Plastics nendlela esebenza ngayo. Plastics porosity

izinhlobo ezahlukene amapulasitiki ukunikeza amathuba amaningi ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezithile futhi izingxenye. Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane lezi zinto ezisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene: kusukela ubunjiniyela nomsakazo zobunjiniyela kwezokwelapha nakwezolimo. Inqawe futhi izingxenye imishini, izinto nangokuvikela, housings for zikagesi kanye nezimpahla zasendlini - uhlu eside ngalokho kungadalwa kusuka plastic.

Izinhlobonhlobo esikhulu

Plastics nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngokusekelwe kulokho polymers umsuka - zemvelo noma zokwenziwa. Basuke ngaphansi nokushisa, ingcindezi, bese enza udini izihloko yinkimbinkimbi nelula. Into esemqoka ukuthi lapho lezi manipulations ukugcina uhlobo umkhiqizo osuphelile. Zonke amapulasitiki kukhona Thermoplastic, ukuthi kuba esethola, futhi thermosetting (engelapheki).

Esethola babe plastic ngaphansi kwethonya Ukushisa okwengeziwe nokucindezelwa, nezinguquko ezinkulu ukwakheka azisenzeki. I kokucindezelwa kanye usebe umkhiqizo ngokuqinile njalo kungenzeka ukuthambisa ngiwunike balolonge. izinhlobo ezaziwayo zama-enjalo plastic (Thermoplastic) ezifana polyethylene ne polystyrene. Umsuka linamandla ukugqwala, futhi izakhiwo Kwe-dielectric Heating. On isisekelo ekhiqizwa namapayipi alo, amafilimu, amashidi, it is kabanzi njengoba i material ekuvikeleni.

Of styrene ukuze polystyrene

Ngenxa polymerization of styrene kwaba polystyrene lelungiselelwe. Kusukela esikhathini esizayo ukudala izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ngesisekelo Ukusakaza noma ukuphokophela. amapulasitiki ezinjalo zibizwa kabanzi ukwenziwa izingxenye ezinkulu kanye imikhiqizo, efana nokuzula amafriji noma izakhi ukuze zangasese. Phakathi ngokuvamile amapulasitiki thermosetting asetshenziswa pressporoshki, laminates, fibre kwagcizelela plastic, okungase eminye kusetshenzwe ukuthola izingxenye ezahlukene.

Plastics - Kulula kakhulu ukusebenzisa futhi, ngesisekelo okuyinto ungakha eningi yezimbiwa. Kuye izakhiwo ezishisayo yilezi ezilandelayo izinhlobo amapulasitiki :

1. Ukucindezela. Kuyinto yindlela ethandwa kakhulu yokuthola imikhiqizo ngezinto thermosetting. Udini wenziwa isikhunta ekhethekile ngaphansi amazinga aphakeme okushisa ingcindezi.
2. Umjovo udini. Le ndlela yenza kube lula ukwakha imikhiqizo tabobunjwa. Ngenxa yalesi amathangi ekhethekile egcwele plastic olubunjiwe. inqubo ngokwalo libhekene umkhiqizo kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu kahle.
3. Extrusion. Through ukucutshungulwa abasitholayo izinhlobo eziningi imikhiqizo plastic, ezifana amapayipi, lokuluhlaza, izintambo, emafilimini imisebenzi ehlukene.
4. Blowing. Le ndlela - ithuba ephelele ukwakha umkhiqizo ifomu ngobuningi, okuzokwenza ube omhlophe sokuvalwa indawo ka isikhunta.
5. Nginyathela. Lokhu imikhiqizo ngendlela zidalwe kusukela amashidi plastic kanye amapuleti abobunjwa ekhethekile.

polymerization Izici

I plastic ingatholakala polymerization futhi polycondensation. Esimweni sokuqala amangqamuzana monomer zixhumene iketanga polymer ngaphandle ukukhululwa yamanzi kanye notshwala, okwesibili - by-imikhiqizo akadalwanga nakanjani i-polymer iqina. Izindlela ezahlukene kanye nezinhlobo amapulasitiki polymerization kungenzeka ukuthola izingoma leyehlukile izakhiwo kokuqala. Indima ebalulekile kule nqubo udlalwa yi-lokushisa elifanele nokushisa yokusabela kuya ekubunjweni Ukwakheka polymerize kahle. Esikhathini polymerization kubalulekile sinake monomer asalile - kuka yayo ezincane, ithembeke kakhulu futhi isikhathi eside e ukusebenza kuyoba plastic.

porosity

Uma izindlela polymerization adicilelwe, kungaholela yokulimala imikhiqizo isiqedile. Bona abagcwele avele, isehlukaniso futhi ongadalwa ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwangaphakathi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene porosity plastic:

1. Negesi. Kwenzeka ngoba imodi polymerization woniwa, futhi benzoyl peroxide amathumba. Uma ezimbotsheni igesi akhiwa ukushuba we sokwenziwa kuyadingeka ukushintsha.
2. porosity luyimbudumbudu kwenzeka ngenxa ngokweqile polymer powder, ukuhwamuka of monomer ebusweni izinga impahla noma kuhlangana enganele sokuqanjwa plastic.
3. I porosity we kokucindezelwa. Kuvela ngoba ukunciphisa ivolumu uyaca polymerizing ngaphansi umphumela ingcindezi enganele noma ukuntula udini kwengoma.

Yini ukuba sizicabangele?

Kufanele wazi nokuthi iziphi izinhlobo amapulasitiki kukhona porosity, futhi ukuvimbela yokulimala umkhiqizo wokugcina. Kuyadingeka ukuba banake porosity encane kobuso sokwenziwa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa semali kakhulu we monomer, lapho porosity akuyona ngaphansi wokucwebezelisa. Uma, ngesikhatsi operation ne plastic kwakhiwa yangaphakathi ukucindezeleka asalile, lo mkhiqizo inqamuke. kuphakama isimo esinjalo ngenxa yokuphula polymerization mode, uma into yinde kakhulu emanzini abilayo.

Kunoma ikuphi, Ukuwohloka izakhiwo mechanical polymer izinto ekugcineni kuholela ukuguga, kodwa ngenxa ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa kudingeka ukuze ithobele ngokugcwele.

plastic Basic - kuyini?

impahla Okubukwe kakhulu asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni elisekela esikhiphekayo ipuleti lokufakelwa kwezitho. I ezichumayo amapulasitiki eyisiqalo zokwenziwa isizinda. IMisa ngoba lezisekelo, ngokuvamile inhlanganisela ibe ngumsizi ketshezi. Lapho axutshwa, ukwakheka udini kudalwa okuyinto Uqinisa angesabi noma ngaphansi bafudumale. Kuye ukwaziswa etholwe ashisayo-sokwelapha noma ukuzilimaza ukuqina. Ukuze amapulasitiki eziyisisekelo polymerization ashisayo zihlanganisa:

• Etacryl (AKP-15);
• akrel;
• ftoraks;
• Akron.

Izinto ukudala amazinyo kukhona amapulasitiki nezimo, okuyinto zidingeka njengoba ethambile pads ukushaqeka-iyavuleka ngoba elisekela. Kumele kube ephephile umzimba, ngokuqinile exhunywe ne kumila sokwenziwa silondoloze eguquguqukayo kanye nomqulu njalo. Phakathi amapulasitiki enjalo ephawulekayo eladent ukuthi abami ukuba sokwenziwa eziphelele, futhi ortoksil okuyinto etholakala esekelwe siloxane inhlaka.

zokwakha

Izinhlobo ezinkulu amapulasitiki asetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ukwakhiwa, kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka. Izinto ethandwa kakhulu zihlanganisa lezi ezilandelayo:

1. ukhonkolo polymer. Lokhu resin esiyinhlanganisela, okudaliwe ngesisekelo thermosetting polymers. I abahamba phambili ngokuya ngezinqubomgomo Izakhiwo kanye mechanical polymer ukhonkolo ezibhekwa ngesisekelo epoxy inhlaka. Brittleness we indaba incephezeliswa fillers fibrous - asbestos, ingilazi zesivikelo sesifuba. Polymer ukhonkolo asetshenziselwa ukwakha izakhiwo amelana amakhemikhali.
2. GRP - yesimanje izinhlobo ukwakhiwa zepulasitiki, okuyizinto amaphepha ingilazi endwangwini, izindwangu, polymer zocwaningo ezixhumekayo. Fiberglass wadala ngesisekelo imicu okubhekiswe noma oqoshiwe kanye izindwangu noma amacansi.
3. Floor izinto. Tiniketwe nezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye zhidkovyazovyh roll enamathela izingoma esekelwe polymers. Isakhiwo kabanzi isicelo linoleum ngesisekelo PVC, ngokuhle ezishisayo kanye acoustic ukwahlukanisa ukusebenza. Seamless phansi mastic kungadalwa esekelwe ingxube feed ne oligomers.

Plastic futhi ukumakwa yayo

Kukhona 5 izinhlobo amapulasitiki, ezithinta ukuqokwa kwabo:

1. Polyethylene terephthalate (Pete has uhlamvu ukumaka noma PET). Libhekene kahle futhi isicelo ezibanzi: esetshenziselwa ukugcina uphuzo ahlukahlukene, amafutha, izimonyo.
2. High ukuminyana polyethylene (HDPE noma Zingu PE HD). Indaba libhekene kahle, kalula, ukumelana nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Kwakuvamise womshini tableware alahlwayo, iziqukathi yokugcina ukudla izikhwama, amathoyizi.
3. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC noma imakwe njengoba V). Kusukela le nto amaphrofayli iwindi, ifenisha izingxenye, Ifilimu okwesikhashana Uphahla lwangaphakathi, amapayipi, flooring nokuningi. Ngenxa okuqukethwe bisphenol A, vinyl chloride, polyvinyl phthalates kungukuthi lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo (iziqukathi, Cookware kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. P.) Ukuze ukugcina ukudla.
4. Polyethylene (LDPE noma wokugubha PEBD). Lokhu kwaziswa eziphansi lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa izikhwama, udoti izikhwama, linoleum kanye CD.
5. Polypropylene (PP has kophawu ngezinhlamvu). amandla ezahlukene, ukushisa ukumelana, ofanele ukwenziwa iziqukathi ukudla ukudla emabhokisini amathoyizi, ngezinaliti.

izinhlobo ezaziwa plastic - polystyrene kanye polycarbonate. Basuke kabanzi zimboni.

Fields of kwesicelo

izinhlobo ezahlukene amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kulezo zimboni. Kulokhu, izidingo kubo mayelana okufanayo - kalula ukusebenza kanye nokuphepha. Ake sicabangele izinhlobo thermoplastics nobubanzi yabo.

Thermosetting Plastics (etafuleni)

esikhundleni isiphetho

Esihlokweni samanje sabuka izinhlobo epulasitikini futhi isicelo sabo. Uma usebenzisa lokhu okubalulekile ibhekwa izici eziningi, esukela ethonyeni eliyingozi Izakhiwo kanye mechanical izici kokuphothula umsebenzi. Naphezu izindleko zalo plastic has ezingeni eyanele zokuphepha, okuyinto kakhulu enyamalele kwenkululeko uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza.