Izimali zegolide nezindleko zamazwe omhlaba. Kuyini - izimali zezimali zegolide nezangaphandle?

Igolide kanye nezinqolobane zemali zangaphandle yizinqolobane zemali yangaphandle negolide yezwe. Zigcinwa ku-Central Bank. Lezi zimali zitholakala kuma-ejensi kahulumeni. Igolide kanye nezinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe zisetshenziselwa ukubala ukuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe, ukubuyisela izikweleti zangaphandle nezangaphakathi zezwe, kanye nezinhlelo zokutshala izimali.

Isidingo sokudala

Igolide kanye nezinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe kuyadingeka ukumboza okungekho okwesikhashana kokukhokha kwezinhlobo ezehlukene zokukhokha ngamazwe ngaphezu kwemali yesabelomali. Inani lamasheya aphethwe iBhange Elikhulu lezwe liyisikhombisa esibalulekile. Ukubaluleka kwalo kubonisa ikhono likahulumeni ukwenza izinkokhelo ezihlala njalo ezihlobene nezindawo zangaphandle.

Ngamanye amazwi, izinqolobane zegolide nezangaphandle zinezimpahla ezinkulu zezimali. Zingaphansi kokulawulwa kwalezo zakhiwo zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa imithetho yezimali nezomali.

Lezi zimali, uma kunesidingo, zisetshenziselwa ukukhokhela ukulahlekelwa kwezimali zokukhokhelwa kwezwe.

Izimpawu zegolide nezinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe

Amasheya aseBhange Elikhulu lezwe anezici ezilandelayo:

- yizinqolobane zomhlaba ezigcwele kakhulu zamanzi, eziphakathi kwezikhali ezisemqoka zomthethonqubo kahulumeni ekusetshenzisweni kwezinkokhelo zamazwe ngamazwe;

- ukwenza njengobufakazi bombuso oqinile wombuso ngokwemali yezimali;
- yi-guarantor yokuzinza kwemali kazwelonke;
- qinisekisa ukugcwaliseka okungenakuphazamiseka kwezibopho zomhlaba jikelele.

Ukwakhiwa kwezinto zegolide nezokungena ezweni

Amasheya agcinwe e-Central State Bank ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amafa. Okokuqala kuhlanganisa igolide, okungaba yizinhlamvu zemali nemigoqo, kanye ne-platinum, isiliva nedayimane. Lezi zimpahla zingasetshenziswa ukudayiswa noma zisetshenziswe ngendlela ehlukile, okuzozivumela ukuba zifeze izibopho zabo zokukhokha isikweletu sangaphandle.

Izimali zegolide nezindleko zeqembu lesibili ziyizimali zemali yangaphandle. E-Russia, ihlanganisa i-euro kanye ne-dollar yase-US. Izimpahla zeqembu lesibili ezweni lethu limelelwa yimali yaseJapane, kanye nezikhundla ezikhethekile namalungelo ku-IMF.

Ukuphathwa kwegolide kanye nezinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe

Kuye kwathuthukiswa amamodeli amathathu futhi asebenza, okwenza kube nobuhlobo phakathi kokulahlwa nokusatshalaliswa kwemithombo yombuso. Igolide kanye nezinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe ziphethwe nguMgcinimafa noma uMnyango Wezezimali. Ibhange eliyinhloko linikezwa imisebenzi kuphela yobuchwepheshe.

Ezinye izimali zegolide nezindleko zamazwe omhlaba zingaphansi kwendlela ethile yokuphatha, okhethwe nguMgcinimafa walesi simo. Ngakho, isibonelo, kwenzeka e-UK.

Izindleko zegolide nezangaphandle zezwe zomhlaba zingabi neBhange Elikhulu Lasezwe. Ungumphathi wezitshalo. Lesi simodeli samukelwa eJalimane naseFrance. Amabhange aphakathi kwala mazwe aphatha i-golden and foreign reserve reserves futhi enze isinqumo esizimele ngesakhiwo sokwakhiwa kwemithombo yombuso. Amamodeli ahlanganisiwe okulahla nokutholakala kwegolide kanye nezinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe ayamukelwa eRussia, eJapane nase-United States.

