Chemical kunenze nisondelane futhi isimiso lasungulwa

Chemical isibopho - kunzima kakhulu umqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto wabunjwa isikhathi eside esekelwe ezimfundisweni nemibono mayelana nesakhiwo ye-athomu. Ngakho, eminyakeni engamakhulu XVI -XVII kwakungamadodana Imizamo yokuqala ukuchaza chemical ukufana usekelwe emfundisweni corpuscular. Boyle wacabanga ukuthi ukushayela force ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuqondana izinhlayiya e uhlobo Ilokhi key, t. E. Atoms kuthiwa "uya" futhi "baqonda" ukuze ziveze izinto ezintsha. Kamuva, ekhulwini XVIII. esikhundleni theory mechanical iza ashukumisayo, okuyinto kwaba umsekeli Newton. Wayekholelwa ukuthi imbangela ukufana kumakhemikhali amandla Luhambo okujula ezahlukene. Ekhulwini XIX. Iqala isikhathi electrochemical. Ngalesi sikhathi, wemithi German Kekule wasikisela ukuthi Valence ilingana-athomu izibopho zamakhemikhali. Ukusebenzisa le steel ukugomela ukumela amafomula kwesakhiwo yezinhlayiya lapho uyilahla esiqokiwe chemical izibopho. Kwaba zonke izimfanelo kuya incazelo umqondo wegama elithi "ukuxhumana chemical", okuyinto kwakhiwa ngokuphelele kuphela ngemva kwatholakala i-electron. Kwakuthinta hypothesized ukuthi ngemva ukuthi izinto akhiwa ukunyakaza noma shift of electron kusukela athomu elilodwa kuya kwenye. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu nokucabanga yesayensi kwaqinisekiswa futhi manje esetshenziswa osho ukuthi yaba nobuhlobo kwamakhemikhali by nokuxhumana electron kanye nuclei ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ayingxenye amangqamuzana.

Chaza ubunjalo elekthroniki kuzosiza i-athomu ye-hydrogen. Kuyaziwa ukuthi liqukethe eyodwa electron ayibhangqiwe, okuyinto esokuqala amandla ezingeni. Lapho la ma-athomu amabili e-hydrogen Kolunye lwazo iqala ukuheha electron core kwenye, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ama-athomu omoya Mezhuyev ukuxhumana kwenzeka, ibanga elibahlukanisile incipha, le sisakhangana is kuhambisana umuzwa wokwenyanya we nuclei. I-molecule, okuyinto ubumbe nje, kwabantu electron luyanda. Lezi amafu ezimbili electron izinhlayiya aphansi ehlangana kwakha ifu i-molecule ye-elekthronikhi. Uma sikubeka kalula, isibopho chemical kuwumphumela ukweqa ka-electron orbitals zama-athomu ezahlukene ngenxa nokuxhumana electron ayibhangqiwe.

Nokho, akubona bonke athomu basebenzisane. Ngakho, musa abaphila amagobolondo electron yamagesi inert, isb bona sizinzile. Kususelwa mthetho washayelwa octets ka Lewis, othi bonke athomu ezakhi e chemical isibopho kumiswa ziyashintsha igobolondo ukucushwa electronic eliseduze igesi engaxubani namakhemikhali, noma axube akunika electron.

Izinto ezikhona izinhlobo eziningana zokuxhumana. Ngakho, kukhona ionic, metallic, covalent, donor-acceptor. Ngokwesibonelo, amakhemikhali kunenze nisondelane ngezinto ukhona kuphela ezingxenyeni metallic. Lakhiwa electron ukufinyela 1-2 athomu ngalinye, ngamanye amazwi, izinhlayiya elincikene nalo "wahlukaniswa" electron, akha uhlobo jelly. Phakathi kule ndawo athomu metal zitholakala.

Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi ubuhlobo kumakhemikhali kuchumana emkhatsini athomu, okuyinto eyenzeka ngokusebenzisa exchange of electron noma inguquko kusuka omunye izinhlayiya zokucathula impahla komunye.