Ukuguqulwa kwezimali

Ukungaphumeleli okuningi emkhakheni wezimali kungasuswa yizinyathelo ezinjengokuthi: ukuhlaziywa, ukushintshaniswa kwemali, ihlelo. Kodwa-ke, zonke lezi zinyathelo azibangeli ukuthuthukiswa okuhlala njalo, aziqedi izizathu ezibangele lezi noma ezinye izinkinga.

Ukuqedwa okukhulu kwezinto ezingalungile ukuguqulwa kwezimali. Lena inqubo ehilela ukuguqulwa ekusetshenzisweni kweyunithi elizinzile, elizinzile lemali, elifaka ekuthuthukiseni ubuhlobo bomnotho emnothweni wemakethe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubaluleka kwezimali kuyanda ngenhlangano yomnotho kazwelonke.

Ukuguqulwa kwezimali kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nezenzo zomthetho zamanje. Zihlose ukuqinisa uhlelo lwezimali lukahulumeni. Phakathi nenkathi yokuguqulwa, amanothi ebhange ahoxiswa, ngokushintshanisa akhipha ama-banknote amasha. I-unit yezimali (noma okuqukethwe kwegolide) futhi ishintsha, ukushintshwa kwesinye isimiso sezimali kuya kwesinye kwenziwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuguqulwa kwenziwa kokubili kokusakazwa kwemali kanye nezindawo ezingekho kwemali.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwemali akuqinisekisi ukulondolozwa okulandelayo kokuqiniswa kweyunithi yezezimali. Ngemuva kokuguqulwa, kuyadingeka ukuthi njalo kwenziwe izinyathelo zokuqinisa uhlelo olusha. Okubaluleke nakakhulu inqubomgomo yezezimali nezesikweletu. Ukusetshenziswa kwalo kukuvumela ukuba wenze umthethonqubo ofanele wemboni yezezimali.

Ngokusho komlando wezinguquko kanye nokucabangela okuqukethwe kwezinguquko ngokwabo, izinto ezintathu ezibalulekile zokuqaliswa ngokuphumelelayo kwezinguquko zemali zikhethiwe.

1. Ukuze kulondolozwe i-unit unit, ukukhula komkhiqizo kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuyasiza ukwandisa ivolumu yeziphakamiso futhi kunciphisa amathuba okunyuka kwamanani.
2. Ukungabi khona kwemali ebhajethi kwenza kube lula ukwenza ngaphandle kokukhwabanisa imali nokuboleka imali ukuze ukhokhele izindleko. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukufunwa kwe-solvent kunciphise futhi amathuba okuba nomthelela ekukhuphukeni kwamanani.
3. Uma kukhona igolide elanele nezinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe , ukuzinza kwezinga lokushintshwa kwemali kazwelonke ligcinwa. Lezi zinqolobane, uma kunesidingo, zingasetshenziswa ukungenisa izimpahla nokwandisa ukunikezwa kwazo emakethe.

Yiqiniso, zonke lezi zici zinezincazelo ezahlukene ekufezeni izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zezezimali.

Isibonelo, ukulungiswa kwemali yokuqala eRussia ngo-1895-97 kwenziwa ngokumelene nokwedlulela kokukhula komkhiqizo kanye nesabelomali esingenalutho. Kodwa, ngokuqondene neqiniso lokuthi ukuguqulwa kwaleso sikhathi kuthatha ukushintshaniswa kwamahhala ebhange nge-free, ukuqoqwa kwezigceme zegolide kwakuthola ukubaluleka okukhethekile.

Ngo-1922-24, ukuguqulwa kwezimali ezintsha kwenziwa ezweni. Ukuguqulwa kwakudingeka kuqede imiphumela emibi eyayivele ohlelweni lwezimali ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye neMpi Yombango. Kodwa-ke, kwakungekho okudingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo izinguquko. Kodwa-ke, kwadalwa izimo ezithile ezidinga ukuqaliswa ngokushesha kwezinguquko. Lezi zimo zaqala ukusebenza ukwandisa ukusebenza kwemali yangaphandle ekuhambiseni. Kancane kancane, kwaqala ukukhipha imali ephansi yezwe. Kulo xhumano, ukuguqulwa kwaqalwa ekupheleni konyaka we-22 ngokukhululwa kwama-chervonets. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwezimali (ngenxa yokungabikho kwemibandela ethile) kwaqedwa ngokushesha, kodwa kuphela ekuqaleni konyaka 24.

Ukuguqulwa okulandelayo ohlelweni lwezezimali kuhulumeni kwenziwa ngo-1947. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi okokuqala izinguquko kwakufanele ziqale ngo-1946. Kodwa ngokuqondene nomnyaka wokuvuna ompofu, ukuguqulwa kwezimali kwahlehliselwa unyaka olandelayo, owaba nomthelela futhi waba nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwawo okuphumelelayo.

Isidingo sokuguqulwa okulandelayo kwavela eRussia Federation ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngaleso sikhathi, inani lemali empilweni yabantu kanye nemisebenzi yamabhizinisi yayincane kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1998 izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali kahulumeni lishintshiwe, inhlangano yenziwa.