Polovtsian - a ... Thola ukuthi ubani lo Cumans

Sekuyisikhathi eside wayekholelwa ukuthi Polovtsian - uyisitha ezweni isiRashiya, njengoba amalungu alesi sizwe kwase kubonakala kuphangwa amaningi ezweni lethu. iziqephu Kodwa izazimlando zaziwa wempilo izizwe Polovtsian kamakhelwane futhi amaSlav, kanye nomkhankaso wawo ngokuhlanganyela ngokumelene, isibonelo, abantu baseHungary, eVolga Bulgars, amaMongol nabanye. ubufakazi Material, okwembula izimfihlo lokhu ayimizulane isizwe, luhlala mncane impela, kodwa ingasetshenziswa ukulandelela yasekuqaleni emlandweni wabantu Polovtsian.

okhokho Polovtsian babe Chinese?

Okwakushiwo "Polovtsian" ngolimi lasendulo ibonisa ukuthi lwamaSlav ngokuthi njengoba abantu noma zivela emaqeleni (kusukela igama elithi "insimu"), noma tinge aphuzi isikhumba (kusuka elithi "polov" - "yellow").

Ngempela, amadlozi ayeyisizwe esiyimihambima Polovtsian abahlala emaqeleni phakathi Eastern Tien Shan futhi-Mongolian-Altai, lapho Chinese ngokuthi Abantu Seyanto. Kuleyo ndawo kwakukhona isimo lasendulo, elisungulwe 630, Nokho, okuyinto, yasheshe libhujiswa Uighurs kanye Chinese efanayo. Ngemva kwalokho abakhileyo kulezi zindawo kwathathelwa indawo igama abajwayelekile "Syrah" ukuze "Kipchaks", okusho ukuthi "esibi, ngeshwa," waya Irtysh futhi emaqeleni esempumalanga Kazakhstan.

Ukuhunyushwa yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kanye umbono Sakharov

Incazelo incazelo yaleli zwi "Polovtsian" futhi bachaza abanye ochwepheshe njengoba kwenzeka kusukela elithi "wokudoba", okusho ekuzingeleni (ngomqondo impahla kanye abantu), kanye igama elithi "egcwele" - ezithunjiwe, bathathwa omele lapho lwamaSlav.

Ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye (ikakhulukazi E. futhi A. Skrizhinskaya Kunik) igama elibonakala izimpande kulezi zizwe "pol" kusho ingxenye. Njengoba ngenhla, abacwaningi becabanga, izakhamizi Kiev lasendulo, isendaweni ibhange kwesokudla Dnieper, ngokuthi abayimizulane, ababevela kwamanye komfula, "nge phansi yalo." Academician Dmitry Likhachev ubhekwa zonke version ehlongozwayo ingaphelele. Wayecabanga ukuthi imfihlakalo umsuka igama lalo isizwe ngeke ingaxazululwa, njengoba Kipchak-Cumans kwesokunxele inani eliphansi kwemibhalo siqu ebhaliwe.

Cumans - lokhu akukona isizwe ahlukene

Namuhla, kunenkolelo ukuthi Polovtsian - kummeleli conglomeration zezizwe ayimizulane, futhi lezi idatha zisekelwe eqinisweni ukuthi nanye AD bangekhulu lokuqala babenikwa Kipchak abantu unqotshwe Mongol izizwe kumosi-Kimaks, bese bathuthela le entshonalanga, kanye abameleli bezizwe Mongoloid - Kidane. Lwathi luphela namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu leshumi nanye, leli qoqo lezizwe yahlasela emaqeleni phakathi iVolga futhi Irtysh futhi bafika emngceleni we-Old isimo Russian.

abantu "Yellow" bafika emngceleni waseRussia

Mayelana ngobani Cumans ngokombono umlando obubhalwe Russian ngokokuqala ngqá yanikeza incazelo Hypation Chronicle e 1055. Ngokusho lo mbhalo wesandla, ukuze imingcele umbuso Pereslavsky abantu beza "yellow elikhanyayo", okuyinto bavunyelwe ukwabela Kipchaks nezizwana Mongoloid igama abajwayelekile "Cumans".

Kufika abantu esezinzile oLwandle Azov, ngesikhathi Lower Don kanye North, lapho bathola itshe "owesifazane", okuyinto, njengoba ososayensi bakholelwa, izizwe ayimizulane elisungulwe inkumbulo amadlozi.

Bobani Cumans isikhathi kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ezimfundisweni zenkolo? Kukholakala ukuthi le ndlela waqale wayekwenza ayimizulane lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa okhokho, okuyinto waqalwa ngokubeka izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu itshe izingxenye okusezingeni eliphezulu asemaqeleni, watersheds e ezingcwele ekhethekile. Kulokhu, ukumbelwa oqondile abazange bahlale eduze. I Polovtsian amathuna babevame enwetshiwe yokungcwaba umufi, kanye izinto zasendlini kanye isidumbu (ezisebenzi) ihhashi lempi yakhe.

izithombe zamatshe ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ngokubhala ubuncane

Ngokuhamba amathuna abantu abavelele ngezindinganiso Barrow Polovtsian. Ezikhathini zamuva nje, lapho amaSulumane ngilinqobile Kipchaks, izikhumbuzo ingxenye yobuqaba kwabhujiswa. Kuze kube manje, indawo yakwa-Russia yesimanje wahlala mayelana 2000 itshe "abesifazane" (kusuka ku- "balbal" - "ukhokho"), iziphi namanje kubhekwa ukuba namandla ukwandisa nenzalo ezweni, ukubuyiselwa nemvelo. Lezi izikhumbuzo baye ikhona amakhulu eminyaka, kuhlanganise nenkathi lobuKristu Polovtsian. Amaqaba, amaSulumane, amaKristu - lokho ngobani Cumans ezinkathini ezihlukahlukene yentuthuko kule sethi abantu.

