Soviet Air Forces (VVS USSR): umlando Soviet zezindiza wezempi

Umlando Soviet zezindiza ezempi waqala ngo-1918. Soviet Air Force kwamiswa kanyekanye impi ezweni elisha. Ngo 1918-1924 GG. bebizelwa Workers 'futhi Abalimi' Red Fleet, e 1924-1946 GG. - Air Force iRed Army. Kwaba ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwakukhona igama evamile ye-USSR Lasemoyeni, okuyinto lisekhona wokugoqa likahulumeni waseSoviet.

yizimbaxa

Ukukhathalela lokuqala amaBolshevik nangemva kokuba amandla waba esempini ne "amhlophe". Kulwiwa kanye nokuchitheka kwegazi okungakaze kube khona ayikwazanga aphoqelelwa ukuba enze ngaphandle ekwakheni ibutho, zamasosha eqinile. Nakuba izindiza zazisekhona curiosities, nokuxhashazwa yabo mass waqala kancane kamuva. Russian Empire bashiya umlando ongeke kwamandla Soviet ukwahlukana olulodwa, eyayihlanganisa umfuziselo wabiza "Muromets Ilya". Lezi C-22 yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo Ngokuzayo eSoviet Air Force.

Ngo-1918, kwakunabamemezeli abangu-38 squadrons, futhi ngo-1920 e-Air Force imikhumbi - kakade 83. Ngesikhathi izimpi ka kulwiwa Kwakuhileleke cishe 350 izindiza. Abaholi balezi RSFSR wayesalokhu ukwenza konke angakwenza ukuze asindise futhi yokugcizelela Ballooning ifa wasebukhosini. Eyokuqala Soviet izindiza umkhuzi ayeyikhathalela ngokuyinhloko kwakuwukusiza Konstantin Akashev, ababambelela kule sikhundla 1919-1921.

kufanekisa

Ngokuzayo wase-USSR Air Force ifulege wamukelwa ngonyaka 1924 (ekuqaleni lalibhekwa Aerodrome ifulege indlela okwakheke ngayo zezindiza kanye amayunithi). Ingemuva indwangu baba ilanga. Phakathi kwaba isithombe ngenkanyezi ebomvu, ngaphakathi kwalo - isando isikela. Kwakukhona nezinye izinhlamvu liyabonakala: isiliva lama amaphiko bendiza izindwani.

Njengoba eU.SSR Air Force ifulege banner sivunyiwe ngo-1967. Isithombe usuthandwa kakhulu. Mayelana naye akayikhohliwe ngisho ngemva kokuwa wase-USSR. Kule ndaba, ngo-2004 sathola efanayo ifulege we Russian Federation Air Force. Umehluko ezincane: egqwalile ngenkanyezi ebomvu, isando noma isikela, kwakukhona anti-aircraft isibhamu.

Development 1920-1930-yalolucwaningo.

Izinduna kulwiwa, kwadingeka ukuba ahlele amabutho ahlomile ikusasa eU.SSR ngo izimo isiphithiphithi ukudideka. Kuphela ngemva kokunqotshwa le "amhlophe" ukunyakaza kanye nokwakhiwa kombuso anokuhambisana ithuba ukuqala kabusha evamile indiza. Ngo-1924, Workers 'futhi Abalimi' Red Air Fleet Yaphinde yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Air Force iRed Army. Kukhona Ukuphathwa entsha air force.

Ngo umnyango ahlukene kwaba ihlelwe kabusha ekuhlaseleni, esakhiwa ngaphansi okuyinto eziphambili kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi futhi legkobombardirovochnye Heavy Bomber isigaba. Ngo-1930 khudlwana inani lamasosha futhi wabelane ukukhalipha, ngokuphambene nalokho, kwehle. Kwakukhona lokuqala esisetshenziselwa izindiza (ezifana P-6 esakhiwe Andrei Tupolev). Lezi imishini kungaba kuphumelele ngokufanayo ukukhonza njengoba ekuhlaseleni, torpedo ekuhlaseleni futhi imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo wokugada fighter.

Ngo-1932, amabutho eSoviet Union wathola uhlobo olusha amabutho sisemoyeni. Ngo Airborne kwadingeka ezokuthutha kanye kwesimo endaweni imishini yakhe siqu. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, naphezu isiko nokuvumelana ngesikhathi kulwiwa, ezinhlwini entsha yezempi kwangena. Manje e-Air Force pilot ngokuzenzekelayo ziba izikhulu. Izindonga izikole bomdabu nezikole flying, ngamunye kokushiya olingana uLieutenant yesibili.

