Izinhlobo nangezibonakhulu: incazelo, izici eziyinhloko, isabelo. Microscope electron lihlukile ukukhanya?

Igama elithi "isibonakhulu" elisuka ngesiGreki. Siqukethe amagama amabili elisho "amancane" futhi "ukubukeka." Iqhaza eyinhloko microscope ungaphakathi isicelo yayo lapho ucabangela izinto ezincane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule divayisi ikuvumela ukunquma ubukhulu nokwakheka kwayo, isakhiwo kanye nezinye izici ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama, tel.

Umlando sokudalwa

ulwazi olungenaphutha ngemithi ngubani umsunguli we-microscope, hhayi umlando. Ngokusho idatha ethile, yayakhiwe e 1590, ubaba nendodana Janssen, amakhosi ngenxa amaphuzu ukukhiqiza. Enye Olwa sesihloko umsunguli we-microscope - uGalileo Galilei. Ngo 1609, lezi ososayensi wethulwa insimbi lens ngilugweda kanye convex obala umphakathi ku Accademia dei Lincei.

Eminyakeni eminingi edlule uhlelo for ukucabangela izinto ezincane athuthukiswe futhi ngcono. Isinyathelo omkhulu emlandweni walo wawenziwe kokusungulwa doublet elula achromatic ulungise idivayisi. I Wethula lesi simiso umDashi Kristian Gyuygens ngasekupheleni 1600s. Eyepieces ka umsunguli kukhona ekukhiqizeni namuhla. ethile yabo kuphela ukungabi nobubanzi emkhakheni umbono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa apharathasi zomculo yesimanje Huygens eyepieces ube indawo kuhlalwe emehlweni.

umnikelo ngokukhethekile umlando microscope wenza nomkhiqizi mishini, u-Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 GG.). Nguye wahosha ukunakwa izazi zezinto eziphilayo kuleli yunithi. Leeuwenhoek wenza imikhiqizo encane, ifakwe lens olulodwa, kodwa uqine kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi anjalo bekulokhu kahle, kepha kabili ukukhubazeka isithombe bebekhona microscope kwakwakhe. Ukulungisa lokhu ukuntuleka kwamavithamini, ukungezwani nabasunguli bakwazi engu-150 kamuva. Kanye ukuthuthukiswa ngcono optical ikhwalithi yesithombe amadivaysi oluyinhlanganisela.

Ukuthuthukisa nangezibonakhulu uyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngakho, ngo-2006 ososayensi German ukusebenza e-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Mariano Bossi kanye Stefan Hella zakamuva ngesibonakhulu optical yasungulwa. Ngenxa ikhono ukuze sibone izinto nge izilinganiso 10 NM kanye eliphezulu ngakuthathu idivayisi ye-3D isithombe ngokuthi nanoscopy.

ngezigaba nangezibonakhulu

Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene Amadivayisi yakhelwe ukubhekana encane ngobukhulu-izinto. yokwenza iqembu wabo wenziwa esekelwe nemingcele ahlukahlukene. Lokhu kungaba ukuqokwa kwe-microscope noma indlela ezamukelwayo ukukhanyisa, isakhiwo esisetshenziselwa circuit optical nokunye. D.

Kodwa njengoba umthetho, izinhlobo ezinkulu nangezibonakhulu ihlukaniswa ubukhulu imvume microparticles, okuyinto kungabonwa ngosizo kwalesi simiso. Ngokusho lokhu kwehlukana, nangezibonakhulu yilezi:
- optical (ukukhanya);
- electronic;
--X-ray,
- Iskena uphenyo.

Indlela esetshenziswa kabanzi uhlobo nangezibonakhulu ukukhanya. Ukukhetha yabo ocebile iyatholakala ezitolo optical. Ngosizo lezi amadivaysi ukuzixazulula umsebenzi oyinhloko ekutadisheni into. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo nangezibonakhulu zihlanganisa ezikhethekile. Ukusebenzisa kwabo senziwa, njengoba umthetho, egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.

Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo amadivayisi has zenyathi yayo, ezisetshenziswa endaweni ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namuhla kukhona ithuba ukuthenga ngesibonakhulu esikoleni (noma ukuqeqeshwa), okuyinto uhlelo entry level. It unikeza abathengi nemishini yobuchwepheshe.

isicelo

Kungani udinga isibonakhulu? Iso lomuntu, ngokuba indlela ekhethekile optical uhlobo begazi has izinga elithile isixazululo. Ngamanye amazwi, kukhona ibanga okungenani phakathi izinto abona othile ewunikela ngesikhathi basengaba izobonwa. Ukuze iso evamile imvume enjalo luphakathi 0,176 mm. Kodwa ubukhulu isitshalo kakhulu futhi isilwane amaseli, izilokazane ezincane, crystal microstructure Alloys, metal kanye m. P. Okuningi esingaphansi kwaleli nani. Pho-ke, ukufunda kanye sibone izinto ezinjalo? Lapha ukusiza abantu beze izinhlobo ezahlukene microscopes. Ngokwesibonelo, hlobo amadivayisi optical uvumele ukuhlukanisa isakhiwo, lapho ibanga emkhatsini wetincenye teluhlaka okungenani 0.20 microns.

kuyinto microscope kanjani?

Kudivayisi okuyothi ngalo Iso lomuntu liba luhlolo etholakalayo lezinto ezincane, ke kunezici ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ziyakwazi lens kanye eyepiece. Idatha ilungiswe ingxenye ezithathekayo we tube ngesibonakhulu, okuyinto isendaweni metal isizinda. Itholakala kanye esiteji.

izinhlobo Wanamuhla nangezibonakhulu kuvame ifakwe uhlelo ukukhanyisa. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, epholisayo kokuba iris. Kuyisibopho isethi ephelele sokudumisa amadivayisi micro makrovinty, okuyinto abakhonza ukulungisa nokucija. Umklamo microscope inikezwe futhi ukutholakala kohlelo ukulawula isikhundla epholisayo.

Ngo ezikhethekile, nangezibonakhulu ezingcono avame ukusetshenziswa nezinye izinhlelo ezengeziwe kanye namadivayisi.

lenses

Qala incazelo microscope ungathanda nge indaba ephathelene kwezingxenye zalo eziyinhloko, ie-lens. Ziyakwazi kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi optical, kwandisa usayizi ngale ndaba kuyi-indiza isithombe. lens design sihlanganisa kwaso sonke isimiso, eyodwa nje kuphela, kodwa futhi zihlanganiswa izingcezu ezimbili noma ezintathu lens.

Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo i design onjalo opto-mechanical incike uhla imisebenzi ezidinga ukuxazululwa kwezinye kudivayisi. Ngokwesibonelo, kuqagulwa nane lens microscope kwakwakhe.

I-lens bayingxenye engaphelele ingxenye futhi, kamuva uhlelo lwayo. Siyini isisekelo ayizikwele okwakha ofiselekayo ikhwalithi yesithombe, kanye isimo ukusebenza? Lokhu phambi lens noma uhlelo. Landela lens okudingekayo ukuze unikeze kokukhulisa oyifunayo, ubude ebalulekile futhi ikhwalithi yesithombe. Nokho, ekuqalisweni kwalezi imisebenzi ayatholakala kuphela ngokuhlangana ne ngaphambili lens. Kumele ukuthi ukuklanywa umphumela okwalandela on ubude tube futhi ukuphakama lens iyunithi.

eyepieces

Lezi amelela ingxenye microscope uhlelo optical ukwakha izithombe ezincane oyifunayo kuyi-retina we ebusweni ingqapheli iso. amaqembu amabili lens kukhona ingxenye eyepiece. Esiseduzane iso ibizwa ngokuthi umphenyi iso, kanti kude - ensimini (ngosizo lens yakha isithombe into wafunda).

ukukhanyisa uhlelo

Microscope inikeza ukwakhiwa eyinkimbinkimbi diaphragms, izibuko kanye namalensi esibani. Ngalo enikeziwe yokucacisa umfaniswano into ngaphansi cwaningo. Ngo nangezibonakhulu ngqa, lo msebenzi wenziwa imithombo yemvelo ukukhanya. Njengoba kwentuthuko amadivayisi optical babé isicelo esibukweni ekuqaleni flat, bese ngilugweda.

