X-ray

X-ray zitholwe WK Roentgen e 1895 kanye okuthiwa X-ray abonise. Eminyakeni emibili ezayo, usosayensi ababandakanyekayo kusivivinyo yabo. Phakathi nale nkathi, owokuqala zadalwa -X-ray amashubhu. Ziyakwazi Umthombo ovame kakhulu emisebeni.

It phendla ukuthi kunzima zama-X ray ezikwazi ukuhlaba zingene ezihlukahlukene izinto, kanye ezithambile izicubu womuntu. Iqiniso yokugcina yashesha isicelo kwezokwelapha.

Ukutholakala kwama-X ray ubanjwe ngesikhathi ukunakwa ososayensi emhlabeni wonke. Okulandelayo ngemva kokutholakala kwayo, inani elikhulu lomsebenzi ku isifundo sawo ukusetshenziswa yanyatheliswa.

Ososayensi abaningi watadisha izakhiwo zama-X ray.

J .. Stokes wabikezela ubuntu babo kagesi, liye ukuqinisekisile Ucwaningo Charles Barkley, naye avuleke futhi nokwehlukana. zesayensi German Knipping, uFriedrich, Laue umumo womsebenzi wembula (izenzakalo ezihlobene ne ukuphambuka kusuka esiphelweni rectilinear). Ngo-1913, zizimele kusukela kwenye futhi Bragg Wolfe wathola nesihlobo okulula phakathi kwezinhlelo wavelength, umumo womsebenzi engela kanye nebanga phakathi angomakhelwane izindiza-athomu e-crystal. Zonke umsebenzi ngenhla kwakheka isisekelo kwesakhiwo-X-ray ukuhlaziywa. Ukusebenzisa spectra for ukuhlaziya zokucathula okokusebenza lwaluqala 20s. Ngo ukuthuthukiswa wokutadisha nokusebenzisa emisebeni idlala indima enkulu Physico-Technical Institute, okuyinto yasungulwa A. F. Ioffe.

Okuvame kakhulu umthombo ugongolo kuyinto tube-X-ray. Nokho, imithombo kungenzeka umuntu isotopes enemisebe. Ngakho omunye ngqo ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana -X ray, kanye nezinye emisebeni yenuzi (a-izinhlayiya noma electron) likhipha zibelesela emisebeni ilitshe metal. I tube has a emisebeni umfutho kakhulu njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo imithombo isotopic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, usayizi, izindleko, isisindo ezivela emithonjeni isotopic incane kakhulu kunaleyo nge ukufakwa tube.

Imithombo ezithambile X-ray kungase kube synchrotrons kanye ngemoto electronic. Amandla emisebeni synchrotron imiyalo emibili noma emithathu yaba sezingeni elikhulu ukwedlula tube emisebeni ku ezahlukene sendawo ethile.

I imithombo yemvelo, okuyinto zikhiphela X-ray zihlanganisa ilanga omunye izinto endaweni yonke.

Ngokuhambisana mshini okuvela kuyo isidoda spectra ngokwabo kungaba isici (wabusa) wazihlephula (eqhubekayo).

Esimeni sesibili,-X-ray spectrum esikhishwa izinhlayiya okusheshayo (icala) ngenxa okusithiyayo kwabo inqubo nokuxhumana athomu target.

Line ekushayweni ekhiqizwa ngenxa ionization-athomu ne-electron ejection komunye amagobolondo ye-athomu. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kungaba ngenxa ukushayisana, futhi fast athomu izinhlayiya, isibonelo, nge-electron (eyinhloko-X ray), noma i-atom ukumuncwa kwe-albhamu yezithombe (fluorescence-X ray).

Ukuxhumana imisebe nge ndaba ungakha nomphumela Photoelectric okuhambisana ukumuncwa yabo noma ukushabalalisa. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa itholwa esimweni lapho ukumuncwa kwe-albhamu yezithombe nge-athomu Likhipha owokuqala electron kwangaphakathi. Kungenzeka It ke kwenzeka noma ushintsho radiative nge ekushayweni isici athomu ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya ekushayweni noma ejection of a electron yesibili iyaguquka radiationless.

Ngaphansi kwethonya i-X-ray crystal nonmetallic (isib rock usawoti) kwezinye ISIZINDA e eheleni athomu ion kwakhiwa, kokuba icala omuhle ezengeziwe, futhi eduze kwabo kukhona electron ngokweqile.