I-spectrum evamile ezinganeni. Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Autism spectrum

I-autism spectrum yiqembu lezinkinga ezibhekene nokuphazamiseka kokubeletha kokuxhumana kwabantu. Ngeshwa, lezo zifo ezivame ukutholakala ezinganeni. Kulesi simo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukucacisa ngesikhathi sokuba nenkinga, ngoba ngokushesha ingane ithola usizo oludingekayo, ithuba elikhulu lokulungiswa okuphumelelayo.

I-autism spectrum: kuyini?

Ukuxilongwa "kwe-autism" namuhla kuzindebe zomuntu wonke. Kodwa akubona wonke umuntu oqonda ukuthi leli gama lisho ukuthini nokuthi yini ongayilindela kumntwana we-autistic. Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Autism i-spectrum kubonakala ukungabi nokuxhumana komphakathi, ubunzima ekusebenzelaneni nabanye abantu, ukusabela okunganele kwezokukhulumisana, ukukhathazeka okulinganiselwe kanye nokuthambekela kokulinganisa (izenzo eziphindaphindiwe, izinhlelo).

Ngokwezibalo, cishe ama-2% wezingane ahlushwa yizinkinga ezinjalo. Emantombazaneni, i-autism ibhekwa izikhathi ezine kancane kancane. Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, ukukhubazeka kwezinkinga ezinjalo kuye kwanda kakhulu, nakuba kungacacile ukuthi ngabe ukukhubazeka kuyaba yinto evamile noma ukuthi ukukhula kuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko endleleni yokuhlonza (eminyakeni eminingana edlule, iziguli ezine-autism zazivame ukutholakala nezinye izifo, njenge-schizophrenia).

Izimbangela zokuthuthukiswa kwezifo ze-autism spectrum

Ngeshwa, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-autistic spectrum, izimbangela zokubonakala kwayo, kanye namanye amaqiniso namuhla akusobala. Ososayensi bakwazi ukubona izinkinga eziningana, nakuba kusenayo isithombe esiyinkimbinkimbi senqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwezifo.

• Kukhona isici sokuzalwa. Ngokwezibalo, phakathi kwezihlobo zengane ene-autism kunenani elingama-3-6% labantu abanezifo ezifanayo. Lokhu kungase kube okuthiwa yi-micro-symptom ye-autism, isibonelo, ukuziphatha okulinganiselwe, ukunciphisa isidingo sokuxhumana komphakathi. Ososayensi baze bakwazi ngisho nokuhlukanisa i-autism geni, nakuba ukutholakala kwayo akuyona isiqiniseko esingu-100% sokuthuthukiswa kokungajwayelekile emntwaneni. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kwe-autistic kukhula lapho kukhona isakhi sezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhi zofuzo kanye nesenzo esisodwa esisodwa sezinto ezivela ngaphakathi noma ngaphakathi.
• Izimbangela zihlanganisa ukuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kobuchopho. Ngenxa yocwaningo kwakungenzeka ukuthola ukuthi izingane ezinezifo ezifana ne-cortex yangaphambili, i-cerebellum, i-hippocampus, i-lobe ephakathi nendawo ivame ukuguqulwa noma ukunciphisa. Yilezi zingxenye zesimiso sezinzwa ezithintekayo ukunakwa, inkulumo, imizwelo (ikakhulukazi, ukusabela ngokomzwelo ekusebenzeni izenzo zenhlalo), ukucabanga, kanye nokukwazi ukufunda.
• Kwaqaphela ukuthi ngokuvamile ukukhulelwa kuqhubeka nezinkinga. Isibonelo, kwakukhona ukutheleleka kwegciwane lomzimba (isishukela, i-rubella), i-toxicosis enamandla, i-eclampsia nezinye izifo, ezihambisana ne-fetal hypoxia kanye nokulimala komqondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu akusiyo yonke indawo - izingane eziningi emva kokukhulelwa okuqinile nokubeletha zikhula ngendlela evamile.

Izimpawu zokuqala ze-autism

Kungenzeka yini ukuxilonga i-autism usencane? Isiyaluyalu se-autistic spectrum asibonakali kaningi ebusheni. Noma kunjalo, abazali kufanele banake ezinye izimpawu ezisabekayo:

• Ngomntwana kunzima ukusungula ukuxhumana kwamehlo. Akabuki emehlweni. Akukho futhi okunamathiselwe kumama noma ubaba - ingane ayalili, lapho ihamba, ayidonsa amapeni. Kungenzeka ukuthi ayithandi ukuthinta, ukumbamba.
• Izingane zikhetha enye ithoyizi, futhi ukunakwa kwayo kugxile ngokuphelele.
• Kukhona ukulibaziseka ekuthuthukiseni inkulumo - ezinyangeni ezingu-12-16 ingane ingakhulumi imisindo ephawulekayo, ungaphindi amagama amancane amancane.
• Izingane ezinokwephula i-autistic spectrum zivame ukumomotheka.
• Ezinye izingane zisabela ngokuhlukumeza ezenzweni zangaphandle, isibonelo, imisindo noma ukukhanya. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokucindezeleka.
• Ingane iziphatha ngendlela engafanele ngokuphathelene nezinye izingane, ayifuni ukuxhumana noma ukudlala nabo.