Ngo-1933, i-elisanda uchungechunge "Mina" (kusuka Mina-2 ukuze mina-5) iye yabikwa Air Force-USSR. Babelwela-biplanes, ithuthukiswe Dmitriem Grigorovichem. Ngoba kuqala iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu yemikhumbi yaseSoviet yokuthuthela izindiza zempi kungezwe 2.5. I share izimoto amazwe lancipha laba amaphesenti ambalwa.

Air Force iholide

Esikhathini esifanayo ngo-1933 (nangokwesinqumo sokwahlulela loMkhandlu Yabantu Commissars) yahlonywa yiSoviet Air Force Day. Njengoba usuku samaholide e Sovnarkome akhethiwe 18 Agasti. Ngokusemthethweni, ilanga lase yaqondaniswa nge ekupheleni ukuqeqeshwa eba sehlobo minyaka yonke. Ngu isiko, leli holidi isibe kuhlangene imincintiswano ehlukahlukene kanye nemincintiswano ku inqubo ukuqeqeshwa nepilotage, Tactical futhi umlilo, nokunye. D.

Usuku Air Force -USSR yasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa civil aviation nakwezempi phakathi Soviet uquqaba yesigaba sabasebenzi. Imigubho ngesikhathi kugujwa iminyaka engu-ubuhanjelwe yilabo abamele izimboni, Osoaviahima * Amandla Betekupakisha Betindzaba Air Fleet. iholide Centre wonyaka kwaba airfield Central yaqanjwa Mikhail Frunze eMoscow.

Isenzakalo sokuqala kakhulu yabakhanga hhayi kuphela ochwepheshe nezakhamuzi yenhloko-dolobha, kodwa futhi izihambeli eziningi edolobheni, kanye nabamele esemthethweni uthi angaphandle. Holiday wayengeke akwenze ngaphandle iqhaza Iosifa Stalina, amalungu eKomiti Central we CPSU (b) futhi uhulumeni.

futhi ushintsho

Ngo-1939, iSoviet Air Amandla ngasinda omunye Ukukubika. lamabutho inhlangano yabo yangaphambili itsetfwe a kweminyango zanamuhla futhi regimental. Ngokusebenzisa kabusha, iSoviet kobuholi ezempi babefuna ukwandisa umthelela zezindiza. Ngemva ukuguqulwa, Ibe Yimbangela eziyisisekelo iyunithi entsha Tactical - ibutho (kwakugcwele 5 isigaba, okuyinto isiyonke ivela 40 kuya ku-60 izindiza).

Ngobusuku obandulela ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, inani lemikhaya kuhlasela futhi webhomu izindiza kwaba 51% yemikhumbi Imininingwane. Futhi ingxenye yase-USSR Air Force kuhlanganisiwe fighter kanye intelligence ukuxhumana. Ngo yezwe eziqhutshwa izikole 18 ezindongeni nihlelele abasebenzi omusha Soviet zezindiza ezempi. izindlela zokufundisa kancane olwesimanje. Nakuba ekuqaleni ukuvumelana kwabasebenzi Soviet (pilot, amatilosi, nochwepheshe, kanye nokunye. D.) Ngemva sibalo okuhambisanayo amazwe isicebi, unyaka nonyaka, lowo mehluko laliya zincane.

Okuhlangenwe nakho Spanish

Ngokokuqala ngqá ngemva kwekhefu elide, iSoviet Air Force izindiza eziye ihlolwe ngenxa yezimpi phakathi no abaseSpain Yombango, eyaqala ngo-1936. ESoviet Union asekelwe friendly "elivulekile ngomqondo" uhulumeni, owalwa ne isizwe. Kusukela eSoviet Union waya eSpain, hhayi nezempi kuphela, kodwa futhi basiza ngokuzithandela pilot. Kungcono ayoziveza mina-16, okuyinto wakwazi ayoziveza okuningi ngempumelelo kunokuzamazama izindiza Luftwaffe.