Izidingo zezinqolobane zombuso

Izindawo ezigcinwa yizwe ngalinye zingumshwalense. Bayakwazi ukuvikela umnotho kazwelonke kunoma yiliphi izwe kusuka ezingcupheni ezibonakalayo ze-macroeconomic. Mayelana nalokhu, i-Central Bank ye-Central Bank kanye nezindawo zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe kumele zihlangabezane nezidingo eziningi. Omunye wabo uwonke jikelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kunoma yisiphi imboni nezindawo.

Igolide nezinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe kufanele futhi zibe namandla okuhamba ngokushesha emkhathini.

Noma yikuphi ukubekwa kwamasheya kunikezela ukubuya kwabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Yingakho okuqukethwe nokwakhiwa kwezimali zegolide nezangaphandle kudinga izindleko ezithile. I-Central Bank ayitholi inzuzo kusuka ekugcineni kwamasheya. Kodwa-ke, uma zikhulu ngokwanele, umbuso unganquma ukunikeza izikweleti kwamanye amazwe ngenzalo.

Ithonya ekukhuleni kwemali

Ingabe izinqolobane zegolide nezindleko zezwe zithonya ukukhula kokunciphisa kwemali yabantu? Le nkinga isaphikisana. Kunombono othile wokuthi ngokukhula kwamasheya, inani lemali ezweni liyehla, okusiza ukunciphisa izinga lokukhuphuka kwemali. Noma kunjalo, ososayensi abaningi abanalesi simo abavumelani. Batshela ukuthi ngokukhula kwama-reserve wombuso, izinga lokunyuka kwamanani ezweni lizokhula ngokuqinisekile.

Ukuphepha kwezimali zegolide nezangaphandle

Ukuhlinzeka ngezinga elithile lezinqolobane zombuso kuvumela ukufeza imisebenzi eminingi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona okulandelayo:

- ukwesekwa kwemali yezwe;
- ukugcina ukuzethemba emgomweni wezwe;
- ukuphathwa kwezimali zemali;
- ukugwema ukwethuka phakathi nesikhathi esibucayi ngokunciphisa ubungozi bangaphandle kanye nokugcina ukuthengwa kwezimpahla zezimali ngemali yangaphandle;
- ukugcina izinga lezwe njengesizwe esinokwethenjelwa nesokuzethemba;
- indima yokwesekwa kwemali kazwelonke, isekelwe yimpahla yangaphandle.

Igolide nezinqolobane zokushintshanisa ngaphandle kweRussia

Izakhiwo zeBhange Elikhulu lezwe lethu zakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili. Enye yazo ingeniso engenayo eyitholwa isabelomali sesifundazwe. Kwakuvela kubo ukuthi ngo-2004 kwakhiwa isikhwama sokuzinza seRussian Federation. Ingxenye yesibili yizinqolobane zomhlaba jikelele, ezilawulwa yiBhange laseRussia. Lezi zimali, ezichazwe ngemali yangaphandle, zinemisebenzi ehlukene nemithombo yokwakheka. Kodwa-ke, ngalesi sigaba, ukutshala imali kwabo emnothweni wezwe kuthathwa njengento engafanele.

Imithombo yegolide neyezimali yaseRussia, ngokusho kwedatha ngo-22.11.2013, yayingama-dollar ayi-505.9 billion. Isabelo sabo esikhulu sibalwa i-euro ne-dollar (90%). Amaphesenti angu-9 igolide.

Izindleko zemali zegolide nezokushintshanisa imali yaseRussian Federation zimele ikakhulukazi emaRandi aseMelika (ngaphezu kuka-64%). Amaphesenti angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa kuphela esakhiweni sezinqolobane yi-euro. Lezi zibalo zibonisa imisebenzi elandelwayo ye-dollar-oriented-import import of abakhiqizi baseRashiya.

