Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, Yabantu Commissar: Biography, imiklomelo, izithombe

Litvinov kwaba Yabantu Commissar eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle wase-USSR eminyakeni 1930-1939. Phakathi nale nkathi, iSoviet Union iye yenza ukuqashelwa sokugcina umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Ngokuzayo Yabantu Commissar Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich wazalwa ngomhla ka-July 17, 1876 kuya emkhayeni wamaJuda. Ezemfundo umfana wangena esikoleni yangempela of Bialystok. Lokhu kwalandelwa iminyaka emihlanu ebuthweni lezempi. Native ukuze Litvinov waba 17 Caucasian elihamba ibutho kumi Baku.

Ngo 1898 yena kulandele demobilization. Khona-ke Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich wajoyina RSDLP. Fika e Kiev, waba ilungu wendawo ekomidini party. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela umsebenzi sokumisa Litvinov yindlu ukuphrinta emthethweni, okuyinto ephrintiwe umkhankaso izinto. Amapheshana nezincwajana senzelwe abasebenzi zendawo abalimi.

Ukuboshwa futhi aphunyuke Russia

Ngo-1901, amaphoyisa tsarist imfihlo zilandelwa Kiev Socialist baqashwe ukuyiprinta impahla ezingekho emthethweni. Kulandele ukuboshwa. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich esejele. Kodwa ezinsukwini ezizayo, ngo-1902, yena kanye nomunye nabangane 10 zeqe ejele. Uma khulula, wamavukelambuso, bethuthele Switzerland elikude, ngaleso sikhathi wayebe ekhaya ukuze abaholi abaningi beqembu. Kube Litvinov wahlanganyela kuyinsakavukela. Waba omunye abasabalalisi ukhiye we iphephandaba "Iskra" eRussia.

Ngo-1903 kwakungekho edumile II Party Congress, lapho iqembu ahlukaniselwe yamaqembu amabili - KwamaBolshevik futhi Menshevik. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich wajoyina Lenin nabasekeli bakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo walondoloza ubungane futhi zobungane nabanye Mensheviks, kuhlanganise Vera Zasulich, Leon Trotsky, Yuliem Martovym, nokunye. D.

Inguquko lokuqala

Ngokushesha eside elindelwe revolution Russian. Ngo-1905, amaBolshevik ngezithukuthuku imali bokufika ihlelwe supply izikhali izinhlangano yesigaba sabasebenzi kuqhathaniswa neziphathimandla eRussia. Lo msebenzi kwaholela kuhlanganise Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Mfushane biography party umsebenzi ngesikhathi, iyisibonelo umuntu wahlanganyela eziningi imisebenzi yasekhaya ezahlukene zokuphatha.

isipiliyoni Rich ukuvumele Litvinov esikhathini esizayo kube elite nelungelo kakhulu eyabusa likahulumeni waseSoviet amalungelo we "banamandla aqoqelwe ndawonye". Ukuthumela izingalo eRussia kwaba ukusebenza okuyingozi. imikhumbi emibili, okuyiwona imishini othumele Litvinov, ekugcineni wacwila, futhi engakafiki echwebeni.

E-UK,

Ngenxa umhleli party Litvinov wasebenza camo. AmaBolshevik ngesikhathi Revolution lokuqala isiRashiya kwakuwulimi futhi obangela supply izingalo. Lapho kwaba nesiteleka ethandwa uye ababhubhayo, Kamo yazihlanganisa komkhuba uqobo ibhizinisi emthethweni. Yena agcwaliswa imidlalo yemali ngenxa aphanga izikhungo zombuso. Ngakho Tiflis yokudliwa komhlaba lahlelwa ngo-1907. It iqhaza Koba - Stalin esizayo.

Litvinov, kanye nezinye namaqabane emazweni party wajabulela imali baphanga emabhange Russian. Ngo-1908, waboshwa ngo-France. Isizathu sokuba avelelwe kwaba nesigameko ukuthi wazama ukushintsha kwamaBolshevik wemali. WaseFrance axoshwe Litvinov e-UK. I Eminyakeni eyishumi, kuze inguquko esilandelayo, Litvinov wahlala e-London.

Ukuqala umsebenzi zamanxusa

Ngemva amaBolshevik liqala ukubusa, umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba kuyadida asabela ngayo uhulumeni omusha waseRussia. Britain wenqaba ukuqaphela umbuso wamaSoviet. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuvimbele amazwe ngabameleli contact ngokwethukela. ELondon oluGunyaziwe baba Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Commissioner, owayeyinhloko Soviet Ministry Foreign ku 30s, waqala umsebenzi wakhe zokubonisana ngesikhathi.

