecule amabili, isibonelo: methanol, i-ammonia, i-hydrogen-fluoride.
2. intramolecular hydrogen isibopho - kwenzeka ngaphakathi i-molecule elilodwa, ezifana 2-nitrophenol.

Futhi manje-ke kukholakala ukuthi i-hydrogen isibopho chemical ibuthakathaka futhi eqinile. Yehluka nomunye amandla futhi isibopho obuphelele (ibanga phakathi ama-athomu):

1. hydrogen izibopho ababuthakathaka. Amandla - ayi-10-30 kJ / Mol, ubude isibopho - 30. Zonke izinto ezibalwe ngenhla izibonelo evamile noma babuthakathaka hydrogen isibopho.
2. hydrogen izibopho banamandla. Amandla - 400 kJ / Mol, ubude - 23-24. Idatha etholwe zokucwaninga, abonisa ukuthi izibopho eziqinile akhiwa athomu ezilandelayo: i ion-vodoroddiftorid [FHF] -, ion-amanzi amaningi hydroxide [HO-H-OH] -, ion oxonium hydrated [H2O-H-OH2] + kanye nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene organic futhi wezinto ezingaphili.

Ithonya hydrogen lixhunyaniswe

Amanani ezingasadingeki abilayo amaphuzu futhi encibilika enthalpies ka vaporization futhi amaphaphu ebusweni of ezinye zezakhi akunakubangelwa khona hydrogen izibopho. Water has amagugu ezingasadingeki yazo zonke lezi izinto, i-hydrogen fluoride kanye ammonia - abilayo iphuzu futhi ukuncibilika. Amanzi ne-hydrogen fluoride ezifundeni okuqinile kanye nama-liquid ngenxa yokuba khona kuyo hydrogen aphakathi izibopho babonwa polymerized. Lobu buhlobo uchaza hhayi kuphela ukuncibilika lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu, kodwa futhi density yabo ongaphakeme. Kulokhu-ke phezu encibilika hydrogen isibopho ingxenye ehlala, ngenxa lapho amangqamuzana awuketshezi (H2O) Agcwele ezinabantu ngaphezulu.

I dimerization izinto ezithile (carboxylic acid, isib, benzoic futhi acetic acid) Ungase futhi zingachazwa ngezinqubo khona i-hydrogen kunenze nisondelane. Dimer - molecule ezimbili ahlanganisiwe ndawonye. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, acid carboxylic abilayo iphuzu kunakunoma compounds kokuba cishe okufanayo isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, acetic acid (CH3COOH) izinga lokushisa ukubila kuyinto 391 K, kuyilapho acetone (CH3COCH3), kuba 329 K.

Ithonya hydrogen intramolecular izibopho

Lobu buhlobo sithinta isakhiwo nezakhiwo compounds ezihlukahlukene, njenge-2- kanye 4-nitrophenol. Kodwa isibonelo sasendulo esaziwa kakhulu futhi ebalulekile isibopho hydrogen - a-deoxyribonucleic acid (abbr: DNA.). Lokhu-molecule acid eligoqiwe ibe double helix, amabili imicu zazo oxhumene by hydrogen izibopho.