Kukhona ukuthambekela kokwandisa izimpahla zokushintshwa kwamanye amazwe ezigcinwe ezikhungweni zeBhange Elikhulu. Lokhu kusizwa ngokuqiniswa kwemakethe yeRashiya. Kule ndaba, ukwabelana ngezimali zegolide zezimali kuyancipha njalo. Lokhu kubangelwa ukwehla ekuthembekeni kwalezi zimali. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, ukukhuphuka kwentengo yegolide kuye kwaphela emuva kwezinqubo zokukhuphula imali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mali ayilona uketshezi. Akunakwenzeka ukuyikhipha ngemali esikhathini esifushane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igolide ayilethi imali engenayo. Kulokhu, kubonakala ukuthi ukuguqulwa kugcizelelwe ekuthandeni impahla yamazwe angaphandle.

Amathrendi afanayo afana namanye amazwe. Amabhange asezindaweni eziningana (Holland, Belgium, Australia, njll) asevele eqala ukuthengisa igolide kusuka ezindaweni zazo.

Izinqolobane zegolide zase-US nezangaphandle

Izindawo zokugcina zaseMelika zihlanganisa zonke izimali ezisendleleni. Lokhu akucabangi lezo zimali ezisezikhaleni zemali zeziphathimandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpahla ze-e-gold nezangaphandle ze-USA zihlanganisa imali yebhange lezentengiselwano, ezigcinwa kuma-akhawunti omabhange omhlaba.

Uma ubala i-dollar yokuhlala eyengeziwe, isisekelo semali sifakiwe , esinezikweletu zeziphathimandla, ukunciphisa inani lalezi zinkokhelo ezisemkhakheni we-Federal Reserve System. Uma ubala le nkhomba, cabanga inani lezibopho zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezimpahla zeziphathimandla zezwe.

Izindleko zemali zegolide nezokushintshaniswa kwezimali zase-United States (ngokusho kokuhlaziywa) zihlinzeka kuphela ngamaphesenti ayishumi nanhlanu ekunikezeni imali. Uma labo abanamasheya kahulumeni banquma ukuyibuyisela ngenxa yokungathembeki kwedola, khona-ke ubukhulu bemali bekungaba ngamaphesenti amathathu kuphela.

I-US ihlala iyinhloko yezwe enkulu kunazo zonke zegolide, naphezu kokuthi ivolumu yamanje yalensimbi eyigugu iphindwe kathathu kakhulu kunempi enkulu emva kwempi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubukhulu bezinqolobane eziningi zeCentral Bank yaseYurophu kanye nawo wonke amazwe aseYurophu zingaphezu kwamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi zegolide, eziphakeme kunezeMelika.

Abacwaningi bahlaziya idatha ngesilinganiso sezinqolobane zegolide ezigcinwe yizwe nobukhulu besikweletu sayo somphakathi. Mayelana nalokhu, iSwitzerland inesikhundla esihle kakhulu, futhi i-United States - eyona embi kakhulu.

Ukuze abe ngowokuqala phakathi kwezifunda zomphakathi womhlaba ngokwezinga legolide elithengelelwe e-United States of America lavumela isikhundla sabo sezwe kanye nezici ze-geological. Kuphela eminyakeni emihlanu yokuqala yokubizwa ngokuthi "ukugijima kwegolide" kwakhiqizwa ngamathani angamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisikhombisa ensimbi enenani eliyigugu. Lokhu kuchaza isabelo esiphezulu segolide esitokisini sezwe. Okwamanje kuba ngamaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa nane nesigamu. Ngokwamazwi amaningi lokhu kunamathani ayi-8133.5.

Kungokwemvelo ukuthi i-gold enkulu kunazo zonke ezakhelwe idijithali eyakhiwe e-USA. Umnikazi wayo yi-Federal Reserve Bank. Iqiniso lokuthi indawo ye-euro inesisindo esikhulu sensimbi ephuzi enhlanganweni yaso ngenxa yokutholakala kweSikhwama Sezimali Zomhlaba Wonke ensimini yaso. Noma kunjalo, izindawo zokugcina zegolide eYurophu zilawulwa yi-United States Congress. Ngisho nesinqumo sokuthengisa isimbi esiyigugu kufanele sinikezwe isinqumo se-US.