Imfucumfucu

Imfucumfucu (TP) yiyona isisetshenziswa kanye nokusetshenziselwa izinsiza zamandla kagesi kanye namandla. Kuhlanganisa igesi, amalahle, ukuhlanzwa kwamafutha, nezimboni ze-peat. Imbonini yamapetroli ingenye yamagatsha amakhulu embonini enzima.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezwe kawoyela ngokuqondile kuxhomeke kulokho okusetshenziselwa izinto zokusetshenziswa. Isibonelo, imboni yamafutha aseRashiya isebenza ngokuyinhloko ngesisekelo somkhakha wokuhlanza igesi kanye namafutha. E-Ukraine, imithombo eyinhloko kagesi iyamalahle. Imboni yephethiloli yaseBelarus iqala ngenxa yokukhipha nokucutshungulwa kwe-peat. Ezinye izinhlobo zamafutha ziphinde zisetshenziswe, kodwa kulesi sihloko sizocatshangelwa ngokuningiliziwe nje kuphela okuyisisekelo.

Imboni yephethiloli yaseRussia inezimboni ezintathu eziyinhloko. Lezi yizimboni zamafutha, igesi namalahle.

Imbonini yamafutha iyisigungu esiphezulu sephethiloli neyinkimbinkimbi yamandla. Ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele, iRussia ibamba okwesibili ngokukhiqizwa kwamafutha nokuhlanza futhi okokuqala ngokwemithombo yokugcina igesi nokukhiqizwa. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza ngamafutha kuleli zwe yiNtshonalanga yaseSiberia (cishe ama-70% kuwo wonke amafutha atholiwe) kanye ne-Volga-Urals (20%). Cishe isigamu samafutha wonke akhiqizwa sithunyelwa njengamanye amafutha emazweni angomakhelwane. Njengoba ukuthuthwa kwamafutha akuyona inqubo eshibhile, umbhobho we-oyela okwama-48,000 km wakhiwa ukuze uhambise izinto eziwusizo emadolobheni amakhulu.

Iningi lembonini yegesi yaseRussia igxile engxenyeni yase-Orenburg-Astrakhan nasemazweni aseNtshonalanga yaseSiberia. Ngokwezibalo ezithile zezinhloli zobuchwepheshe, esinye isisekelo esikhulu sokukhiqizwa kwegesi singase sivele ekamu - emasimini aseSakhalin naseYakutia. Amapayipi omgesi asetshenziselwa ukuhamba kwegesi, ubude bawo buyizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-150.

Ngemva kokutholakala kwegesi namafutha, ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle njengotshisi kwakunciphise kakhulu. Uma eminyakeni engama-50 isabelo sembonini yamalahle sehlelwe ngamaphesenti angama-60 kuwo wonke imboni yamanzi kagesi, esikhathini sethu, lesi sibalo saba ngaphansi kuka-11%. Ukuncipha okusheshayo akubangelwa nje kuphela ekuthandeni komhlaba wonke amafutha negesi. Okumangalisa ukuthi, ukukhipha amalahle, kudinga izindleko eziningi zempahla nezomzimba. Lokhu kukuthuthukiswa kokufaka imali, futhi imishini edingekayo namuhla, kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezimbiwe. Kwezinye izimo, izindleko zingadlula imali. Indlela elula futhi eshibhile ukukhipha amalahle ema-quarries (evulekile). Cishe 2/3 welahle eliphelele elikhishwe ezweni likhishwa ngale ndlela. Ukukhipha amalahle ngendlela evulekile kwenziwa kuphela ezindaweni ezimpumalanga zezwe.

Imfucumfucu yamafutha omhlaba

Imbonini yezwe kanye nezamandla kagesi ibuye igxile embonini yamafutha, igesi namalahle. Amazwe angama-75 omhlaba ahlanganyela ekufakweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamafutha. Izwe elihamba phambili yi-Saudi Arabia. Endaweni yesibili eRussia, ngaleso sikhathi i-US, iMexico, i-United Arab Emirates, njll.

Imbonini yegesi ithuthukiswe emazweni angu-60. Kule mboni, iRashiya isendaweni yokuqala, endaweni yesibili - iU.SA, ngaleso sikhathi - eCanada, eTurkmenistan, njll.

Imboni yamalahle yomhlaba namuhla ikhula kancane kancane, ngoba imboni yamafutha neyegesi iye yahamba nayo yonke imakethe yomhlaba. Amalahle kakhulu adliwa yizizwe lapho kuhlongozwa khona. Ukuthekelisa kune-10% kuphela.

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, izindawo zokugcina amalahle zizohlala iminyaka engaba ngu-240, kuyilapho igesi - engu-65 kuphela, namafutha - iminyaka engu-50. Ukuqhubeka kulokhu, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi emva kwesikhathi ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle njengotshisi kuyothatha indawo ehamba phambili embonini yomhlaba wonke.