Umzamo ku Lenin. Fanny Kaplan. umlando Imfihlo

Indaba izikhathi ezingenakubalwa kufakazela ukuthi yimuphi umholi wezombangazwe, okuyinto imisiwe isikhathi eside ngamandla, ikhuthaza olukhulu izinxushunxushu, ukuvukelwa kwemibuso izinguquko, manje noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iba okuqondiswe ukuhlaselwa indlela yilabo abaphikisana ngubani ungavumelani Yiqiniso abakhethiwe. UVladimir Ilich Ulyanov - edumile emhlabeni, umholi edume inguquko, yayiphumula, njengoba uHitler, uStalin, Pinochet nezinye emlandweni banengeke. On ukuphila kwakhe ukuthi kuphulwe umthetho ngokuphindaphindiwe kulabo akazange avumelane inkambo asebeyikhethile zezombusazwe kanye indlela ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe.

Adume Kaplan?

Umzamo ku Lenin, okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-1918, nakuba akuphumelelanga, kodwa saba undabamlonyeni. Lesi senzakalo kuchazwa izincwadi eziningi zomlando, futhi njengoba izinto main lapho kuboniswe othile Nkz Kaplan - oneminyaka engu-28 ubudala Idelakufa. Okufezile nomzamo wawo impumelelo kuzo Lenin kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi intombazane wabanjwa futhi ababulawa ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-3 ngemuva kwesigameko. Kodwa izazi-mlando eziningi sokungabaza ukuthi zonke Kaplan wayengase acabange futhi azihlele. Kuze kube manje, kwesiyingi labo cishe okungase kuhileleke kokubulawa, it is kakhulu enwetshiwe. Kulokhu, ubuntu Fanny Kaplan Sinesithakazelo esikhulu kokubili izazi-mlando ezingochwepheshe nabantu abavamile.

Lenin: Biography emfushane

Umuntu waba umholi we ukunyakaza izinguquko kanye wenza imisebenzi yakhe yezombusazwe ukwesekwa esinamandla, sibonga okuyinto aqaphela inguquko ka 1917 , e-Russia, yazalwa ngo-1870. Wazalwa Simbirsk. Umfowabo omdala, u-Alexander, wayephikisa umbuso tsarist. Ngo-1987, yena nengxenye kuhlulekile kokubulawa zungu Alexander III. Leli qiniso nomthelela kakhulu isikhundla esizayo zezombusazwe Vladimir.

Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme sendawo, Ulyanov-Lenin banquma ukubhalisela Faculty of Law at University of Kazan. Kulapho iqala umsebenzi wakhe umphakathi. Yena liyaweseka kwesiyingi "Narodnaya Volya", ngaleso sikhathi lalimisa uvinjelwe yiziphathimandla. Ngokuzimisela iyiphi izibhelu umfundi abe umfundi Volodya Lenin. Biography emfushane kufakazela sezifundo zaseyunivesithi uphela naye axoshwe ngaphandle isihlangu sokuzivikela futhi ezivamile ezifanele ngaleso sikhathi isimo "umuntu alithembekile".

Isigaba yentuthuko imibono yezombusazwe

Ngemva waxoshwa kulo inyuvesi, wabuyela Kazan. Ngo-1888, Ulyanov-Lenin iba yilungu omunye imibuthano kaMarx. Wakhe ukwazi zezombusazwe ekugcineni kwakhiwa ngemva kokutadisha imisebenzi Engels, Umshicilelo Plekhanov futhi Marx.

Kuyinto ngaphansi kwethonya imisebenzi wafunda of Lenin, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa okwakubonakala kuphela indlela ukuqeda umbuso Tsarist, kancane kancane kokushintsha imibono yabo yezombusazwe. Of ngokucacile populist, ziba zenhlalo-yeningi.

UVladimir Ilich Ulyanov basungula imodeli ayo ezombusazwe isimo, okuzokwenza zigcina zaziwa njengoba Leninism. Cishe ngaleso sikhathi uqala umatasa ubeka inguquko nokubheka Odnodum nabasizi ekufezeni a etat Ukuketulwa. Esikhathini kusuka 1893 kuya 1895. Yena ngenkuthalo ishicilela umsebenzi walo ucwaningo, echaza isidingo sokuba, ukuze entsha sezenhlalo.

Isishoshovu esisesincane uphaka umsebenzi enamandla ngokumelene autocracy tsarist, okuyiwona 1897 futhi bathunjwe isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Naphezu zonke enqabelo nemikhawulo, esesejele, waqhubeka imisebenzi yakhe. Ngesikhathi esekudingisweni Ulyanov ngokusemthethweni izimpawu nomkakhe civil - Krupskaya.

isikhathi wamavukelambuso

Ngo 1898 yazenzela Congress eyingqopha lokuqala Social Democratic Party. Lokhu kwaba nomhlangano ekusithekeni. Kwakuthinta eliholwa Lenin, futhi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iqhaza kwathatha abantu 9 kuphela, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi kwaba ukuqala ushintsho kuleliya lizwe. Nale engqungqutheleni kwabantu eminyakeni engaba ngu-20 kwenzeke inguquko ka 1917 eRussia.

Esikhathini inkathi 1905-1907., Uma kwenziwe mass umzamo wokuqala ukuba agumbuqele sobukhosi wenkosi, Ulyanov wawusegunjini Switzerland, kodwa kukhona uye wabambisana Abavukeli Russian. Okwesikhashana waze wakwazi ukubuyela Petersburg kwaholela wabaholi. Ekupheleni 1905, uVladimir Ilyich kwaba eFinland, lapho ahlangana khona nge uStalin.

Rise ukuze amandla

Ngesikhathi esilandelayo, uLenin ebuyela eRussia kuphela ebulalayo 1917. Akapholisanga maseko uba inhloko kwavukelwa elilandelayo kwaqubuka. Ngemva Icebo lika eside elindelwe consummated, bonke amandla nokubusa sihamba ezandleni Ulyanov futhi kwamaBolshevik yakhe Party.

Njengoba inkosi sekuqediwe, izwe kudingeka uhulumeni omusha. Agcina eseyinto oPhethe Yabantu Commissars, okwakubekelwa eliholwa Lenin ngempumelelo. Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla, ngokwemvelo iqala ukuba afeze guqula okuye kwaba buhlungu kakhulu. Phakathi kwabo - the nep, esikhundleni ubuKristu entsha, "ukholo" olulodwa - nobukhomanisi. He qamba iRed Army, okuyinto nengxenye kulwiwa kuze 1921.

ngokuvamile Izinyathelo lokuqala uhulumeni omusha zazinzima futhi zokucindezela. Impi yombango, oqubuke ku ngemuva kwayo, yathatha cishe kuze 1922. Kwaba ngempela sethusa futhi igazi. Abaphikisi futhi abaphikisi bombuso kusukela kokubusa kweSoviet, bayaqonda ukuthi nje ukuqeda nomholi onjengo uVladimir Ilyich, awukwazi, futhi baqala ukulungiselela zungu Lenin.

A inombolo yokuzama kuhlulekile

Imizamo ukuqeda Ulyanov kusukela amandla ngenkani benziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Esikhathini kusuka 1918 kuya ku-1919 futhi eminyakeni elandelayo, V. I. Lenina wazama ukubulala izikhathi eziningana. Umzamo wokuqala lagcwaliseka ngokushesha ngemva amaBolshevik ukugumbuqela umbuso, + okuwukuthi, 01.01.1918. Ngalolu suku, cishe seligamenxe ihora eziyisikhombisa kusihlwa imoto, okuyinto waxosha Ulyanov wazama nokudubula.

Ngengozi, kulolu hambo, uLenin wayengeyedwa. Hambo uphelezelwe nguNgqongqoshe Maria Ulyanova, kanye nomele owaziwa Swiss Social Democrats - Fritz Platten. Lena azame ku Lenin akuphumelelanga, ngoba ngemva kushothi lokuqala, Platten isandla ibheke ikhanda lakhe Vladimira Ilicha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ulimele Fritz, futhi umholi inguquko Soviet is ngokuphelele ayiphazamiseki. Naphezu ukucinga eside laba benzi bokubi, amaphekula ziye kuze kube yimanje. ngemva kweminyaka eminingi a GI Shakhovskoy wavuma ukuthi wenza njengoba umhleli kokubulawa. Ukuba ngaleso sikhathi e ekudingisweni, yona ngokwezimali kulokhu kuhlasela badingiswa ngenxa ekuwulungiseleleni ku owawudinga isikhathi - ruble abangaba isigamu sesigidi.

Icebo lika abangaphelele

Ngemva kokuthola imvume kwamandla Soviet bonke ababephikisa, kwaba sobala ukuthi lo mbuso omusha akusho yezingodo, kodwa uyakuphila ideologue wakhe oyinhloko - Lenin. Umzamo ka-1918, owawuhlelwe yi-Union of Knights of St George, kuhlulekile ngaphambi kokuba ngisho uqale. Ngolunye usuku Januwari e-CPC ziqondiswe indoda Spiridonov umkhaya, obukela wethula omunye Knights of St George. Wathi ukuthi inhlangano yakhe ayabele ke umsebenzi okhethekile - yokuzingela futhi ukubulala Lenin. Ngokusho sosha, ngokuba liyisihlalo ayizinkulungwane 20. Ruble wathenjiswa.

Ngemva kokuchitha kokuphenywa Spiridonov, onogada wathola indawo eyinhloko amafulethi Union Knights of St George kanye ngamvakashela nge imvume yokusesha. Kube nenganono atholakele iziqhumane, futhi ngenxa yalokhu Empeleni iqiniso kwala mazwi Spiridonov Akungabazeki.

Obezama ukugqekeza umholi

Ekhuluma imizamo eminingi ngokuphila Ulyanov Kumelwe ukhumbule eyodwa sigameko ongaziwa ukuthi kwenzakaleni Vladimirom Ilichom ngo-1919. imininingwane Esemthethweni kwendaba zigcinwa Lubyanka e №240266, futhi ukudalula imininingwane yayo sasingavunyelwe nhlobo. Ngo abantu, lesi senzakalo saziwa ngokuthi Lenin ngokuphanga, futhi abaningi kwabangcwele amaqiniso kuwo akukaqondwa kahle. Kukhona izinguqulo eziningana ukuthi kwenzekeni phakathi nobusuku. Ebusika 1919, Lenin, ephelezelwa ngodadewabo umshayeli uza e Sokolniki. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, lapho, esibhedlela, ungumkakho yakhe, ohlushwa isifo esingalapheki ngesikhathi - i thyroiditis sokuhlasela kwamasosha omzimba. Nje isikhathi sokuba esibhedlela Lenin salibangisa ku 19 Januwari.

Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, waya Sokolniki ku sikakhusimusi zezingane ukuhalalisela izingane ngosuku olwandulela uKhisimusi. Kulokhu, ukuthi kungase kuzwakale kuyindida ukuthi ideologue induna ubukhomanisi Soviet, ukungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu futhi wanquma ukuhalalisela izingane eChristmas, futhi ku-19 Januwari. Kodwa wokuphila eziningi zalesi sidididi sithi iqiniso ukuthi ngonyaka owandulele, Russia iyiswe ikhalenda le-Gregorian, futhi zonke izinsuku ezingu elivulela ezingu-13. Ngakho-ke, uLenin wahambe wesihlahla sikaKhisimusi akuwona ngempela 19, futhi nenombolo 6, ngosuku olwandulela uKhisimusi.

Imoto nge umholi waya Sokolniki nalapho yahlatshwa bezama ukuyekisa abantu abahlomile ngokusobala ukubukeka thuggish, akungabazeki ukuthi kukhona omunye umzamo ku Lenin akekho noyedwa kulabo abakhona emotweni kwakukhona. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umshayeli - S. Gill - wazama ukuba ayeke futhi iphambana izigebengu ahlomile. Okuxakayo ukuthi Lenin, ukugcina isikhathi kasibili impela of igunya lakhe futhi izigebengu abavamile ngeke alinge touch naye osezwile ukuthi Lenin yena phambi kwabo, ngaphambilini umshayeli ame.

Ilyich ngenkani ikhukhulwa ngaphambili emotweni, ukukho kuye izibhamu ezimbili, kubaphangi wathatha isikhwama sakhe, ID kanye Browning. Babe ngaphambilini umshayeli ukushiya imoto shí imoto wawaxosha. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Lenin ngokuthi igama lakhe, ngenxa elikhulu yokusebenza carburetor emotweni yakhe akazange ukubamba izigelekeqe. Babecabanga ukuthi bangakwenza nazo ezinye Levin yomthengisi. Abaphangi bajikela kuphela isikhathi, lapho beqala aphathe imibhalo sithathiwe.

Wayehola lezigebengu igunya uJakobe esikhwameni izigcwelegcwele amasela '. Ngalobo busuku, inkampani buhambe ngokuphanga endlini enkulu futhi indawo phezu Arbat. Ukuze wenze igenge kuhlelwe kwakudingeka imoto, futhi banquma nje ukuphuma, ukubamba ngowokuqala ukuhlangabezana imoto ebe ke. Kwenzeka isimanga ukuthi owokuqala endleleni yabo bahlangana imoto Vladimira Ilicha.

Kuphela emva ngokuphanga, kokuba ufunde ngokucophelela imibhalo intshontshiwe, beqaphela othile ugetshengwe, futhi njengoba isikhathi ngemuva kwesigameko wathatha kancane indawo, banquma ukuphindela. Kukhona inguqulo zemali, ngoba siqaphela ukuthi Lenin kwaba phambi kwakhe, wayefuna ukuba ngibuye bese ukumbulala. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, umholi lomphangi wayefuna ukuthatha abathunjwa ukuba ngenanise ngoba ke ezinye iziboshwa ezazisetilongweni ejele Butyrka. Kodwa labo izinhlelo waya nenkinga enkulu. Ngesikhashana nje, uLenin nomshayeli ukuhamba eMkhandlwini zendawo, aziswe ngalesi sigameko we Cheka, futhi Ngemizuzwana yokuvikelwa uVladimir Ilyich wakhululwa. Koshelkova wabanjwa Juni 21, 1919. Ngesikhathi eboshwa, eshayiswa ngibelethe isibhamu namabhomu yafa ngemva nje kwalokho.

Kaplan edume

Umzamo edume kakhulu ku-Lenin, lolo suku ukuwa ku 30.08.1918, kwakukhona ngemva Enkulumweni yakhe engqungqutheleni isitshalo eMoscow Michelson. ezintathu kokudutshulwa shot lenziwe, futhi kulesi sikhathi izinhlamvu hit Lenin. Ngokusho version olusemthethweni, isibhamu okuhloswe wenza Fanny Kaplan, okuyinto wayebizwa ngokuthi "umuntu eserovkoy ukuzibulala". Lo mzamo uye waholela abaningi ukuyaluza ukuphila kukaLenin, kusukela ukulimala nomphumela beyimabhombo ngempela. Umlando ukukhunjulwa njengombulali amaphekula Kaplan badubule umholi. Kodwa namuhla, lapho umlando wokuphila Lenin nabangane bakhe uzifunde ngokucophelela, amaqiniso amaningi umlando kokubulawa siyinqaba. Kukhona umbuzo yini noma cha shot Kaplan.

Mfushane Umlando

Le ntombazane wazalelwa e-Ukraine ngo yaseVolyn esifundeni e 1890. Uyise wasebenza njengomfundisi esikoleni samaJuda, futhi indodakazi kufika eminyakeni engu-16 ubudala egqoka igama lakhe - Roydman. Wayeyindoda bayithanda kakhulu inkolo, isimo sengqondo ukubekezela isithwathwa kakhulu sengqondo ngegunya nezinga wayengakaze acabange ukuthi enye yamadodakazi ayo ngokuthi wake ekhetha indlela zobuphekula.

abazali Kaplan emva kwesikhathi esithize bethuthele Melika, futhi washintsha igama lakhe, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukusebenzisa ipasipoti yomunye. Uma zishiywe kanjalo, ejoyina amaBolshevik nekucala iqhaza emzabalazweni wamavukelambuso. Ngokuvamile ukuthi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuhlela zokuthutha yesihloko izincwadi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Kaplan abasha kwakudingeka bathwale izinto ezimbi nakakhulu, njengemoto ibhomu. Kolunye hambo, yena waboshwa yemilindankosi, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Fanny ingane, esikhundleni sokudubula, wagwetshwa zokuthutha ukuphila.

Uma ucabangela Kaplan njengoba umuntu omkhulu ekuqaleni zungu Lenin, kubalulekile ukuphawula iqiniso lokuthi intombazane babenezinkinga ezinkulu umbono (ukuthi amandla kamuva abacwaningi abaningi bayangabaza ukuthi engenza olunembile shot isandla isigamu-izimpumputhe owesifazane ababonayo). Ngokusho kwelinye izinguqulo ekhona, waqala sikhohlwe yakhe ngemva hit by ukuqhuma ibhomu okuzenzela, okuyinto ekhiqizwa nomyeni yayo ezisetshenziswa umphakathi efulethini ngomshoshaphansi. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, uFanny waqala ukuhamba izimpumputhe ngenxa okudutshulwa ekhanda, eyamukelwa ngaphambi kokuba aboshwe. izinkinga Eye beyimabhombo ukuze Kaplan ukukhonza ukufukuziswa ngisho wafuna ukuzibulala.