Ngokushesha kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi lezi zibonakaliso azizona izici eziphelele ze-autism. Kuvame ukuthi kwenzeke ukuthi eminyakeni engama-2-3 izingane zikhule ngokujwayelekile, bese zibuyisa, zilahlekelwa ngamakhono abo atholakele ngaphambilini. Uma kukhona ukusola, kungcono ukuxhumana nochwepheshe - udokotela kuphela ongenza ukuxilongwa okulungile.

Izimpawu: yini abazali okufanele bayinake?

I-autism spectrum ezinganeni ingabonakaliswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kuze kube manje, kuye kwahlulwa izilinganiso eziningana, okumele zikhokhwe:

• Uphawu oluyinhloko lwe-autism ukuphulwa kokuxhumana komphakathi. Abantu abanalo ukuxilongwa abakwazi ukubona izibonakaliso ezingenalutho, abazizwa bezwe futhi abazihlukanisi imizwelo yabantu abakuzungezile, okubangela ubunzima ekukhulumisaneni. Ngokuvamile kunezinkinga zokuxhumana kwamehlo. Izingane ezinjalo, ngisho nokukhula, azibonisi isithakazelo esikhulu kubantu abasha, ungahlanganyeli emidlalweni. Naphezu kokunamathiselwe kwabazali, umntwana kunzima ukukhombisa imizwa yabo.
• Izinkinga ngenkulumo zikhona. Ingane kakhulu kamuva iqala ukukhuluma, noma inkulumo ayitholakali nhlobo (kuxhomeke kohlobo lokuphulwa). Abalandeli bamazwi bavame ukuba nesilulumagama esincane, ukuphazamisa amagama, isikhathi, ukuphela kwamazwi, njll. Izingane aziqondi amahlaya, ukuqhathanisa, ukuqonda yonke into. Kukhona i-echolalia.
• I-autism i-spectrum ezinganeni ingabonakaliswa ngokuthinta okungenamthetho, ukunyakaza kwe-stereotypic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunzima kubo ukuhlanganisa ingxoxo ngokuthinta.
• Izici zezici zezingane ezine-autism disorders ziyizinto zokuziphatha eziphindaphindiwe. Isibonelo, ingane isheshe isetshenziswe ukuhamba emgwaqweni owodwa futhi inqabe ukubuyela kwenye umgwaqo noma iya esitolo esisha. Ngokuvamile, okuthiwa "amasiko" akhiwa, isibonelo, okokuqala udinga ukubeka isobho elifanele bese ushiya, noma okokuqala udinga ukusakaza ushukela ekomishini bese usithululela ngamanzi, kodwa kungenjalo nakwezinye izindlela. Noma yikuphi ukuphambuka esikhwameni esakhiwe ngumntwana kungenziwa kuhambisane nokuphikisana okukhulu, kufanelana nentukuthelo, ukuhlukunyezwa.
• Ingane ingaxhunyaniswa nesitokisi esisodwa noma into engewona umdlalo. Amageyimu wezingane ngokuvamile avunyelwe isakhiwo, isibonelo, akayidlali izimpi ngamasosha amathoyizi, akakhi ukwakhela i-princess, akavuli imishini ezungeze indlu.
• Izingane ezinezinkinga ze-autistic zingase zihlwithwe yi-hyper- noma hypo-sensitivity. Isibonelo, kunezingane ezithinta ngokuzwakalayo umsindo, futhi njengoba abantu abadala sebeqaphele ngokuxilongwa okufanayo, ukukhala okukhulu akubangabesabi nje kuphela, kodwa kubangele ubuhlungu obukhulu. Okufanayo kungabhekisela ekuzweleni kwe-kinesthetic - ingane ayizizwa ibanda, noma, ngokuphambene, ayikwazi ukuhamba ngezinyawo ezingenalo izicathulo ezinotshini, njengoba izinzwa ziyesaba.
• Ingxenye yengane ene-diagnostic efanayo idla imikhuba - iyakwenqaba ngokweqile ukudla noma yikuphi ukudla (isibonelo, obomvu), bakhetha isidlo esisodwa.
• Ngokuvamile kuvunywa ukuthi abantu base-autistic banekhono elithile. Lesi sitatimende asilungile. Ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kwezinga eliphezulu, izinga lokuhlakanipha livame ukulinganisa noma kancane kunokujwayelekile. Kodwa ngokukhathazeka okuphansi okusebenzayo, kungenzeka kakhulu ukulibala ukuthuthukiswa. Kuphela ama-5-10% abantu abane-diagnostic efanayo bane-ultra-high level of intelligence.

