Student we emathunjini Zomhlaba. Izikhombisi-main yocwaningo Geological

Geology - isayensi etadisha Ukwakheka, isakhiwo kanye amaphethini ukuthuthukiswa zangaphakathi kule planethi. Lokhu isayensi kuhlanganisa zinengi izindlela. Sokuma kwezwe - umuntu esifunda emathunjini omhlaba.

Umsuka wegama elithi "nokwakheka"

Kusukela igama lesiGreki elithi "nokwakheka" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "umhlaba" nelithi "yokufundisa". Ekuqaleni, igama elithi "nokwakheka" - isayensi imithetho neziqondiso bezwe - wayephikisa izwi "Imfundiso" - isayensi kwempilo engokomoya.

Uma ubona leli zwi, kungekho usuku oluqondile. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi leli gama uvele 1603, futhi wasebenzisa usosayensi yakhe Italian Ulisse Aldrovandi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi igama elithi waqamba e-1657 usosayensi Norwegian umfundi emathunjini omhlaba, Mikkel Pederson Eskholt ke e 1778 lalisetshenziswa Jean-André Deluc. Ekugcineni izwi eziphendulwa umoya zaqala ukusetshenziswa 1779, sibonga uHorace-Bénédict de Saussure.

Ngokomlando ngaphezulu wasebenzisa igama elithi "geognosy", wasikisela le izazi zokuma komhlaba German H. Fyukselem futhi AG Werner. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, leli gama liye bawela lingasetshenziswa.

nokwakheka Amaforamu

Geology isayensi nomlando. Omunye imisebenzi yayo esemqoka kutfola kulandzelana kwetigameko umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. izifundo Geological zihlukaniswe izici ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. nokwakheka okuchazayo - izifundo ukubekwa, ukubunjwa, umumo kanye nosayizi umzimba ngokuma komhlaba, amatshe namaminerali, kanye nokulandelana okuvela kuyo imishini yokusaha izingodo.
2. nokwakheka Dynamic - izinqubo Geological ehilelekile kwemvelo - ukubhujiswa amatshe, ukufuduka, ukunqwabelana kwezulu, ukuhamba emhlabeni uqweqwe, izintabamlilo, ukuzamazama komhlaba.
3. nokwakheka zomlando - etadisha ukulandelana izinqubo esikhathini esidlule umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Ngamunye ezindaweni ithobela izimiso zalo nezindlela zocwaningo. Njengoba sekunama-lwazi olusha yokwakheka komhlaba izigaba ukwandisa, ezindaweni eyinhloko ucwaningo namuhla kwezesayensi ezilandelayo:

1. Isayensi ungqimba lomhlaba.
2. Isayensi izinqubo yesimanje umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.
3. Isayensi ukulandelana komlando izinqubo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.
4. eyala osetshenziswayo.
5. nokwakheka yesiFunda.

Umsebenzi sokuma

Ngokuvamile, ukwenza lo msebenzi lihlotshaniswa romance ikhambo, omlilo nabaculi darnel, kodwa ingenye izici zokuhlakanipha eziningi kuphela. Student we emathunjini omhlaba, unolwazi ngokuvumelana nesigaba lapho esebenzela khona. Indawo yomsebenzi kuncike esigabeni yokwakheka komhlaba kanye nemisebenzi. Lokhu kungase kube uhambo - isihloko cwaningo emkhakheni. Lokhu kungaba ukudalwa amaphrojekthi noma imiklamo yocwaningo - ukuhlaziya ulwazi wathola ngaphakathi iKhabhinethi. Ngo-petroleum umsebenzi sokuma ehlangene ucinge uwoyela noma igesi. Mlilo - onguchwepheshe esicwaninga mlilo. Ingabe ufuna sokuma-isiseshi? Ngokuyinhloko, unesithakazelo namaminerali namaminerali. Ngo ukwakhiwa ulwazi oludingekile engineering komhlaba.

Geology eRussia

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, esifundeni esise-Ural kanye Altai wasebenza "rudoznattsy" futhi "rudosyschiki". Bakhandwa bekwi-ukuhlola ukukhiqizwa lensimbi nelethusi imikhando, amatshe ayigugu kanye namanye amaminerali.

Lomonosov wayengumfundi wesazi le emathunjini omhlaba, wabeka izisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komhlaba isiRashiya, kanjalo akakuvumeli ososayensi Western amaphutha.

Ekhulwini XIX waqala ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi izimayini, indaba edingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe. Kuze kube yimanje, esifundeni esise-Ural, Eastern eSiberia ne eCaucasus waqala ukuhlola. Ngokuhamba umsebenzi Geological eCaucasus ziye zembula ezifakwa lamafutha, iron, ithusi, phambili, isilivere lamanzi esiphethu iziphethu.

Ukuthuthukiswa imboni fuel nomthelela kwehlwaywe okunemininingwane eDonets Basin.

izazi zokuma komhlaba isiRashiya, ngokungafani eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ngokuzimela wafika nomqondo wokuthi ukwakheka igolide placers. indawo wabo wokufundisa ngenxa ukubhujiswa ngemithambo igolide ezinembewu.

Ukuhlola eYurophu eyayiyingxenye yezwe wanika ulwazi oluningi futhi impahla ukuze uthole ukuqondisisa entsha isakhiwo Russian Plain.

Ngesisekelo amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo eqala ukudala amamephu lokuqala umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ekupheleni ibalazwe lokuqala petrographic sidalwe kwekhulu XVIII.

Ngo 1882, iKomiti Geological yasungulwa. Saqala isifundo eningiliziwe Russian Plain. Ngokuhamba lo msebenzi ohlangothini olusha e komhlaba - palaeogeography - isayensi study izimo ngokomzimba futhi zezulu yesikhathi esidlule umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Umsebenzi wona wawungemubi ukufunda ehlane, eSiberia nase-Asia Ephakathi.

I komhlaba sase-Soviet Union

Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi kwesikhathi iSoviet, yokuma komhlaba be-USSR bebelokhu asathuthuka futhi ahlanganiswe kakhulu. Ngemva Okthoba Revolution sokudubula Geological safinyelela ezingaphezu kuka 35% wezwe. Ngo-1945, yena lase lithumbe 66% isimo.

Expeditions ayehlelwe kwi Peninsula Kola, inhlonhlo Taimyr, elimhlophe Urals, ku Pechora umcengezi, e-Altai Mountains kanye nakwezinye izindawo.

Idiphozithi kwatholakala umanyolo Solikamsk futhi Bereznyakov - omunye imali enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Waqala ucinge futhi ukuhlola imali uwoyela endaweni phakathi iVolga futhi Urals. Deep uwoyela imishini wanika imithombo.

Kanye onjiniyela izimayini avele izazi zokuma komhlaba amakhono ehlukene abatadisha uqweqwe eMhlabeni.

Yena ufuna sesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba namuhla? Cishe yonke imikhakha ezinkulu Kwatholakala ukulihlola. Izinqubo ezenzeka ekusithekeni emathunjini omhlaba, siqhubeke silitadisha futhi enothisa ulwazi komhlaba. On imibuzo eminingi izimpendulo wathola abanye izimpendulo okwamanje. Kuye kwaba isikhathi eside isikhathi umuntu esifunda emathunjini omhlaba, udonsa ulwazi, kodwa ukukhiqiza izimpendulo entsha ukuze imibuzo emisha kuphela.