Kuvele isipiliyoni ukuthi walithola pilot Soviet eSpain, kubé usizo olungenakuqhathaniswa. izifundo eziningi sifundwe hhayi nje imicibisholo, kodwa kwesimo endaweni zasemoyeni. Ukubuyela waseSpain, ochwepheshe isihambile ngokushesha enkonzweni, ekuqaleni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, abaningi kubo baba colonels futhi ojenene. Ngesikhathi umkhankaso kwezilwandle kwaqondana sekuphelile ka ekuqothulweni omkhulu uStalin empini. Ingcindezelo wathinta futhi izindiza. NKVD ngiyilahle eziningi abantu ezazilwa ngaphezulu "amhlophe".

IMpi Enkulu Patriotic

Ezimpini 1930 wabonisa ukuthi eSoviet Air Force neze kunabayeni European. Nokho, esondela ezweni impi futhi engakaze ibonwe izingalo uhlanga zenzeka Old World. Ezimisiwe eSpain, futhi mina-15 ngesikhathi kuhlasela German iSoviet Union ngamandla amakhulu mina-153 base bamukelwe kakade zibuye ziphelelwe isikhathi. Ukuqala ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe ngokuvamile yaba inhlekelele eSoviet Air Force. amabutho esitha ehlasela izwe kungalindelekile, ngenxa yalokhu okungazelelwe ngiye ngazuza inzuzo enkulu. airfields zaseSoviet imingcele esentshonalanga abangu ngaphansi bombardment esibhubhisayo. Esikhathini amahora lokuqala zempi sezibhujiswe lenqwaba izindiza ezintsha, futhi wayengazange yakwazi ukuhamba hangars yabo (ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene, babengamaphesenti ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 2).

Bashiye umkhakha Soviet kwadingeka ukuba uxazulule izinkinga eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Okokuqala, iSoviet Air Force lidinga ukwakheka okusheshayo ayibususi, ngaphandle okuyinto kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba nilethe mpi alinganayo. Okwesibili, kulo lonke impi abaklami yaqhubeka isiqinisa izinguquko ezijulile imishini emisha, ngaleyo ndlela ephendula nezinselele lobuchwepheshe lesitha.

Iningi labo esibi iminyaka emine Il-2 kanye Yak-1 wadedelwa. Letindlela ezimbili ndawonye zaba cishe isigamu sezindela yasekhaya izindiza imikhumbi. "Yak" Impumelelo kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi izindiza ebonakaliswe platform esilungele ukulungiswa eziningi kanye ukuthuthuka. Imodeli yokuqala, yethulwa ngo-1940, lishintsha izikhathi eziningana. Abaklami Soviet bénza konke okusemandleni abo "Yaqui" akazange zisale ngemuva ekuthuthukisweni yabo kusukela German "Messerschmitt" (ngakho lapho Yak-3 futhi Yak-9).

Ngu phakathi kwempi emoyeni, Nginibekela silinganiso, futhi kamuva indiza Soviet Union futhi yalungisa benza kahle yonke imishini isitha. Wadala nabanye babe webhomu nodumo, kuhlanganise nesazi Tu-2 kanye Pe-2. Red Star (ngesineke phezu fuselage wase-USSR uphawu / Air Force) owawuqondene pilot German iwuphawu ingozi elibangise ngezihluthu.

Ukulwa Luftwaffe

Ngesikhathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe ishintshile hhayi kuphela epaki, kodwa futhi isakhiwo senhlangano ye-Air Force. Entwasahlobo ka-1942 kwakukhona zezindiza imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo. Le ngxube, ukulalela Supreme Command, ufeza indima ebalulekile phakathi neminyaka yokugcina impi. Naye waqala ukwakha amabutho emoyeni. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi kumiswa yonke phambi izindiza.

A esibalulekile imithombo etshaliwe kanjalo nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ukulungisa. izitolo okusha ziye kwalungisa ngokushesha futhi wabuya empini ezilimele izindiza. Soviet inethiwekhi ukulungisa ensimini isibe omunye ephumelela kunazo phakathi kwawo wonke izinhlelo ezifanayo lapho wazithatha ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili.