Ngosizo enjalo elula imininingwane imisebe elangeni noma isibani iqondiswe into cwaningo. Ngo yesimanje nangezibonakhulu ukukhanyisa uhlelo neliphelele kunalelo. Siqukethe epholisayo bese ngalendoda.

esigabeni

amalungiselelo ezincane ezidinga cwaningo, ezibekwe phezu flat. Lona esiteji. izinhlobo ezahlukene nangezibonakhulu zinganikwa ebusweni icanjwe ukuze into esifundwayo sizosisiza ajikelezwe e emkhakheni umbono ka obuka nendawo, zibheka noma nge-engela ezithile.

Umgomo we operation

Esikhathini sokuqala kudivayisi optical uhlelo lens wanikeza isithombe reverse izinto ezincane kakhulu. Lokhu kithi avunyelwe ukubona isakhiwo ndaba futhi ngisho nasemininingwaneni emincane, lapho babeboshelwe esifundweni. Umgomo we operation ye-microscope ukukhanya namuhla siyafana nesabantu umsebenzi oqhubeka kwesibonakude refractory. Kulesi kudivayisi, ukukhanya refracted lapho sidlula ingxenye ingilazi.

kungandisa kanjani ukukhanya nangezibonakhulu eziphambili? Ngemuva kokungena wokukhanya imisebe lisebenze Ukuguqulwa yabo ibe ukusakaza ngokulinganisa. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho iyona kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona zokukhanya eyepiece, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa umfanekiso izinto ezincane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu lwazi uya ngakwesokudla ingqapheli ngesimo yayo analyzer ezibukwayo.

Zenyathi ukukhanya nangezibonakhulu

Modern amathuluzi okubona ihlukaniswa:

1. Ngokusho ucwaningo ekilasini eyinkimbinkimbi, umsebenzi nesikole ngesibonakhulu.
2. isicelo kuhlinzwa, begazi futhi lobuchwepheshe.
3. ngu izinhlobo microscopy kubonakala futhi adluliselwa-ukukhanya zikagesi, oxhumana naye isigaba, kanye nokwehlukana Fluorescent.
4. isiqondiso yokucucuza ukukhanya phezu okuhlanekezelwe kanye oqondile.

electron microscopes

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwedivayisi kwamanethiwekhi Ukuhlola izinto ezincane kakhulu buya ezingcono. Kunezinhlobo ezinjalo nangezibonakhulu, esasetshenziswa ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele esizimele isimiso yokusebenza of kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ukukhanya. Ngo ukusetshenziswa izinhlobo zakamuva abathintekayo amadivayisi ayi- elekhthroniki. izinhlelo ezinjalo wenze kube nokwenzeka ukubona izingxenye ezincane ezifana zezinto ukuthi bamane ageleze emhlabeni imisebe yokukhanya.

Kungani udinga ngesibonakhulu uhlobo computer? Ngalo, ukutadisha amangqamuzana namazinga subcellular. Futhi, amadivayisi njenge asetshenziselwa ekutadisheni amagciwane.

Nangezibonakhulu kudivayisi electron

Lokho okusezinhliziyweni ngesisekelo amadivaysi yakamuva ukuhlola izinto ezincane kakhulu? Microscope electron lihlukile ukukhanya? Ingabe kukhona phakathi kwabo iyiphi ukufana?

Isimiso ezisebenza ka-microscope electron kusekelwe izakhiwo ukuthi babe Amasimu kagesi kazibuthe. wesimethri yabo ukujikeleza uyakwazi ukunikeza umphumela ukugxila imishayo electron. Kulesi sisekelo, kungenzeka ukuba uphendule umbuzo othi: "I-microscope electron lihlukile ukukhanya?" Kule nkulumo, ngokungafani kudivayisi optical, akukho lens. indima yabo yakhelwe kahle kazibuthe kanye kagesi. Kudaliwe Windings ka ohlobo lapho wamanje ageleza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi Amasimu njengekhampasi lens bebuthanela. Ngokwandisa noma ukunciphisa wamanje amandla iyunithi eshintsha ibanga eqondile.

