Cruiser "Aurora" - umkhumbi, eyaziwa eyodwa-shot. Izici Main, umlando impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu

Cruiser "Aurora" ingenye izimpawu liyabonakala kakhulu Okthoba Revolution. Kodwa umlando umkhumbi kuhlanganisa izenzakalo eziningi futhi nomkhankaso wempi ngaphandle lapho umqondo endleleni komlando impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu ubuyoba ongaphelele.

impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu iphrojekthi

Ukwakhiwa kwaleli impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Aurora" (umkhumbi we "Diana") waqala ngo-1896. Ngokusho kohlelo wangaphambili shipbuilding, le phrojekthi wayengekho izinhlelo yemikhumbi. Nokho, ekupheleni isimo inqubomgomo angaphandle XIX leminyaka iye yawohloka ngokuphawulekayo. Yaqala izingalo umncintiswano eJalimane. Ngenxa yalokhu, uhulumeni kudingeka ezifana imikhumbi ezintsha njengoba "Aurora".

Umkhumbi wawusengozini eyesithathu phakathi Cruisers eklasini bayo (Amabili okuqala "Diana" futhi "Pallada"). Lo mkhumbi elele-New Admiralty. iphrojekthi lakhe nombhali asolwandle design engineer Xavier iqhawe. Okusalungiswa sivunyiwe ngesikhathi Naval iKomiti Technical, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala Amalungiselelo ukwakhiwa.

Entwasahlobo ka-1897 uMbusi uNicholas II ahlinzekwa imibono 12 ngoba igama lomkhumbi esizayo. Inkosi yakhetha le "Aurora" - igama uthethe kusukela unkulunkulukazi wasendulo wamaRoma sokuntwela kokusa. emcimbini Ukubeka wakhe wawenziwa ngo-June 4. Kwaba khona abangu-Admiral Jikelele Fleet Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich. Enye Cruisers ezimbili zaphela ngaphambi kwakukhona "Aurora". Lo mkhumbi senziwa belatedly ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi Order Executive bengakwazanga ukuvumelana ukulethwa injini umusi. izimboni Umphakathi Franco-Russian ekuqaleni abazange afuna ukudlulisela imidwebo eyigugu Baltic Shipyard. Ekugcineni ingxabano sase sihlala, futhi inkontileka esayinwe (Julayi 20).

Qala yesevisi

May 24, 1900 umkhumbi "Aurora" wethulwa. Lo mkhosi senzeka khona uMbusi uNicholas II, umkakhe Alexandra nonina Maria Feodorovna. Kuyinto esingokomfanekiso ngesikhathi Uzalo ebhodini kwaba itilosi, wayeke wakhonza frigate efanayo "Aurora", wathatha ingxenye ekumeleleni Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky phakathi neMpi YaseCrimea. Ukufakwa imishini nemishini asizayo waqala ngosuku olulandelayo.

The main izici lobuchwepheshe bomkhumbi yilezi: obuphelele - 126 metres, ububanzi - 16 metres, okusalungiswa - 6 amamitha. "Aurora" has a displacement amathani 6731. Njengoba injini Abaklami wakhetha amanzi tube boilers Belleville. At amandla mayelana 12 izinkulungwane amahhashi imoto ongafinyelela ngesivinini amakhilomitha 35 ngehora (19 ifindo). namatilosi omkhumbi kwaba 550 amatilosi 20 izikhulu.

Eminyakeni engaba ngu-umkhumbi ihlolwe ke ngo-1903 yena wajoyina lamabutho iphansi kwesandla sika-engemuva-Admiral Andrew Vireniusa. Isiphetho obengeziwe umkhumbi elihlobene ne-Second Pacific isigaba, wadala ngenxa ukugqashuka kwempi Russian-Japanese. Waya ePort Arthur ukuze uvule imbobo ovinjezelwe. Imikhumbi kwakusadingeka lukhule, ngokuvamile welulela hhayi ngaphansi konyaka owodwa.

isehlakalo Dogger Bank

Nakuba engahambi oLwandle iBaltic Okthoba 22, 1904 Kwesinye isigameko sina iphutha. isigaba imikhumbi okuhleliwe kokudubula ngu abangaziwa umkhumbi osolisayo ku inkungu. Kwavela ukuthi kwaba abadobi British. Ababili babo babulawa. "Aurora" futhi yaba ngaphansi umlilo friendly ngenxa yenkungu. Lo mkhumbi eseke 5 amagobolondo. Ngenxa ukulimala wathola yafa ngemva nje kwalokho elapha monk impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu. Lo mcimbi seyaziwa ngokuthi lesi sigameko Dogger Bank. Ngenxa ubudlelwane imikhumbi amaphutha phakathi Russia nase-United Kingdom ziye onakele khulu. Ukuze sicacise ngezimo amaqembu nhlekelele bavumile uphenyo kwesihlalo sokwahlulela arbitral. Kwakuwusuku icala sokuqala salolu hlobo lo mkhuba emhlabeni.