Izingane ezine-autism azidingeki zonke izibonakaliso ezingenhla - ingane ngayinye inesiphakamiso sokuhlukumeza, ngezinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokuqina.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkinga ze-autistic (ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Nikolskaya)

Izinkinga ze-autism spectrum zihlukile kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphenyo lwesifo luyaqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo, ngakho-ke kunezinhlelo eziningi zokuhlela. Phakathi kwabafundisi nabanye abaqeqeshiwe, ukuhlelwa kukaNicolskaya kuyathandwa, futhi kuhloswe lapho kudala izinhlelo zokulungiswa kwezigwegwe. I-spectrum yokuhlola ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane:

• Iqembu lokuqala libhekene nokuhlukumeza okujulile futhi okunzima kakhulu. Izingane ezinokuhlushwa okunjalo azikwazi ukuzikhandla, zihluleka ngokuphelele ukuxhumana nabanye. Iziguli azikho amazwi.
• Izingane zeqembu lesibili zingaqaphela ukuthi kukhona ukulinganiselwa okukhulu emaphethweni wokuziphatha. Noma yikuphi ukushintshwa kuhlelo (isibonelo, ukungahambisani nemodi evamile yosuku noma isimo) kungabangela ukuhlaselwa kobudlova nokuhluleka. Ingane ivulekile, kodwa inkulumo yakhe ilula, yakhiwe echolalia. Izingane ezivela kuleli qembu ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza amakhono omkhaya.
• Iqembu lesithathu libhekene nokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi: izingane zingaba nesifiso esihlokweni esithile, zinikeze ukugeleza kolwazi lwe-encyclopedic engxoxweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunzima ukwakha inkhulumomphendvulwano emibili yengane, nolwazi mayelana nezwe elizungezile luyingqayizivele.
• Izingane zeqembu lesine sezijwayele ukuziphatha okungezona okujwayelekile futhi okuzenzekelayo, kodwa ngokubambisana banamahloni futhi banamahloni, abakwazi ukuxhumana futhi abangeke babonise isinyathelo ekukhulumisaneni nezinye izingane. Kungase kube nobunzima ukugxila.

I-Asperger's Syndrome

I-Asperger syndrome - enye yamafomu we -autism ephezulu esebenzayo. Lokhu ukwephuka kuhlukile kwifomu ye-classical. Isibonelo, ingane ibambezelekile ekuthuthukiseni inkulumo. Izingane ezinjalo ziyaxhumana kalula, zingakwazi ukusekela ingxoxo, nakuba ifana ne-monologue. Isiguli singakhuluma ngamahora mayelana nezinto azifunayo, futhi kunzima ukumisa.

Izingane azicabangi ukudlala nabangane babo, kodwa, njengomthetho, zenze ngokungavumelani. Ngendlela, kukhona nokuhlushwa ngokomzimba. Ngokuvamile izingane ezine-Asperger's syndrome zinengqondo evelele kanye nenkumbulo enhle, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ezintweni abazithandayo.

Ukuxilongwa kwamanje

I-autism spectrum ibaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuthola. Ngokushesha ukutholakala kwezinkinga kumntwana kunqunywe, ngokushesha kuzokwazi ukuqala ukulungiswa. Ukungenelela kwangaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kwengane kwandisa amathuba okuba nomphakathi ophumelelayo.

Uma ingane inezibonakaliso ezingenhla, kufanele uxhumane nengqondo yengane noma isazi sezinqondo. Njengomthetho, izingane zibhekwa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene: ngesisekelo sezimpawu ezikhona, isazi singenza isiphetho mayelana nokuba khona kwe-autistic spectrum ukuphazamiseka kwengane. Ukubonisana nabanye odokotela, isibonelo, i-otolaryngologist, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ukuzwa kwesiguli. I-electroencephalogram ivumela ukucacisa ukuba khona kwe-foci epileptic, evame ukuhambisana ne-autism. Kwezinye izimo, ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo kunqunywe, kanye nokucabanga kwe-magnetic resonance (kuvumela ukutadisha isakhiwo sobuchopho, ukucacisa ukuba khona kwezicubu nezinguquko).