Litvinov bekuwukukhetha okunengqondo. Waphila iminyaka engu-abaningi e-London, wayeyazi ngolimi lwesiNgisi kanye ezingokoqobo wendawo. Uhulumeni waseBrithani akazange uxhumane naye ngqo ngokusebenzisa izikhungo zikahulumeni, kodwa ukubeka kuya ungumsebenzi we-Russian olusemthethweni ekhethekile. Kusukela eYurophu ezazenziwa empini usaqhubeka phakathi amazwe Entente naseJalimane, iziphathimandla kwakufanele aqikelele ukwazi ukuthi kwenzekani e Petrograd naseMoscow.

Ikesi Lockhart

Ixhumana UNdunankulu Arthur Balfour ngokusebenzisa kokwengamela womuntu, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov zamtshela mayelana Lenin nezinqumo Party. I ohlakaniphile kwaba in limbo ngenxa yokuthi entsha uhulumeni wamaSoviet wathembisa umphakathi womhlaba ngokushesha, okwakusho ngemvume isivumelwano ehlukile amaJalimane. Kodwa ekuqaleni isimo sengqondo amaBolshevik eLondon banobungane kakhulu.

Ngo-January 1918, iBrithani zithunyelwe eRussia nommeleli wayo omusha. Zaba Robert Lockhart. Litvinov, wahlangana naye London, wamnika inothi ohambisana negama Trotsky, okuyinto wakhuluma kahle lo gijimi. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ngokuvamile umuntu waseBrithani waboshwa futhi zixoshwa ezweni ukuhlola. Icala lakhe, kanye zungu Lenin, kwaba ibhaxa ekuqaleni we • Red Terror. Uhulumeni waseBrithani, ekuphenduleni ukuboshwa inxusa lakuleli Kuboshwe Litvinov. Wachitha izinsuku ezingu-10 ejele, okwathi ngemva kwalokho waba ngokuphepha umklomelo Lockhart.

I Yabantu Commissariat eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle

Emuva e-Russia, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov yaqala ukusebenza ngokuqondile Commissariat Wezindaba Zangaphandle. Sekuyisikhathi eside Umqashi wakhe waba inhloko lo mnyango, Georgy Chicherin. Ambassador uye wahlanganyela ezingxoxweni eziningi neenarha Entente. Wazama babe nobuhlobo ne kula mazwe emva uhulumeni wamaSoviet ngemvume ahlukene Brest ukuthula nge eJalimane Kaiser sika. ukuhoxiswa Early empini naphezu izibopho ahlangene isikhathi eside zonakale idumela amaBolshevik emehlweni amazwe aseNtshonalanga zama-Capitalist.

Ngo-1920 u-Lenin wabhala wamisa abasha baseSoviet plenipotentiary omele e-Estonia. Zaba Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Biography of lo muntu ogcwele zonke izinhlobo hambo. aseBaltic ngemva kulwiwa eRussia, yathola uzimele geqe. Manje sidinga ukwakha Litvinov wayengomunye wabo nobuhlobo ngokuphelele entsha, ngaphandle kokubheka esidlule yasebukhosini.

iphini chicherina

Ezinsukwini zokuqala we zezombusazwe zaseSoviet izinombolo zayo babembalwa isibhamu ezifana Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov. Revolutionary, ohlakaniphile, nomuntu onokwazi ububanzi - kwaba KwamaBolshevik "ubudala" futhi ngajabulela ithemba elikhulu ubuholi wezwe. Akumangazi ukuthi ngo-1921 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile Isekela Yabantu Commissar eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle.

Litvinov walala nzima nge Chicherin kwakhe okuphakeme. Bobabili amalungu Politburo futhi phezulu emihlanganweni ubuholi Soviet ngokuvamile wagxeka izinqumo nomunye. Njalo umsebenzi wabhala abanyundelayo amanothi incriminating ku ophikisana naye.

Ukwamukelwa semthethweni kweSoviet Union

Ngo-1922, amazwe aseNtshonalanga, kanye RSFSR labetibambile Conference Genoa, okuyinto waqala inqubo ukuqashelwa kanye nokudidiyelwa uhulumeni wamaSoviet kwezombusazwe zamazwe omhlaba. Omunye amalungu iqembu labazalwane elivela iMoscow yayingenye Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Umlando Omfushane lo muntu isibonelo imodeli Soviet ohlakaniphile isikhathi 20-30th.