Naphezu senzakalo, isigaba baqhubeka nohambo. Sasinjani isimo phezu impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Aurora"? Lo mkhumbi nezimagqabhagqabha ngokushesha, futhi umonakalo ayibangelwa ukuba babuyele ezweni lenkaba yabo. Esiqhingini saseMadagascar ngesikhathi yokupaka amatilosi ngafunda ukuthi abantu ePort Arthur angaphambili ayesewile, futhi isigaba sokuqala Tihookenskaya wafa.

Impi yase-Tsushima

14 noma ngo-May 27, 1905, umkhumbi entsha isitayela "Aurora", waba nengxenye Battle odumile Tsushima. Ngoba imikhumbi Russian kwaba impi ewumnqamula-juqu futhi ithemba lokugcina ukuze kusindiswe wonke emkhankasweni wempi. Okwesibili Pacific isigaba lahluleka kwasani. "Aurora" waba nenhlanhla - umkhumbi ezilimele, kodwa hhayi lacela umaluju, ayizange acwiliswe Ngokungafani nezinye izinkantolo eziningi zasekhaya.

Ngemva kwempi ye-impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu ezitholakala 18 hits. Ihange uchungechunge elabulawa, futhi fairlead ehlatshwa. I izimbobo asele zalimala. May 21, ephelezelwa umkhumbi wawusondela baseMelika ethekwini Manila, Philippines. Umkhumbi livalelwe. Ithimba wanikeza ebhaliwe non-iqhaza ukulwa okwengeziwe ne-Japanese. "Aurora" lahlala iboshiwe eManila kuze ukusayinwa Ukuthula Portsmouth, okwaphela empini. I impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu wabuya ekhaya Februwari 19, 1906. Ihange e Libau waphonswa emva kwezinsuku 458 ngemva useyili umkhumbi isethi ivuliwe uhambo njengengxenye Okwesibili Pacific isigaba.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala

Ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala umkhumbi-impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Aurora" weza uku port elinde oda amasha. Agasti 26, 1914 wacwila "laseMagdeburg" emanzini eGulf of Finland. "Aurora" waya nokunciphisa isitsha German. amatilosi Russian wakwazi ukuthatha umkhumbi. Kamuva, wamangalelwa adiliza laqaqwa.

Lokhu kwalandelwa kokuhlala isikhathi eside ethekwini Helsingfors. Ngo-1916, i- "Aurora" liye langena eGulf of Riga futhi wasiza amabutho phansi usebenzisa esindayo ezingontuluntulu. In autumn umkhumbi ukuze Kronstadt ukulungiswa.

Februwari revolution

Phakathi ahlala Kronstadt induna Mihail Nikolsky wazama ukuba simelane zezombusazwe ukuyaluza wamavukelambuso, okuyinto yanda efektri wendawo, okuyinto izimfa umkhumbi. Ngesikhathi amabhizinisi iziteleka waqala. izimfuno zabasebenzi zazihlukile. Othile wafuna ukunciphisa ngosuku ukusebenza, abanye baye bakuphikisa ngokunamandla neziphathimandla. Kulesi simo, induna kufanele esesabela isimo salo amadoda akhe.

Februwari 27 waba njalo nakakhulu izingalo unogada Uqapha impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Aurora". History of the umkhumbi kakade ukuthi ufake esiyingozi ulwandle izimpi, kodwa uma ukuvukela kwaqala umkhumbi, izikhulu zabantwana siwu- hhayi nje lokho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bagqugquzela abangu amahemuhemu ukuthi kusukela "Aurora" uyokwenza umkhumbi ejele.

Ngobusuku obandulela le Februwari Revolution, eyaba mibi umkhumbi. Itilosi ayekile ukulalela imiyalo Nikolsky, ngaleso sikhathi izikhulu esevulela ngenhlamvu ebhekise kubanikazi kubo. Kulimale abantu abangu-Three, omunye washonela emirarweni. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Petersburg kakade ziye zenzeka imiboniso mass ezithandwayo, futhi uhulumeni enhloko-dolobha kwaba cishe okhubazekile.