Ukuphathwa ngokwemithi kwe-autism

I-Autism ayiziboleki ekulungiseni kwezokwelapha. Ukuphathwa kwezidakamizwa kuboniswa kuphela uma kunezinye izinkinga. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izimo, udokotela angase anikeze ukusetshenziswa kwe-serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Imithi enjalo isetshenziswa njengama-anti-depressants, kodwa uma kwenzeka ingane ye-autistic, ingasusa ukukhathazeka okukhulu, ithuthukise ukuziphatha, ithuthukise ukufunda. Izidakamizwa ze-nootropic zisiza ukuvuselela ukujikeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlushwa.

Lapho kutholakala isithuthwane, i-anticonvulsants isetshenziswa. Izidakamizwa ze-Psychotropic zisetshenziswe uma kunokuhlaselwa okuqinile, okungalawulwa kokuhlukunyezwa kwesiguli. Futhi, zonke izidakamizwa ezingenhla zinamandla kakhulu futhi amathuba okuthuthukisa ukusabela okubi uma umthamo udlulile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, akukho cala kufanele lisetshenziswe ngokungahambisani.

Umsebenzi wokulungisa nabantwana abane-autism spectrum disorders

Kuthiwani uma ingane ithola ukuthi une-autism? Uhlelo lokulungiswa kwezingane ze-autistic spectrum lenziwa ngabanye. Ingane idinga usizo lweqembu labachwepheshe, ikakhulukazi, ngesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, ochwepheshe bezinkulumo kanye nothisha oyingqayizivele, amaseshini nomqondo wezifo zengqondo, izivivinyo nomzimba we-physiotherapist (ngokuhlushwa okukhulu nokuntuleka komqondo womzimba wakho siqu). Ukulungiswa kuhamba kancane, kumatasa emsebenzini. Izingane zifundiswa ukuzwa ubujamo nobukhulu, thola ukufaniswa, uzizwe ukuxhumana, uhlanganyele, bese uqala umdlalo wezindaba. Izingane ezinezinkinga ze-autistic ziboniswa amakilasi emaqenjini amakhono omphakathi, lapho izingane zifunda ukudlala ndawonye, landela imigomo yabantu kanye nokusiza ukuthuthukisa amaphethini athile okuziphatha emphakathini.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wophiko lwezinkulumo ukuthuthukisa inkulumo nokuzwa ngezwi, ukukhulisa isilulumagama, ukufunda ukubhala ngokushesha, bese imisho ende. Ochwepheshe nabo bazama ukufundisa ingane ukuba ihlukanise phakathi kwezwi lokukhuluma kanye nemizwelo yomunye umuntu. Uhlelo oluguquguqukayo lwe-autistic spectrum luyadingeka enkulisa nasezikoleni. Ngeshwa, akuzona zonke izikhungo zemfundo (ikakhulukazi izikhungo zombuso) ezinganikeza ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe ukuba basebenze nge-autistics.

Ukufundisa nokuqeqesha

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokulungiswa ukufundisa ingane ukuxhumana komphakathi, ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokuziphatha okungahambi kahle, ukubonakaliswa kwesinyathelo. Namuhla, uhlelo lwezemfundo olubandakanya luyathandwa, okusikisela ukuthi ingane enezinkinga ze-autism izimbungulu izoqeqeshwa emvelweni wezingane normotypic. Yiqiniso, "ukuqaliswa" okunjalo kwenzeka kancane kancane. Ukuze ukwethula ingane eqenjini, othisha abanolwazi bayadingeka, futhi ngezinye izikhathi umfundisi (umuntu onemfundo ekhethekile namakhono ahambisana nengane esikoleni, ulungisa ukuziphatha kwakhe futhi aqaphe ubuhlobo eqenjini).

Kungenzeka ukuthi izingane ezinokukhubazeka okufanayo zizodinga ukuqeqeshwa ezikoleni ezizimele zamaphrofayli. Noma kunjalo, kukhona abafundi abanezinkinga ze-autism spectrum kanye nezikhungo ezijwayelekile zemfundo. Lapha konke kuxhomeke esimweni somntwana, ubunzima bezimpawu, ikhono lakhe lokufunda.

Kuze kube manje, i-autism ibhekwa njengesifo esingelapheki. Izibikezelo azithandeki kuwo wonke umuntu. Izingane ezinokwephula i-autistic spectrum, kodwa ngezinga eliphakathi lokuhlakanipha kanye nenkulumo (kuze kube yiminyaka engu-6) ngokuqeqeshwa okulungile nokulungiswa kungase kube ukuzimela esikhathini esizayo. Ngeshwa, lokhu akuyona into njalo.