Ukhiye emoyeni izimpi ngenxa iSoviet Union emoyeni ukushayisana phakathi Battle of eMoscow, kwaseStalingrad futhi eKursk. Indlela izibalo: ngo-1941 we-400 izindiza nengxenye ekulweni, ngo-1943 leli nani lase likhule lafika ku ayizinkulungwane eziningana, ekupheleni kwempi igxile izimoto mayelana 7,500 ku Berlin esibhakabhakeni. Fleet lakhula ngezinga nanini nyuka. Ngesikhathi imboni impi amabutho USSR zavezwa mayelana 17 000 izindiza, nezikole indiza abaqeqeshiwe 44,000 pilot (wafa 27 000). Legends of ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe waqala Ivan Kozhedub (won 62 ngokunqoba) no-Aleksandru Pokryshkin (credit wakhe 59 onqobayo).

nezinselelo ezintsha

Ngo-1946, ngemva nje kwempi ne-Third Reich, Air Force iRed Army aqanjwa igama eSoviet Air Amandla. izinguquko ezihlelekile futhi yenhlangano ziye zathinta hhayi kuphela izindiza, kodwa futhi wonke wemboni ukuzivikela. Nakuba seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili iphelile, izwe laqhubeka ukuhlala ngaphansi kokucindezeleka. Yaqala nesimo esisha - ngalesi sikhathi phakathi kweSoviet Union ne-United States.

Ngo-1953 idaliwe eMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-USSR. amazwe MIC aqhubeka ivuleke kakhudlwana. Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezintsha eziphathelene nezempi futhi izindiza washintsha. Phakathi eU.SSR United States saqala izingalo uhlanga. Zonke ukuqhubeka Air Force ukuthi subordinated ukuba bacabanga olulodwa - ukuze uhambisane zikufice Melika. Design Bureau Sukhoi (Su), Mikoyan futhi Gurevich (MIG) yaqala inkathi yalo ukuyedlula yonke umsebenzi.

Ukufika kwezindiza ekuphonsweni

Eyokuqala post-yimpi esaqopha umlando emisha lwavivinywa ngo-1946 ekuphonsweni. Yathatha indawo elidala ephelelwe yisikhathi piston ubuchwepheshe. Okokuqala Soviet Jets steel MIG-9 futhi Yak-15. Bakwazi ukunqoba uphawu ijubane 900 amakhilomitha ngehora, okungukuthi, ukusebenza kwabo bekulokhu izikhathi elilodwa nesigamu ngaphezu kwezihlalo onobuhle owedlule-isizukulwane.

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana isipiliyoni generalized kweSoviet wasemoyeni phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. ezisemqoka ubuhlungu amaphuzu izindiza yasekhaya aye atholakala. It waqala inqubo imishini sesimanje lokwenza ngcono yayo induduzo, Ergonomics nokuphepha. Noma yiluphi ushintsho (indiza jacket umshayeli, insimbi ezincane kakhulu ku control panel) is kancane kancane kolweni namuhla. Ukuze uthole ukunemba kangcono kokudubula phezu izindiza waqala ukufaka radar izinhlelo eziphambili.

Wezasemoyeni yokuvikeleka babe umthwalo entsha Defense Forces. Ukuvela ukuzivikela kwaholela ekuhlukaneni we eSoviet Union eziningi imikhakha, kuncike ukusondela emngceleni. Ngenxa yalesi isikimu uyaqhubeka zokuhlukanisa zezindiza (kude futhi phambili). Futhi ngo-1946, amabutho sisemoyeni, ngaphambi kokungena ku-Air Force, ziye 'idla yodwa lehlukile.

ngokushesha kunokuba umsindo

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1940-1950-yalolucwaningo ka eziphambili Soviet ekuphonsweni waqala ukuthuthukiswa ezifundeni ezikude kakhulu zaleli zwe: ENyakatho Ekude futhi Chukotka. I izindiza benziwa olude ngenxa omunye izizathu. Abaholi bezombusazwe okulungiselelwe eSoviet samasosha zezimboni eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze ukushayisana kungenzeka ne-United States, elise ngakolunye uhlangothi emhlabeni. Ngenhloso efanayo kwakhiwa Tu-95 - elide webhomu amasu izindiza. Enye ingqopha-mlando ukuthuthukiswa kweSoviet Air Force kwakukhona ukungena izikhali zabo kwezikhali zenuzi. Mayelana ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha namuhla is best wehlulelwa ukuvezwa iminyuziyamu zezindiza, ise-kuhlanganise ku "inhlokodolobha Russian sisemoyeni" Zhukovsky. Ngisho nezinto ezifana imvunulo ye-USSR Air Force nezinye izinto abashayeli bezindiza Soviet khombisa ukuvela umkhakha ukuzivikela.

Enye ingqopha-mlando emlandweni Soviet zezindiza ezempi basala, lapho ngo-1950, u-MIG-17 wakwazi idlule ijubane umsindo. Record zilethwe edumile test umshayeli Ivan Ivashchenko. Kodwa ngokushesha kwatholakala yahlakazeka ephelelwe yisikhathi ukuhlaselwa izindiza. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, omusha "emoyeni i-phansi 'ezikhalini ezijikijelwayo ezivuthayo futhi Air Force babe" umoya-to-air. "

Ekupheleni 1960 wayeklanyelwe imodeli oyisizukulwane sesithathu (isibonelo, i-MIG-25 fighter Jets). Lezi imishini baye bakwazi ukundiza ngesivinini kathathu ijubane umsindo. Ukukhiqizwa serial wethulwa "migovskie" ukuguqulwa ngesimo eziphakeme kwesimo endaweni kanye fighter-interceptors. Lezi izindiza baye ngcono kakhulu ukusuka kanye kokwehla izici. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezintsha ayehlukile ukusebenza multi-mode.

Ngo-1974, owokuqala VTOL Soviet (Yak-38) zakhiwa. amathuluzi kanye nemishini umshayeli Ukushintsha. Flight Jacket baba ngokunethezeka nosizo ukuzizwa ekhululekile ngisho sindisa kakhulu ngesivinini ultra-high.

esizukulwaneni sesine

Okwamuva izindiza Soviet wamisa ensimini ka Warsaw iSivumelwano Inhlangano. Aviation isikhathi eside akazange ahlanganyele kunoma yiluphi ukuxabana, kepha uye wabonisa amandla ayo sikala umzimba ezifana "Dnepr", "Berezina", "Dvina" nokunye. D.

In the 1980 kwakunabamemezeli Soviet izindiza oyisizukulwane sesine. Letindlela (Su-27, Mig-29, Mig-31, TU-160) kwawo yayiphawuleka ku-oda we maneuverability ngcono. Ezinye zazo yilezi namanje inkonzo ne Russian Air Force.

Neqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi inqubo zakamuva kudalulwe empini Afghan, ukumvuthela kule minyaka 1979-1989. ekuhlaseleni Soviet kwadingeka usebenze nemibandela ekusithekeni esiqinile futhi njalo anti-aircraft umlilo kusukela emhlabathini. Phakathi nomkhankaso-Afghan lwenziwe ayisigidi nokuhlasela (lokhu obekulahlekile ezinophephela emhlane mayelana 300 100 izindiza). Ngo-1986 waqala ukuthuthukisa sesihlanu amaphrojekthi izindiza zempi. Iqhaza elibaluleke kakhulu kulezi okwenziwa Sukhoi Design Bureau. Nokho, ngenxa yesimo sezomnotho nezombangazwe eziwohlokayo limiswe, namaphrojekthi ziye simisiwe.

I last kuzithinta

Yokwakha kabusha kwaphawulwa izinqubo ezibalulekile eziningana. Okokuqala, uhlobano phakathi eU.SSR United States ekugcineni ixazululwe. IMpi Yomshoshaphansi sesiphumile, futhi manje ezibiyele kwakungelona isitha amasu, emncintiswaneni lapho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba njalo ukwandisa lempi-zezimboni neziyinkimbinkimbi. Okwesibili, abaholi amabili ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali amaphepha asayinwe eziningana eyingqopha, owawuthi, waqala kwezikhali ngokuhlanganyela.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, ukuhoxiswa okuqala e amabutho aseSoviet kusukela e-Afghanistan, hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi kusukela amazwe ngaphandle kwekamu sezenhlalo kakade. Emangalisayo e isikali kwaba ukuhoxiswa Army Soviet kusukela GDR, lapho iqembu zayo ezinamandla eziphambili. Amakhulu izindiza kuhambile ekhaya. Iningi esele RSFSR, abanye bayiswa Belarus noma Ukraine.

Ngo-1991, kwaba sobala ukuthi eSoviet Union kungenzeka azisekho injalo Monolithic. Division yenarha inqwaba uthi ezimele kwaholela esigabeni phambi jikelele wezempi. Lokhu isiphetho awuphasiswa futhi izindiza. LaseRussia lathola mayelana 2/3 kwabasebenzi kanye 40% imishini kweSoviet Air Force. Ezinye izindaba zika-ifa ithole elinye 11 Union republic (aseBaltic akazange iqhaza kwesigaba).