Mikhail Speransky: Biography of ukuphila kwakhe, imisebenzi, izithombe

Isikhulu owaziwa futhi wezinguquko Mikhail Speransky (iminyaka yokuphila: 1772-1839) is njengoba umlobi izinhlelo eziningana ekushintsheni umthetho Russian ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX ezaziwayo. Wasinda eliphakeme kanye nokwehla kwenkonzo yakhe, hhayi yonke imibono yakhe isetshenziswa, kodwa igama lakhe ukuthi kuyinto yinye isiqondiso nesandla esivulekile, okungase ukuthuthukisa isimo sethu ngaphansi u-Alexander I Nicholas I. kuyinto

ebuntwaneni

Lomholi esizayo Mikhail Speransky wazalwa-January 1, 1772 eSifundazweni uVladimir. Wayengumuntu zasezindaweni othobekile - uyise wasebenza esontweni, nonina eyindodakazi idikoni. Kuyinto abazali kakhulu ukuthonywa umlingisi kanye nezintshisekelo ingane. Ngokushesha bafunda ukuzifundela ukufunda okuningi. nethonya elikhulu ku-internet Misha waba Umkhulu abaningi ukuya esontweni futhi yethulwa umzukulu wakhe nge ezifana izincwadi ezibalulekile ngokuthi "Incwadi ka Amahora" futhi "Umphostoli."

Ngisho nangemva kokuba ekuphakameni kwakhe Mikhail Speransky akazange bayakhohlwa ngemvelaphi yabo. Njengoba UNobhala woMbuso, wayegeza ekamelweni layo futhi ngokuvamile kwahluka ngesizotha nsuku zonke nemikhuba emihle.

Michael waqala ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe ehlelekile e 1780 e ezindongeni uVladimir sabefundisi Diocesan. Kuyinto kukhona ngenxa namakhono avelele lomfana okokuqala eqoshiwe ngaphansi kwegama Speransky ukuthi kwaba ikhophi ye-carbon isiphawulo Latin, kusho 'bondle phambili'. Uyise lomntwana kwakunguJesu Vasiliev. ngokushesha Mikhail Speransky wema esixukwini kubafundi bakhe kusitsho inshisekelo yekufundza, uthando lokufunda, kanye uhlamvu akahle eqinile. Sabefundisi wamvumela ukuba bafunde Latin futhi izilimi ngesiGreki.

Ukudlulela Petersburg

Michael ungase uhlale uVladimir bese uqale umsebenzi wesonto. Waze waba cellmate we wesigodlo wendawo. Kodwa kakade 1788 njengoba omunye wabafundi ezigqame abanamakhono kakhulu Speransky ithole ithuba ukuya Petersburg nezifundo zakhe e-Alexander saseNevsky sabefundisi. Lesi sikhungo kwaba ngaphansi kweso ngqo esiGungwini. Lapho izinhlelo ezintsha achazwayo futhi wafundiswa yibo kuloku.

Indawo entsha Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich imfundo yezenkolo hhayi kuphela kodwa izifundo wokuziphilisa, kuhlanganise wezibalo ephakeme, i-physics, ifilosofi isiFulentshi, ngubani ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola komhlaba jikelele. Sabefundisi ukuzithiba wabusa, lapho abafundi ukuthuthukisa amakhono amahora amaningi emsebenzini okukhulu kwengqondo. Ngemva Speranski wafunda ukufunda French, yena umxhwele imisebenzi izazi kuleli zwe. Ukufinyelela izincwadi ezingcono kakhulu futhi yamuva eyenziwe esikoleni sobufundisi abasha omunye abantu abafundile abaningi kuleli zwe.

Ngo 1792 Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich iziqu ezifundweni zabo. Wahlala sabefundisi, lapho eminyakeni embalwa wayengumuntu umfundisi izibalo, ifilosofi nemfundiso lekufundzisa. Ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula ujatshuliswa eqanjiwe, futhi ngabhala nenkondlo. Ezinye zazo zashicilelwa Petersburg namajenali. Uthisha esikoleni sobufundisi wayesekhathele yonke imisebenzi kuwo indoda ethile kubasekeli abanombono ezibanzi.

Ukuqala inkonzo yomphakathi

Ngo 1795, i-Speransky abasha ngesiphakamiso Metropolitan Gabriel kwakuqashwa Aleksandrom Kurakinym. Kwakuyisikhathi abavelele izikhulu wedolobha kanye osomaqhinga. Nge ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Paul mina, wamiswa Attorney General. Kurakin kwakudingeka nonobhala ukubhekana umsebenzi esindayo. Lokho umuntu onjalo kwaba Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Kafushane, wakhetha i-career wokuziphilisa phakathi eBandleni. Ngo sabefundisi akazange ukuba ahlukane lo thisha abanamakhono. Metropolitan wammema ukuthatha izifungo lezindela, ngemva kwalokho Speransky ongabala kwisihloko umbhishobhi. Kepha wala, futhi 1797 wathola isikhundla kumeluleki titular ehhovisi umshushisi-jikelele.

ngokushesha kakhulu isikhulu enyukela isitebhisi umsebenzi. elilodwa nje, waba ikhansela zombuso ngemva kweminyaka embalwa. Biography Speranskogo Mihaila Mihaylovicha - indaba kuyanda okusheshayo inkonzo efanele ukusebenza eliyingqayizivele futhi ithalente. Lezi zimfanelo zamenza hhayi azenze muhle kumbusi ngokusebenzisa ngaphambi kokuba iziphathimandla ezingamaPutukezi, okwaholela igunya lakhe ukwamukeleka ngaphandle kokungatshazwa esikhathini esizayo. Ngempela, Speransky wasebenza ngokuyinhloko ukuze kuzuze isimo, bese kuphela cabanga nezinzuzo zazo siqu.

Rise of the wezinguquko

Ngo 1801, entsha Russian uMbusi u-Alexander I. Waba kakhulu sihluke uyise despotic uPawulu, owayaziwa imikhuba ezempi kanye ukubukwa olandelanayo. Umbusi omusha kwaba nesandla esivulekile futhi wayefuna ukwenza ezweni labo bonke izinguquko ukuthi yayidingeka ngenjongo yezinto ukuthuthukiswa evamile isimo. Ngokuvamile, zingabantu ukuthuthukisa inkululeko yomphakathi.

Imibono efanayo zihlukile futhi Mikhail Speransky. Biography of lesi sibalo ukwazi kakhulu: ehlangana u-Alexander I, wayesejele umqhele isikhulu, kodwa isikhulu ehilelekile Izindawo Petersburg, ngokuba ikhansela isimo. Abantu abasha ngokushesha yathola ulimi olufanayo, futhi owayezoba inkosi akazange azikhohlwe wabaza bomdabu eliqhakazile esifundazweni uVladimir. Nge ukubusa eziya esihlalweni sobukhosi, u-Alexander I esimisiwe uNobhala Speransky yeMibuso Dmitry Troshchinsky. Le ndoda yayihlale oyilungu lephalamende futhi omunye abaphatheli entsha zombusi.

Ngokushesha imisebenzi Mihaila Speranskogo wahosha ukunakwa amalungu ekomidi imfihlo. Kwakuwusuku abaseduze Alexander ababusi united kwelinye umbuthano ekuthathweni lokulungisa esiphuthumayo. Speransky waba umsizi edumile Victor Kochubey.

Ikomidi imfihlo

Kakade 1802, ngenxa ikomidi imfihlo, u-Alexander I kusungulwa enkonzweni. Bafaka yisikhathi nasemakolishi ayizwakali Petrine inkathi. Kochubei baba uNgqongqoshe lokuqala Interior, futhi Speransky - UNobhala yakhe yomBuso. WayeyiZwi ephelele isisebenzi kwabefundisi: ukusebenza ne amaphepha inqwaba amahora ngosuku. Ngokushesha Mikhail Uqale ukubhala amanothi zabo amaqembu eliphakeme, oveza imibono yayo phezu okusalungiswa yezinguquko ezithile.

Akukhona kahle waphinda ukusho ukuthi imibono Speransky kwakhiwa ngokufunda zefilosofi French kwekhulu XVIII: .. uVoltaire, njll imibono Liberal uNobhala State eyathinta neziphathimandla. Ngokushesha, wamiswa kwenhloko yomnyango ophethe ekuthuthukisweni kwe-amaphrojekthi kabusha.

Kwaba ngaphansi kobuholi Mikhail Mikhailovich washayelwa amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo edumile "Isinqumo kubalimi khulula." Kwakuwusuku isinyathelo sokuqala abanamahloni neziphathimandla Russian endleleni ukuqedwa serfdom. Ngokusho isimemezelo, nabakhulu manje ake abalimi kanye nezwe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo mzamo bekulokhu impendulo encane kakhulu isigaba nelungelo, u-Alexander samjabulisa umsebenzi wenzeke. Yayala ukuba baqale izehlakalo ukuhlela kwekuhlela kabusha olukhulu kuleli zwe. Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich waphuma waba ngumlindi yale nqubo. Umlando Omfushane lomholi siyamangalisa: yena, ubudlelwano abangenaso, kodwa ngokusebenzisa amakhono abo siqu futhi kanzima umsebenzi yokuya phezulu Russian Olympus zezombusazwe.

Esikhathini kusuka 1803 kuya 1806. Speransky kwaba nombhali inqwaba amanothi zilethwe kumbusi. Emaphepheni UNobhala woMbuso bacubungula ke isimo kwetebulungiswa nekusebenta esiphezulu. Isiphakamiso eyinhloko Mikhail Mikhailovich kwakuzoshintsha isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. Ngokusho amanothi akhe, Russia kufanele abe ohlanga ngokomthethosisekelo, lapho kwakukhulekelwa umbusi kule bancishwa amandla aphelele. Lezi zinhlelo ezingazange zifinyelelwe, kodwa Alexander vumela iziphakamiso eziningi Speransky. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwabo okukhulu lesi sikhulu futhi washintsha ngokuphelele ulimi yokuxhumana ehhovisi namahhovisi kahulumeni. Wawuyeka archaisms eziningi kwekhulu XIX, futhi lokho ekucabangayo ephepheni, elingenalo ezingadingekile, babe uhlanzekile futhi ucwebile ngangokunokwenzeka.

umsizi uMbusi

Ngo 1806 u-Alexander I wenza yangaphambili esikoleni sobufundisi umsizi wakhe omkhulu, "ukukhetha" kuyo Kochubey. UMbusi Kwakudzingeka indoda efana Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Umlando ezimfushane isisebenzi sikahulumeni ngeke akwenze ngaphandle incazelo ubuhlobo baso kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi. Alexander Speransky zenani ngokuyinhloko ukuba kude kwaso kusukela kumibuthano ahlukahlukene ahlukile, ngalinye elikwazi akwazile izifiso zabo. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-ovamile Michael kudlalwa ezandleni zakhe. Waqala ukuthola oda esivela enkosini mathupha.

Kulesi isimo Speranski wahlanganyela ezemfundo ezikoleni - mathupha abaseduze naye isihloko. Wayengumuntu nombhali isimiso ukuthi ezilungisiwe yonke imisebenzi kwalezi zikhungo. Lezi imithetho eyathatha ngokuphepha kuze 1917. Enye ibhizinisi ezibalulekile Speransky njengoba kumele uMcwaningi maBhuku imfundo Russian - kwenta tinhlaka inothi lapho echaza izimiso ikusasa le Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Lesi sikhungo ezizukulwane eziningana uye umbala isizwe abaqeqeshiwe - amajaha imindeni zihlaba kakhulu ahlukile. Abafundi kwaba Alexander Pushkin.

inkonzo zamanxusa

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Alexander I kwaba inqubomgomo angaphandle ematasa kakhulu. Ukuya Europe, njalo wathatha Speransky naye. Ngakho kwaba ngo-1807, lapho Congress labetibambile Erfurt Napoleon. Yingaleso sikhathi-Europe wafunda lokuqala, ungubani Mikhayeli Speransky. Umlando Omfushane isikhulu liyadingeka ukubalula amakhono akhe sokwazi izilimi eziningi. Kodwa kuze 1807, akaze phesheya.

Manje, sibonga ulwazi lwezilimi nemfundo yabo, Speransky Ingase imangaze zonke amathimba Outlandish abatholakala e-Erfurt. Napoleon yena yabhekisela umelekeleli Aleksandru ngisho okuthiwa Entela ebuzwa lo mbusi Russian ukushintsha uNobhala abanamakhono of State "kunoma umbuso." Kodwa phesheya Speranski laphawula nokusetshenziswa esisebenzayo sokuhlala kwakhe ithimba. Wathatha iqhaza ezingxoxweni nesokuphela kwalesi ukuthula phakathi neFrance neRussia. Nokho, isimo sezombusazwe eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi zazingaphephile, futhi ngokushesha la malungiselelo aye sekulibalekile.

umsebenzi zenith

Speranski wachitha isikhathi esiningi abasebenza ekubhaleni izidingo for yokwemukela umphakathi. Ulwazi kwabaningi bababusi akazange zivumelana ezingeni izikhundla zabo. Isizathu salokhu isimo kwaba umkhuba ovamile e-inkonzo sibonga kudivayisi koxhumana umndeni. Ngakho-ke Speransky ezihlongozwayo isingeniso yokuhlolwa abantu abafisa abe yizikhulu. Alexander wavumelana lo mbono, futhi ngokushesha le mithetho ube umthetho.

Nge wokukhushulwa Finland eRussia Speransky yena esemthatha izinguquko esifundazweni entsha. Kube izikhulu ngoludala, ngakho-ke kuba kuleli lizwe, u-Alexander kwaba uyakwazi bona imibono yabo boldest ovulekile. Ngo 1810, uMkhandlu State yasungulwa. Futhi kwakukhona isikhundla UNobhala woMbuso, okuyinto eyaba Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Imisebenzi wezinguquko akubanga yize. Manje ngokusemthethweni baba umuntu wesibili esimweni.

ihlazo

Ziningi Speransky kwekuhlela kabusha abathintekayo cishe yonke imikhakha yempilo kazwelonke. Somewhere ushintsho lwaluthatha isikhathi impela nje, okuyinto bamelana ingxenye inert salezi umphakathi. Mikhail ayikuthandi ezicukuthwaneni, ngoba ngenxa yomsebenzi walo kuba izithakazelo zabo baye bahlupheka kwasekuqaleni. Ngu 1812, ngesikhathi inkantolo kombusi kwakukhona iqembu labefundisi nezikhonzi, owaqala uyihlupha ngokumelene Speransky. Basakaza amahemuhemu obungamanga ngaye, kangangokuthi kusolakala wagxeka kumbusi. Nge kusondela ababeshisekela eziningi impi waqala ukukhumbula uxhumo lwayo Napoleon ekhatsi Erfurt.

Ngo-March 1812, Mikhail Speransky yaxoshwa konke okuthunyelwe yakhe. Watshelwa ukuba bayishiye inhloko-dolobha. Eqinisweni, yena wayengemuva ekudingisweni, kuqala Nizhny Novgorod, bese esifundazweni Novgorod. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, wayesalokhu ephethwe ukuhoxiswa eliyigugu i-opal.

Ngo 1816 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile umbusi Penza. Mikhail Speransky, ngamafuphi, Kuncane kakhulu ayekwazi kulesi sifunda. Nokho, ngenxa amakhono akhe yenhlangano, wakwazi ukuba abe yisiboniso oda esifundazweni. Abantu bendawo bathandile wangaphambili UNobhala woMbuso.

Ngemva Penza olusemthethweni kwaba Irkutsk, lapho ayesebenza khona lo mbusi laseSiberia kusukela 1819 kuya 1821. Lapha, isimo nakakhulu dengwane kuka e Penza. Speranski ukwenza ilungiselelo: athuthukile efuze ukuphathwa ezincane kazwelonke kanye nokugcinwa umsebenti wetemnotfo.

Nalapha Petersburg

Ngo 1821, Mikhail Mikhailovich okokuqala eminyakeni eminingi, kwaba Petersburg. Wanqoba ekuhlanganeni kwakhe Alexander I. The Emperor wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi ezinsukwini ubudala, lapho Speransky kwaba isiqu sesibili isimo, ngemuva. Noma kunjalo, wamiswa inhloko yalawa ikhomishini kwenta tinhlaka imithetho. Kwaba njengoba isikhundla lapho kwakunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa kakhulu ngempumelelo kulo lonke ulwazi, enomnikazi Mikhail Speransky. portrait zomlando yale ndoda uyibonisa njengenhlangano wezinguquko oluvelele. Ngakho wabuyela endaweni yokudlela.

Isinyathelo sokuqala isiqedile ibhizinisi laseSiberia olusemthethweni. kabusha zokuphatha kwenziwa e amanothi akhe. ESiberia lahlukaniswa laba eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga. Eminyakeni yamuva, nokubusa u-Alexander I isikhathi esiningi ilungiselelo nemizana lempi. Manje benza futhi Speransky, ngubani, kanye Alekseem Arakcheevym eliholwa ikhomishana okuhambisanayo.

Lapho Nicholas mina

Ngo-1825, wafa, u-Alexander I. Kube ukusebenza ezimbi Decembrists. Speransky wabekwa icala kwenta tinhlaka le Manifesto we ekuqaleni kokubusa Nicholas I. mbusi omusha baziswa uquketheni Speransky, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayethobekile zezombusazwe. ucelwa isikhulu esivelele wahlala ovulekile. Khona-ke inkosi kwaba ngoludala, nokuhlubuka Decembrists nakakhulu ubukele ivuthele kabusha.

Ngo Nikolaev umsebenzi oyinhloko iminyaka Speranskii kwaba ukulungiswa isethi ephelele imithetho Empire Russian. edition Multivolume baletha ndawonye lenqwaba izimiso, olokuqala esavela ekhulwini XVII. Ngo-January 1839 ngenxa izimo zawo Speransky wathola isihloko Ukubala. Nokho, ngo-February 11, washona eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni 67.

imisebenzi yakhe eyingqabavu futhi ithele babé injini yezinguquko Russian eminyakeni yokuqala wokubusa Alexander I. Ngesikhathi zenith we umsebenzi Speransky kwaba namahloni ongafanelwe, kodwa kamuva ababuyela imisebenzi yakhe. Wakhonza ngokwethembeka uMbuso, naphezu kwanoma iyiphi ubunzima.