28 phambi "Aurora" waqala ukuboniswa. Abasebenzi Ugcwalise umkhumbi. Lapho bezwa ukuthi ngayizolo umkhumbi ngokudubula, intukuthelo rose. Awujabulile induna ebambekile Nikolsky nelinye iphoyisa Ogranovicha. Nabo kudabuke ukuwuthukulula. Laba bobabili babulawa yibo isixuku esandayo nezinxushunxushu ukuboniswa. Nikolsky wadutshulwa ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuya Tauride Palace ngendwangu ebomvu ezandleni zakhe. AMASOSHA ehluleka ukuvikela umkhumbi owawuvela bagqugquzela.

Eyaluzayo 1917 th

Ngo-1917, umkhumbi imodeli "Aurora" kwaba namanje impi-efanelekayo zanamuhla. Cruiser, naphezu kwazo zonke izindleko impi nenguquko angasetjentiswa inhloso yazo. Ngemva kwezenzakalo kukaFebhuwari bese kokugumbuqelwa amatilosi ohlanga sezisungule iKomiti Umkhumbi. Kwakukhona okuningi abameleli kwesokunxele-wing amaqembu, kodwa hhayi kwamaBolshevik olulodwa.

Nokho, ehlobo isimo sashintsha ngokuphelele. Lenin Abasekeli wasebenza ngokucophelela ne Army futhi Navy. Ngakho bona, yebo, awuzibe onjalo impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu ezibaluleke "Aurora". Umlando umkhumbi kafushane laziwe kubo bonke abahlali yenhloko-dolobha. Uma amaBolshevik bakwazi ukuba sithonye isitsha umyalo ezinsikeni zawo, kuyoba impumelelo ukuzibhala.

On the "Aurora" wenza esiqephuzayo ngempela bagqugquzela party (isibonelo, Mikhail Kalinin), kwagcizelela ubuhlobo yakhe ekhethekile omi umkhumbi wama. Umphumela akalindanga. Kwathi kuqambe kufika ihlobo wekomidi kakade kwase 42 abameleli RSDLP (b). Amatilosi aqala bahlanganyele KwamaBolshevik izenzo emgwaqweni. Julayi 4, ngesikhathi ukuboniswa mass Petrograd amatilosi waba ngaphansi izibhamu umlilo yebutho siqotho le Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. repressions ngokumelene amaBolshevik okwaqala ngokushesha. Lenin wabalekela eqhugwaneni Razliv, futhi abanye amatilosi abashisekayo ikakhulukazi "Aurora" kwase kuboshwe.

Ngo-October wangonyaka revolution

Ngo-September, kube khona ikomidi kabusha ukhetho omunye womkhumbi. Kwakuthinta usihlalo ngumuntu kwamaBolshevik Alexander Belyshev. UCaptain kwaba UNikolai Eriksson. Kusukela ukulungisa umkhumbi waphela, washeshe kwakudingeka angene olwandle. Nokho, ku-10 Okthoba amaBolshevik somhlangano weKomiti Central lunqunywe i Icebo lika kuhlonyiwe Petrograd. "Aurora" kwakungeyena nje kunesidingo njengoba impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu kahle ahlomile, kodwa futhi njengoba i uphawu ezibalulekile.

AmaBolshevik elawulwa hhayi kuphela umkhumbi, kodwa Petrograd Soviet. Ngokuvumelana nesinqumo layo ngo-October 24, amatilosi ushiye umkhumbi Petersburg. "Aurora" kwaba ukuletha Nicholas Ibhuloho. Kwakumenywe nezikhulu zedolobha wazama ukuvimba owela ukuze ayeke umbuso enhloko-dolobha, futhi amavukela-mbuso kanye into ababezama ukuyivimba ke.

Ngobusuku buka-October 25, lo mkhumbi langena iNeva. Erickson induna ekuqaleni wamelana isinqumo, kodwa noma kunjalo bavumelana. Wayenovalo lokuthi amatilosi abangenamakhono nje ukutshala umkhumbi wabhajwa esihlabathini. Nicholas Ibhuloho lase lithengwe we Junkers. Lapho "Aurora" indlela babaleka, Abasekeli amaBolshevik sakwazi ukubuyisela ukuhamba emfuleni.

shot ezomile

Ngu Ekuseni ngo-October 25, uLenin Smolny elawulwa ingqalasizinda yonke ukuxhumana Petrograd - .. Telegraph, eposini, sesitimela, njll Uhulumeni wesikhashana wayesekhona Winter Palace. AmaBolshevik babekhuphukela nomlilo kuye kusukela inqaba, uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka Wongqongqoshe wokukudlulisela.

Kunangesikhathi lokushaya bangasiza "Aurora"? hlobo lomkhumbi nezingalo zawo bavunyelwe ukukhiqiza shot isignali. AmaBolshevik wanquma ukuthatha leli thuba. Ntambama 25 umkhumbi wafika uVladimir Antonov - ikhanda abasebenzi emkhakheni abalandeli kukaLenin. Wayala shot nalutho, okuyinto Kwakuhlelwe ukukhiqiza emva isignali kusukela embhoshongweni uPetru noPawulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaBolshevik esetshenziswa umsakazo "Aurora" ukudlulisa nokuncenga Lenin.

shot elingenalutho kwamenyezwa ukuthi at 21:40. Kungenze Gunnery Yevdokim Ognev. Wadubula kwaba uphawu for lokushaya Winter Palace. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza uvalo Zikhonzi Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, abaye igxilile ngokwabo e inqaba yabo yokugcina. Izazi-mlando namanje bayaphikisana ngokuthi kwakukhona kungenzeka lobuchwepheshe Field Aurora ebhekise kuleli Winter Palace. Abanye abacwaningi baveza ukuthi le umlilo phezu ukunqotshwa bahluleka ngisho ngenxa indawo indawo umkhumbi. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo kudubula akudingekile. I Sasebusika lase lithengwe ababevukela, futhi ngaphandle kosizo "Aurora".

Landela indaba

Isiqephu eyathatha October Revolution, baba edume kunazo "Aurora" ngokuba impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu. Umlando umkhumbi ngokushesha yaphenduka isithombe esibalulekile ngokuphathelene nokuzalwa umbuso wamaSoviet. Ezinsukwini ezintathu ngemva izenzakalo Sasebusika wabuyela iyokhandwa. Ngokushesha le "Aurora" usuphinde ingxenye yemikhumbi asebenzayo.

Ehlobo lika-1918 uhulumeni kwamaBolshevik wayesalokhu ethambile. Petrograd athuthukile mayelana White Army okuhlaselayo Yudenich. umkhumbi Class "Aurora" ayikwazanga ukuyisiza elwa emhlabathini. Noma kunjalo, kwanqunywa ukuba usebenzise impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu ngokuhlukile kancane. Khona-ke Petrograd uvele ngaphambi usongo kokungenela angaphandle. AmaBolshevik wafuna ukugcwalisa "Aurora" futhi imikhumbi ambalwa ukuvimba indlela lwemikhumbi isitha. Nokho, akudingeki ukuba kuphakama.

Ngo sokuthula, umkhumbi "Aurora", ogama esithombeni ku-izenzakalo Okthoba e Petrograd yawa phezu kwezinsizwa Ikhasi lokuqala amaphephandaba amaningi Russian angaphandle, waba umkhumbi ukuqeqeshwa. Cruiser nengxenye uhambo lomkhumbi eziningana zakwamanye amazwe. Kulezi mikhankaso yazuza ukuzwa amatilosi entsha RKKF. Iminyaka lelishumi inguquko ngo-1927, "Aurora" waklonyeliswa Order of Red Banner.

I last eside emkhunjini wenza ngo-1930, lapho balizungeza Peninsula zaseScandinavia. Kwabe sekulandela i-kulungiswe eside. Nokho, akakwazanga bushelelezi ngenxa yokuthi umkhumbi iphelelwe yisikhathi. Ngu 1941, it ukukwenza ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni imikhumbi, kodwa uvinjelwe ukuqala impi.

Phakathi Leningrad "Aurora" ukuvinjelwa yabekwa eziningi ngamabhomu ngu izindiza German. Ngesikhathi kuqala impi, ubuholi Soviet banquma ukulisebenzisa umkhumbi yesimiso bevikela umuzi. Lo mkhumbi kwakufanele ube izibhamu anti-aircraft ezimbalwa, okungase kube usizo ekulweni izindiza Luftwaffe. Amabhomu kuholele yokuthi umkhumbi wawususukile eziningi izimbobo. Ekupheleni kuka-1941, amatilosi zazikade zisusiwe. Kokudubula kwi "Aurora" iyeke kuphela ngemva bephakamisa nokuvinjelwa.

On yokupaka okuphakade

Ngo-1944 kwanqunywa ukuba uthumele umkhumbi yokupaka okuphakade Petrograd yashayisa unqenqema futhi ibe Museum. Ngesikhathi lonke elaseSoviet Union, kwakukhona cishe akukho izingosi ezinjalo edume ngokuthi impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Aurora". Uhambo umkhumbi senziwa kuphoqelekile izivakashi we dolobha Northern.

Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa ezayo, "Aurora" uye ayedlule nokubuyiselwa kweshumi. Ngo-2014, umkhumbi wathunyelwa Kronstadt ukuze ukulungisa esilandelayo. Kulindeleke ukuba ubuyele yokupaka okuphakade Petrograd yashayisa unqenqema kakade ehlobo lika-2016.