Ngokuqondene umqondo ke microscope electron iyafana icebo iyunithi ukukhanya. Umehluko amanga kuphela ukuthi izakhi optical esikhundleni kagesi efana.

Ukwanda electron microscopes into kwenzeka ngenxa kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona zokukhanya inqubo ugongolo, edabula into ngaphansi cwaningo. Ngezinye engeli lehlukene Rays faka indiza lens inhloso, futhi lapho kukhona ukukhulisa lokuqala isampula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-electron, ukudlula indlela eya lens Lesisemkhatsini. Lushintsha ngokushelela kwandisa ubukhulu bento. Isithombe yokugcina impahla unika lens lelivakalako. Kusukela isithombe sakhe luwela screen Fluorescent.

Izinhlobo electron microscopes

izinhlobo Wanamuhla ebabaza amadivayisi zihlanganisa:

1. TEM noma ukudluliswa electron microscope. Kulesi apharathasi isithombe mncane kakhulu, phansi 0.1 microns awugqinsi, yakheke into ku ukuxhumana ugongolo electron ukuze ketshezi eziqondiwe ukwanda okwalandela e lens yayo kazibuthe ise lens.
2. SEM, noma ukuskena electron microscope. Le divayisi ivumela ukuthola isithombe ebusweni into nge lesinqumo high ku oda nanometer eziningana. Uma usebenzisa izindlela ezengeziwe ezifana isibonakhulu okukhiphayo lwazi ukusiza ukunquma Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezingqimbeni ebusweni.
3. Umhubhe ukuskena electron microscope, noma STM. Nale ithuluzi kulinganiswa impumuzo ezishelelayo conductive nge isinqumo high ngekwendzawo. Ngo kokuhlinzwa, STM ngenaliti izinsimbi ezincane ezicijile ihlinzekwa ukuba into ngaphansi cwaningo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze ibanga angstroms ezimbalwa kuphela. Okulandelayo, inaliti wakhonza namandla amancane, ngakho kukhona zamanje mhubhe. Kulokhu, ingqapheli uthola umfanekiso ngakuthathu into ngaphansi cwaningo.

Microscopes "Leeuwenhoek"

Ngo-2002, e-America, inkampani entsha abazinikezele ukuba ukukhiqizwa kumadivayisi we-optical. Uhlu okunezinhlobonhlobo imikhiqizo yayo nangezibonakhulu, izibonakude kanye omabonakude. Zonke lezi amadivayisi we high quality izithombe.

Inhloko ehhovisi nokuthuthukiswa uMnyango inkampani zitholakala e-USA, ngo Frimonde (California). Kodwa njengoba umthamo production, zingabantu China. Konke lokhu kuchaza ukuthi inkampani uyabanikeza emakethe nemikhiqizo izinga oluseqophelweni eliphezulu ngesikhathi intengo imali.

Udinga ngesibonakhulu? Levenhuk anikela ukhetho okudingekayo. Ububanzi izinkampani imishini fiber amadivayisi obuchwepheshe nezinto eziphilayo ukwandisa into efundwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhasimende ahlinzekwa kanye nomklamo onobuhle, ababulawa ngemibala ehlukahlukene.

Isibonakhulu Levenhuk has ukusebenza ebanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, kudivayisi entry level ukuqeqeshwa kungenzeka exhunywe kwi-computer, futhi uyakwazi ukwenza izifundo videotaping. Kulesi imodeli ke ifakwe obusebenzayo Levenhuk D2L.

Le nkampani inikeza nangezibonakhulu begazi emazingeni ahlukahlukene. Lena imodeli elula, futhi izinto ezintsha ukuthi ngeke ivumelane ochwepheshe.