Ziyakwazi umcibisholo wadubula phansi izinyoni epheshaneni

Ngemva kokuvela ohlelweni emaqeleni empumalanga YaseYurophu ngo BC XI leminyaka Cumans abayekanga endaweni futhi baqhubeka kuxazululwe on, kuzuze lokhu kwakubangelwa khona imoto enamandla kangaka ngesikhathi, nehhashi, nezikhali ezinhle ngesimo umnsalo.

Polovtsian - kuyinto ngokuyinhloko iqhawe. Izingane zalabo besi- izizwe kusuka ebuntwaneni wafundisa bamahhashi futhi ukulwa amasu ukuthi kamuva befika emazweni koshuna - nabezempi kusukela uhlobo lwe efanayo. Ngo koshun ungase zihlanganisa inqwaba yabantu, noma ezintathu noma amane lapho ehlaselwa isitha like ngendathane, esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe indandatho yakhe futhi wambozwa imicibisholo. Ngaphandle slozhnosostavnyh ngobuchwepheshe eziphambili ngaleso sikhathi kwadingeka neminsalo Polovtsi sabres, nemimese, imikhonto. Kwakumelwe zempi ngesimo amapuleti unxande yensimbi. amabutho abo ezempi yayiphezulu kangangokuthi ngezinye enyakazayo umnyuziki Umnsalo umgibeli angase adubule phansi iyiphi inyoni ezindizayo.

Camp isitofu ngaphansi sehhashi ...

Bobani Cumans ngokuya indlela yabo yokuphila? Lezi abantu ayefanekisela ayimizulane, linesizotha kakhulu, ngisho ngezindinganiso sikhathi. Ekuqaleni babehlala nezinqola ezimboziwe noma amatende wazizwa, udle ubisi, ushizi, inyama ebomvu, okuyinto ithambisa ngaphansi sehhashi ehhashini. Of kuphangwa bawungenisa ngempango nezithunjwa, kancane kancane athatha izintambo letitsatfwe kulamanye emasiko ulwazi, imikhuba namasiko. Nakuba umsuka izwi akuyona incazelo esiqondile ukuthi kusho ukuthini Polovtsian, nakho ngokwakho izizwe eziningi ngaleso sikhathi.

Hlakulela amasiko Polovtsy wayevela othile njengoba Kipchak ayimizulane ekhulwini weshumi nambili safinyelela emaqeleni Ciscaucasian (ku p. Sunzha ingamaphesenti khans Polovtsian), wavakashela e Pomorie, Surozh futhi Korsun, Pomorie, Tmutarakani uzibophezele ingqikithi 46 kuphangwa Rus, okuvame iwine, kodwa kwakukhona losers. Ikakhulukazi, azungeze 1100 BC Kipchaks angaba yizinkulungwane 45 baxoshwa Rusichi ezweni Georgian, okuyinto exovwe sabantu bendawo.

imikhuba Polovtsian miss konke futhi wonke umuntu wabanjwa ngesandla, okwaholela yokuthi isikhathi esithile we Kubantu abayimizulane baye bafunda ukwakha izindlu ebusika, lapho ngisho afakelwe esithandweni wafana Russian Ukushisa izakhi. izingubo lesikhumba lwasekuqaleni abangu ehlotshiswe kudabuke ku imikhono yabo, njengo izicukuthwane WaseByzantium, izizwana zikhona izimpawu yenhlangano.

umbuso Polovtsian wayengekho ngaphansi European

Ngu nesikhathi sokunqoba kwakhe zamabutho Mongol-Tatar e lezi zidlamlilo Polovtsian XIII ekhulwini yinhlangano, elalinamandla ukuwedlula wonke okwakukhona Don kanye Dniester. Ngalezo zinsuku, Polovtsian - kummeleli abantu ababehlala endaweni emadanisekako usayizi ukuze imibuso yaseYurophu. Lezi athi kumiswa zazikuphazamisa ukudlula mahele umzila "kusukela Varangians kumaGreki", eyenziwa zithi ahlukene Rus babekhona ngaphambi kanye 90s kwekhulu weshumi nambili whereupon kipchaki elwa ikakhulukazi squads Russian phakathi nesikhathi mezhknyazheskih izimpi zombango.

Singaba uphendula kanjani umbuzo othi obani lo Cumans? kumele kuphetfwe kusuka emlandweni wasendulo, ukuba lesi sizwe, naphezu ezinye bakudala, wadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ibalazwe sezwe sezombangazwe ngaleso sikhathi futhi kumiswa bezizwe ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namuhla.