Kabusha Speransky

kwekuhlela kabusha Speransky waba esivelele yangempela yezinguquko uhulumeni ekuqaleni wokubusa Alexander I. indodana yompristi elula kusukela esigodini, wafaka eziningi imisebenzi ukuze abe ummeli owaziwa futhi wenze ekhungathekisayo umsebenzi zokuphatha.

Ngo 1807 Speransky kakade kwaba omunye wabantu eduze kombusi, cishe izingxoxo nsuku naye, waxoxa iphrojekthi ukuguqulwa. Ngokuvamile umbono waso kwakuyindishi juqu for u-Alexander I ngo-ukukhethwa ukhetho lwesikhundla somphakathi. Wayenezingane ababeshisekela ababekholelwa ukuthi ungumnikazi uma umbusi, futhi ilawula Russia. Kodwa empeleni nje, nakuba abahlakaniphe kakhulu, landela imiyalelo ka-Aleksandru I. ukubukwa Political Speransky zihlukaniswa ukungaqiniseki efanayo imibono Umbusi ngokwakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zafuna ukumbeka Russia izwe laseYurophu ngempela, futhi ngakolunye - ukuqonda ukuthi izwe akuyona isilungele ushintsho ngokushesha. Speransky, njengoba fan of Napoleon nemibono yakhe, wayekholelwa ukuthi ezweni ezinezibalo labantu ophoqelelwe ingaba umbuzo lapho sebebuswa inkosi yangempela. Nokho, wabuye waqaphela ukuthi uma kakhulu ukuxazulula umbuzo ongumlimi kukhawulwe amandla autocratic kombusi, ngakho baziphathe ngokucophelela okukhulu.

Yakhelwe izinguquko zezombusazwe Speransky futhi okufakiwe umbusi kwaba kuphela 1809. Ngo iphrojekthi entsha, waveza ukuthi ngenxa linemibhikisho ukuthi bathintitha Europe, izinguquko eRussia ayikwazi imisiwe okungangako.

Reform Speransky ngokuyinhloko ukhathazekile ukwehlukana eziningana amagatsha kahulumeni (zokwahlulela, executive, yokushaya imithetho) ne nomhlangano we Duma State kanye nokuphathwa iziphathimandla zokwahlulela lokhetho. Futhi wayebheka kubaluleke kakhulu kokudaliweyo uMkhandlu Wombuso, okuyinto axhumene nezitho ephakathi ye ukuphathwa phansi nombusi. Nokho, izinguquko Speransky, endow lezi imizimba emisha kuphela ngenhloso yokuthola ivoti elifanele. Abanalo nomthelela enegunya eliphelele imithetho yombusi.

Speransky guqula wakhe, ube nesandla esivulekile bakhathale, yebo, kwakungafanele abasekeli kuphela. Abekwe laba balisa nabakhulu, olandelanayo ngokomqondo. Kugucuka babona usongo yesikhundla sabo kanye autocratic uhlelo izinduna ngokuvamile. Isazi-mlando nomlobi N. M. Karamzin, njengoba ideologist eyinhloko emthethweni, wethulwa uMbusi inothi futhi phakathi nayo wacela kuye (ngisho waphikelela) ukuze alondoloze oludala, ukuze kanjalo ugcine autocracy futhi serfdom.

kwekuhlela kabusha Speransky wahlangana ukumelana phezu ingxenye Ukubala A. A. Arakcheeva, eduze Alexander I. Graf, kunalokho, wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuze aqinise amandla umbusi kufanele athuthukise uhlelo bureaucratic ekhona. Zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi emthethweni futhi Liberals yaphela nge ukunqotshwa lakamuva. ideologue wabo uye wasuswa kusukela nezindaba zomphakathi, futhi bathunjwe.

kwekuhlela kabusha Speransky ukusebenza ngo udaba eyodwa kuphela: e 1810, wasungula uMkhandlu Wombuso. Siqukethe izikhonzi kanye neemphathiswa ukuba indawo ye-Umbusi ngokwakhe. Imisebenzi uMkhandlu WoMbuso lalinabashumayeli emihlanganweni mayelana nokuthuthukiswa imithetho emisha kanye nokuchazwa abakuzuzile imithetho yokutholwa. Yena uyabandakanyeka ukusatshalaliswa izimali phakathi zezinkonzo, oNgqongqoshe sibuyekezwe imibiko yonyaka, ngaphambi ebanikeza kumbusi. Lezi imisebenzi ezigcinwe for uMkhandlu WoMbuso kuze 1906.

Ngokuvamile, izinguquko ezenziwayo kuleli lizwe kusukela 1802 nonyaka 1811 awushintshanga ubunjalo uhlelo zaso zezombangazwe. Kunalokho, baye benza amalungiselelo isimo eyodwa nakakhulu. UMahluleli ophakeme amandla okushaya imithetho neyokuphatha wayesalokhu kumbusi.