Ngemva inkomfa e Genoa iPhini commissar wenza usihlalo lenkomfa eMoscow ku kwezikhali lapho kuqala zezwe, ezihlala isikhashana ubuhanjelwe yilabo abamele amazwe angomakhelwane - Finland, ePoland, eLithuania, Estonia futhi Latvia. Podnatorevshy Litvinov kule ndaba, ngaphezu, ngaqala ukusebenza iNhlangano Yezizwe. Lapho elaseSoviet Union ekugcineni obonwa omhlaba, Litvinov, ohlangothini lamaSoviet laqala ukuba ahole ama-International Commission on kwezikhali kuleli umzimba ebalulekile - eyandulela we-UN.

kukaStalin Commissar

Ngo-1930 Chicherin yaxoshwa okuthunyelwe UNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zangaphandle wase-USSR. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwakuhlezi nephini lakhe Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. I Yabantu Commissar Stalin inkathi wazama ukushela inqubomgomo detente ne West. Kwase Kwatholakala ncamashi nje Stalin babenqume kwase kuyisikhathi ukuthi akasondele eduze Hitler.

Stalin, in the 30s ekuqaleni kwakudingeka ngempela usomaqhinga uyathandeka, Litvinov Maxim. Photo Commissar njalo uthola emaphephandabeni Western ngesikhathi uhambo lwakhe njalo phesheya. Wayevame waya e-United States, efuna ukuqashelwa Washington sika semthethweni eSoviet Union. Ekugcineni ngo-1933, ngenxa yemizamo ye commissar kwabantu, kwamiswa ubudlelwano olusemthethweni Soviet-American.

Umlobi futhi intatheli

Yini abanye bayayenza njengenhloko yezingxoxo zezombusazwe Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? Amabhuku Yabantu Commissar e eziningi nekubhala 30s, bathi wayeyingane efana umhlaziyi abanolwazi. Wayengumuntu umbhali amaphepha eziningi futhi izihloko.

Litvinov wabhala hhayi kuphela yena, kodwa futhi ogunyazwe ukushicilelwa ezinye resonance. Ngo-1931, lapho-Japanese ehlaselwa eChina, yangihlupha nakakhulu Yabantu Commissar "aphethwe" ku "Izindaba" inkondlo anti-lezempi Demian abampofu. Leligxathu akakuthandanga Stalin, ngubani wayengakamazi kanjani ukusizakala ngesimo samanje Ekude. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, le Politburo usigxekile lesi sinqumo, okuyinto ngamabomu wathatha Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Imisebenzi ngemvume igama lakhe ngemuva kwesigameko, lishicilelwe kuphela ngemva ngokuphathelene nombono we umholi.

ukuxoshwa

It kuyeza impi, futhi okwamanje, uStalin okuhleliwe yokuhlanza mass ubuholi isimo eliphakeme. Cishe zonke noKhomishana kazwelonke ehanjelwe ngandlela-thile waboshwa futhi wabulawa. Litvinov waba nenhlanhla - wasinda, ulahlekelwe isikhundla saso. Ngo-1939 babexabene Vyacheslav Molotov - UMengameli we-Government, futhi isandla kukaStalin kwesokudla. Lapho yokugcina aphanga Litvinov, esikhundleni sakhe kwaba Molotov, ngokushesha obhalisele isivumelwano okungezona ubudlova nge eJalimane lobuNazi.

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, njengoba inxusa e-United States futhi Cuba kwaba Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. I Yabantu Commissariat futhi osomaqhinga yayo baxhumene US lapho ejoyina impi ngokumelene eJalimane. Abanye abacwaningi baye baphawula ukuthi yaqala zinqobe Hitler, Litvinov ilondolozwe kusuka ukuboshwa. I NKVD nokwenza into yakhe, kodwa alizange lilethwe ekupheleni.

Litvinov ukwesaba

Ingabe kwakube khona yini ukwenza ukwethuka uStalin uqobo Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? "Umndeni" we amaBolshevik uhlukanise ku 20s, kanye Commissar esizayo ke asekelwe Stalin, ngaleyo ndlela ngakwazi ukuqwala eliphezulu kuma-corporate.

Futhi, ngokwesibonelo, lapho ngo-1934 Stalin uvinjelwe ukukhululwa yezwe zazivela usosayensi UK Petra Kapitsu, ukuthi Litvinov abhala izincwadi Cambridge asekele isixazululo yayo ukuphathwa. Yabantu Commissar kwaba obhekele ngenkuthalo intando umholi, ngokuhambisana isikhundla negunya labo.

I ohlakaniphile wayeka umsebenzi asebenzayo ngo-1946, lapho kwathiwa angihambe. Ngahlala eMoscow. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, imiklomelo ezihlanganisa Order of Lenin kanye Order of Red Banner WezabaSebenzi, kwaba umhlala ukubaluleka Union. Washona ngo-December 31, 1951, ngemuva kokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo.