Qedela Ukuqoqwa Imithetho of the Empire, Russian. Imithetho of the Empire, Russian

Ezinsukwini wokubusa Nicholas mina wabuthelwa nohlu lwemithetho of the Empire, Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kokubili empilweni yomphakathi kanye nomphakathi eba ngokuhambisana nale dokhumenti. Esihlokweni esilandelayo, umfundi uyothola lokujwayela ezicashile ukudala iqoqo izimiso, kanye ukuthola ukuthi yini ama-oda athize sivunyiwe.

prehistory

Njengoba wazi, engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII yesibili kwaphawulwa wokugoqa kohlelo izinduna ekhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nale nkathi ziye uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela athuthukile ubudlelwane wobunxiwankulu. Lokhu kamuva kwaholela ukuvela obumbi kanye kumiswa uhlelo zama-Capitalist. Kodwa ngoba ngaleso sikhathi namanje kubuswa imodi ubudala zokukhiqiza, ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwano obusha sokucasuka ukuqiniswa engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba, kwaholela ukunwetshwa anti-serfdom ukunyakaza eRussia. Ngokumelene okwenza yokweqa umthetho futhi nangobudlova of abanikazi bamazwe, iziyaluyalu ongumlimi buthola amandla. Njengoba sekunama-ekhulwini entsha kakhulu iye yandisa inani labantu iziteleka, hhayi kuphela ngaphakathi serfs futhi abasebenzela inkokhelo, kodwa futhi phakathi servicemen. Ukuqala ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso eRussia kwaphawulwa ahlomile Decembrists inkulumo ngo-1825. Njengoba sazi kusuka emlandweni, lezi yokuvukela bacimeka ekuphathweni yasebukhosini. Noma kunjalo, okungaphazamisa okwengeziwe kwezombusazwe kahulumeni. Ngaleso sikhathi, izibalo wezwe ehamba phambili e ukuchibiyela umthetho wazama ukuqinisa izinduna serf uhlelo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ababenakho acabangele izithakazelo ekuthuthukiseni onxiwankulu kwezohwebo. Yonke imizamo ngandlela-thile ahlele ubudlelwane ngokomthetho eRussia kushabalele. Kodwa isidingo abantu abazokwenza umsebenzi onjalo kwezwakala namandla. Kusukela kwamukelwa isikhundla Katolika, iningi izenzo akuzona kuphambene nomunye kuphela, kodwa futhi azibonisi ngokugcwele izithakazelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Zama Landelayo ukuze akwazi ukufeza umsebenzi nokuqoshwa kwenziwa 1804. Khona-ke, amaphrojekthi, kuye kwasungulwa umthetho lobugebengu, civil kanye nezohwebo. Nokho, le mibhalo baye ayikavunyelwa ngoba izikhulu wabona kuzo bubhalwe French Civil Code. Kwakusobala ukuthi ukwamukelwa ngemithetho eyisisekelo yakulelo Empire Russian kwakudingekile. Kwaba ukuba iqoqo izinqumo, sihlukene phakathi ngokusho imikhakha thematic.

izimiso ukuhleleka kuka

Ama-oda ngenhla kuye kwahlanganiswa kwaba iqoqo Russian uMbuso 1832 udaba kwemithetho. Nokho, i-Charter kuphela waqala ukusebenza ngo-1835. Wawunamabhodi lwezinto ezingaphezu kuka-40 eziyinkulungwane, eyagcina lalinabashumayeli amavolumu 15. Incwadi 16 Wona wakhululwa ngo-1864 futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi "izimiso zomthetho". With ukuqoqwa ephelele imithetho Empire Russian wawuhlanganisiwe imibhalo sokusebenza kuphela. Ingxenye oda aye ancipha. Uma ethanda kamuva embodiments Uphiwe ekusukeni phakathi esiphikisayo izinqumo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, compilers zakhiwa ukwakha amathuluzi ukuze ziyavumelana amagatsha yomthetho.

incazelo ivolumu

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, iqoqo eliphelele imithetho Empire Russian lalinabashumayeli amabhuku 15. Eyokuqala 3 babe nezimiso eziyisisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nokunye. Umsebenzi wesine kuhlanganisa iziqondiso wekuhlanganisa nezibopho County. Kusukela 5 kuya ku-8 kuboniswa ukuphuza intela amalevi, imisebenzi kanye nokunye. In umagazini 9th kuhlanganisa imithetho emapulazini namandla abo. umhlangano Weshumi ukhunjulwa wezokwakha nezimiso civil. Izincwadi ku-inombolo 11 no-12 lokulawula ama-credit futhi ukuhweba izinhlangano, kanye wonke amagatsha embonini. 2 amavolumu elandelayo sezithunyelwa kwezokwelapha kuhlanganisiwe ubuqili yeziboshwa nokunye. Engxenyeni yokugcina umsebenzi kuhlanganisa oda lobugebengu. Ikhodi Imithetho of the Empire, Russian ikakhulu waphishekela imigomo yomthetho amakhosi asendulo futhi yayihloselwe nokugcina, ukuvikelwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa umbuso tsarist.

Imithetho ensimini ka-Ukraine

Ukuqoqwa Imithetho of the Empire, Russian waqala ukusebenza endaweni ngo-1835. Nge umehluko eyodwa kuphela - ngaleso sikhathi base ezilungisiwe umthetho zokuphatha kuphela kanye nobudlelwano zomphakathi. Ngemva kwalokho, esikhathini kusuka 1840 kuya 1842, kancane kancane wethula imithetho ephathelene nomthetho ebugebengu kanye. Lokhu-sisekelo wayenza Ukraine kwaze kwaba ngu-1917.

izinguquko eziqhubekayo

Nge ukuqala kwekhulu XIX imithetho Empire Russian abangu ngaphansi uchungechunge kugucuka. Endaweni yokuqala izinguquko abathintekayo umthetho civil, ngaleso sikhathi waqala ukuya phambili nje yathuthuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko ezinjalo ngenxa nokwanda okuphawulekayo umthamo ezindaweni commercial futhi yezimboni. Zonke izinguquko ngale ndaba senziwe incwadi 10th nezinqumo umhlangano. Lapha egqanyisiwe amalungelo ubunikazi ngenjongo oluqinisayo olwengeziwe. Kule ndaba, yonke impahla lahlukaniswa laba 2 izinhlobo: ezithathekayo, awanakususwa. Eyesibili ngokulinganayo selihlukene laba ejwayelekile futhi atholwe. Ngenxa ukunwetshwa kakhulu ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile sakhokhwa udaba izibopho. Ngenxa yalokho, safika esiphethweni ukwenza izivumelwano ngenkululeko zombili izinhlangothi. Umthetho uvumela ukuba wenze ukuthengiselana hhayi kuphela ngokubhala kodwa ngomlomo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavunyelwana ukuthi "eyakheke kahle" Inkontileka kumele ngempela kube lwenteke. Qedela Ukuqoqwa Imithetho of the Empire, isiRashiya, ikakhulukazi wokhela kube yilo mzuzu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuphepha okulandelayo okuye kwalungiselelwa:

- the nokukhokhwa kwesijeziso;

- isiqinisekiso;

- yisibambiso nezimpahla ezithathekayo noma engagudluki.

umthetho umndeni

Umthetho Basic of the Empire, Russian e umqulu wokuqala u ezilungisiwe ukuphathana kwabashadile. Ngakho, kuvunyelwene ukuthi amadoda ungase uqale umndeni kuphela kokufinyelela eminyakeni ewu-18. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, abesifazane banikwa ilungelo engu-16. Abantu abangofakazi Usufike engu-80 ubudala, futhi akazange abe nethuba tie izibopho yasemshadweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkinga ngomshado akuxhomekile kuphela lo mbhangqwana, kodwa futhi ku isinqumo lesi senzo abazali, ababheki noma abanakekeli. Kuleso simo, uma indoda ngesikhathi umklomelo we Union kwaba enkonzweni yezempi, wabona ukuthola imvume ebhaliwe abaphathi bakhe emcimbini. I serfs babengenalungelo umndeni ngaphandle kwemvume yomnikazi. Imishado amaKristu kanye nabangewona amaKristu ayenqatshelwe. Futhi akuvumelekile ukungena ebuhlotsheni obusha Umshado ongenakho ukuqedwa waphetha ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenza imifelandawonye yalolu hlobo ayengakwenza 3 kuphela izikhathi. Umshado wawubhekwa njengonendawo esisemthethweni kuphela uma kwenziwa ebandleni. Nqamula inyunyana bavunyelwa igunya elifanayo, futhi kuphela kwezinye izimo.

umthetho ngokulandelana

Imithetho eyisisekelo of the Empire, Russian eceleni zaziphendula imibuzo impahla izakhamuzi '. Ifa impahla kungaba ngentando noma ngokuhambisana kwezilinganiso ezivunyelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo ezinjalo kungaba kuphela izakhamuzi ukusebenza engu-21 futhi sibe namalungelo omthetho impahla zihlukanisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intando sasizwakala kuphela uma sokuhlanganiswa ebhaliwe. Ifa nempahla yomuntu okungenamsoco ngokwengqondo ngaphansi intando kwakungenakwenzeka.

hlinzeka lobugebengu

Singasho kufanele ucabange ukuthi 15 kuyinto iqoqo lemithetho kwaphawula ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa komthetho ophathelene nokwelelesa eRussia. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi kwakusekhona ezihlokweni eziningi impikiswano. Zitholakale lapho kuphela emva kokushicilelwa. Mayelana izinkinga ekhonjwe kulo mkhakha MM Speransky kwacelwa ukulungiselela ikhodi ezahlukene lokujeziswa. Kodwa kwathiwa nje agcwaliswe ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Njengoba kubonakala esinqumweni 1801, ukusetshenziswa sokuhlushwa phakathi ngemibuzo wawuvinjelwe. Nokho, baqhubeka kabanzi isicelo. A indima ekhethekile ezincwadini zomthetho kuhoxiswe amaphoyisa. umsebenzi wakhe kwaba ukuba baqhube umsebenzi okuphenya futhi ekukhishweni lomusho. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, imisebenzi uphenyo zihlukaniswe wokulungiselela futhi esemthethweni. Isizathu sokuba emizameni yokuthuthukisa kunjalo kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso ukujivaza, isikhalazo noma umshushisi isinyathelo. inqubo Investigative kwenziwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa noma izikhulu iqembu ukushushisa.

Inani emlandweni

Qedela Ukuqoqwa Imithetho of the Empire, isiRashiya, ngokwezinga elithile acabangele timfuno onxiwankulu abasafufusa. Nokho, amakhosi ohlanga wazama nakanjani ukuze uzohlala emandleni. Kuze kube yimanje, apharathasi isimo ngisho sidaliwe amayunithi ingajezisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ofeza Ukwahlukaniswa imisebenzi bavunyelwe ukwakha eziningi izimboni. Yiqiniso, Ikhodi Imithetho equkethwe kwezinkambiso eziningi esiphelelwe isikhathi, kodwa isamba okunjalo omkhulu umsebenzi uye wavumela Russia ukwandisa ukwethenjelwa kwalo phambi ukuthuthukiswa Europe. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa yakho, kokuba ethole izinguquko eziningi, lo mhlangano wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1917, kwaze kwaba inguquko.