Ngemva ushwele ezingalindelekile kuka-1917, wathola inkululeko okwase kukudala sisilindile waya kwelinye zokungcebeleka eCrimea bathuthukise impilo yabo, wehlela ukuhlinzwa e laseKharkov. Ngemva kwalokho, okuthiwa umbono wakhe kwabuyiselwa.

Ngesikhathi esekudingisweni Fanny baba oseduze kakhulu eserkami aboshiwe. Kancane kancane, imibono yakhe zitjhugulukile zenhlalo-yeningi. Izindaba Okthoba Revolution, wakwamukela mission, nezenzo obengeziwe amaBolshevik lidumaze wakhe. Kamuva e ubufakazi bakhe ngaphansi kophenyo, Kaplan uthi umqondo ukubulala Lenin zithi uyimbuka kuya Revolution ngamvakashela emuva eCrimea.

Emuva e Moscow, wahlangana ne SRS futhi nixoxe nabo kungenzeka ngomzamo kokubulawa.

umzamo ongaziwa

Usuku kwesibhamu Agasti 30, 1918 Petersburg wabulawa M. Uritsky - usihlalo Cheka. Lenin watshelwa ngayo ngomunye wabokuqala, wanxusa ukuba ayiyeke le ukusebenza esihleliweko simila Michelson. Kepha indiva lesi sixwayiso, waya ukusebenza inkulumo ngaphandle ukuvikelwa.

Ngemva kokuphothulwa inkulumo yakhe, uLenin wayeya imoto, lapho ngokungazelelwe kwabaneka isixuku wezwa kuqhuma isibhamu ezintathu. Ukuze ekuqaleni nezinxushunxushu uboshiwe Kaplan, njengoba umuntu esixukwini bamemeza ukuthi waxoshwa. Lona wesifazane waboshwa, futhi ekuqaleni wesifazane ephika iSidlo wakhe kulesi sigameko, bese, ngesikhathi kokuphenywa esilandelayo-KGB, ngokungazelelwe wavuma. Ngesikhathi uphenyo iDemo awuphasiswa yimiphi abalingani kungenzeka athi ukuhlasela ehlelwa ngokwakho.

izinsolo Strong yokuthi ngaphezu eqaphela kakhulu Fanny akuseyona ufakazi oyedwa ngubani ubuzobona ukuthi waxoshwa. Ngesikhathi nokuvalelwa izikhali lapho futhi wayengekho. izinsuku ezingu-5 kuphela waletha isibhamu kuze Cheka esinye sezisebenzi sitshalo, nokusolakala ukuthi wamthola egcekeni. Inhlamvu emzimbeni kukaLenin zisusiwe ngokushesha, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke yembula ukuthi osezingeni akuyona nsé uhlobo isibhamu ethathwa njengolibo ubufakazi. Ufakazi ophambili kuleli cala, umshayeli Ilyich, ekuqaleni wathi wabona intombi sika isandla shot, kodwa ubufakazi bakhe ngesikhathi uphenyo waguqula mayelana 5 izikhathi. Caplan yena wavuma ukuthi udubule mayelana 20:00, kodwa iphephandaba "Pravda" eshicilelwe ulwazi ukuthi zungu umholi lenzeka ngesikhathi 21:00. Umshayeli wathi kwenzeka lokhu kuhlasela cishe 23:00.

Lezi kanye nezinye amaphutha abangela abaningi namuhla bacabanga ukuthi ngempela lokushaya edume ukuthi senziwe amaBolshevik. Summer 1918 besihambisana nesiminyaminya yinkinga ngokuphawulekayo futhi uhulumeni walahlekelwa igunya layo athuthumelayo. ngomzamo okunjalo ku umholi esenze sakwazi ukuba yilo kokubusa konya ngokumelene Socialist-mbuso, eziqala kulwiwa.

Kaplan ababulawa ngokushesha kakhulu, wadutshulwa ngo-September 3 futhi Lenin wahlala ngokujabula kuze 1924.