On lokho echibini kwaba Ice? Battle Eqhweni: usuku, incazelo, lesikhumbuzo

Esikhathini ifilimu abadumile Sergeya Eyzenshteyna uyisigigaba ngetshe igwababa. Ngokwenkolelo yasendulo, wavuka amanzi echibini lapho sifikelwa ingozi ngoba izwe isiRashiya, ngokusiza smash izitha. Ngakho kwaba ngo-1242. Lolu suku livela kuyo yonke imithombo zomlando wendawo, kokuba kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa Battle of Ice.

Asazi engaqondile sikhulise ukunakwa kwakho phezu kwaleli dwala. Phela, ngamakhasimende mlando basazama ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyenzeka Lake Ice. Empeleni, ochwepheshe abaningi abasebenza zomlando zomlando, namanje abazi lapho empeleni okhokho bethu balwa zamaJalimane Knights.

Iphuzu olusemthethweni umbono uwukuthi impi senzeka yiqhwa Lake Chud. Namuhla, kuphela impi senzeka ngomhlaka 5 Ephreli yaziwa. Unyaka Battle Eqhweni - 1242 kusukela ekuqaleni ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu. Emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke Novgorod kanye Livonian Chronicle ngokuvamile akekho afanayo imininingwane: kuyahlukahluka futhi isibalo amasosha abathintekayo empini, futhi inani efile futhi elimele.

Ngisho imininingwane kwenzekeni asazi. It sebefikile nakithi kuphela ulwazi esiye ayenqobe eLake Peipsi, futhi ukuthi uhlanekezelwe kakhulu, ifomu ukushintshwa. Lena Imuphi umehluko omkhulu ophakathi kuya enguqulweni olusemthethweni, kodwa amazwi emsindweni walabo ososayensi abaphikelela a yokwemba ngokugcwele futhi kabusha ucwaningo archival eminyakeni yamuva. Zonke bafuna ukwazi ukungacabangi nje kuphela ngalokho okwenzekile kulokho echibini Ice, kodwa futhi ukuthola yonke imininingwane lomcimbi.

incazelo ngokusemthethweni impi intuthuko

Ukumelana kokuqiniswa wahlangana ekuseni. Ingabe e 1242, Lake Chud akanikanga wafika ice ukukhanya. amabutho Russian bebelokhu eziningi abacibishelayo abeza phambili ngesibindi, ukuthatha babekezelela kuhlasela German. Phawula indlela okhuluma Livonian Chronicle: "Memezelani abazalwane (zamaJalimane Knights) oshayasibhamu ngesinyenyela ... eziningi ezifile nhlangothi zombili yawa phezu kwezinsizwa utshani (!)."

Ngakho, "IziKronike" futhi Novgorod wesandla okwamanje bukhomba ngokuphelele. Yebo, ngaphambi kokuba ibutho Russian wema ihlukane ka abacibishelayo ukukhanya. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi amaJalimane nakho kwazo sad, kwaba njengezinyoni ezibanjwa isicupho. "Heavy" kukholomu elihamba German wafohla kwababusi amasosha kancane ahlomile, waqhubeka. Asazi nje ukubhala igama elithi kuqala izingcaphuno. Kungani? Lokhu isibonelo ngezansi.

izingxenye mobile Russian ngokushesha ezungezwe amaJalimane kusukela ezinhlangothini, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukuze awabhubhise. AmaJalimane wagijima, bawaxosha womkhosi wawo Novgorod eliyibanga elicishe libe amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho kulo mzuzwana, kunomehluko emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Uma thina ukuchaza Ice Kafushane, kulesi simo, isiqephu kuphakamisa imibuzo.

Ukubaluleka ngokuwina

Ngakho, iningi ofakazi akashongo lutho mayelana "Ngishoné" Knights. Ingxenye ibutho lamaJalimane esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe. Knights Abaningi bathunjwa. Ngomqondo onabile, kusho umbiko 400 amaJalimane efile, nabantu abanye amahlanu bathunjwa. Tschudi esifanayo, ngokuvumelana zemihla ngemihla, "bawa ezingenasibalo." Yiyo yonke kafushane Ice.

Oda ukulahlekelwa kabuhlungu waqonda. Ngawo lowo nyaka ngokuthula Novgorod kuphothuliwe amaJalimane ngokuphelele kokunqoba kwabo hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi Letgole. exchange esasigcwele iziboshwa Kwaze kwenziwa ngisho. Nokho, Teutons wazama thatha futhi bamba futhi Pskov emva kweminyaka kunabantu. Ngakho, kulo nyaka ka-Battle of Ice isibe usuku kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba akuvumelekile uhulumeni waseRussia ukunqanda babhekwa abanye bomakhelwane babo abangophakimpi.

izinganekwane mayelana ezivamile

Ngisho eminyuziyamu umlando we Pskov esifundeni uyangabaza kakhulu mayelana nezinsolo ezibekwe okwandile "ezisinda" kangaka we Knights-German. Ifuna ngenxa nasezembathweni zawo omkhulu they cishe ngesikhathi esisodwa ziminze emanzini kwechibi. Izazi-mlando eziningi nge intshiseko ezingavamile ukusakaza ukuthi amaJalimane e nasezembathweni zawo kuhlaziywe "kathathu ngaphezulu" Ngokwesilinganiso iqhawe Russian.

Yilokho eyodwa kuphela wekhono ezejwayelekile kwezikhali kwenkathi wena kugcwale umlomo ukuthi amasosha ezivikelwe kusuka zombili ayesezohlubuka alinganayo.

Zempi alulona olwawo wonke umuntu!

Iqiniso lokuthi zempi okukhulu ukuthi ingatholakala kulo lonke emincanyana Battle Eqhweni umlando, uvele kuphela ekhulwini XIV-XV. Esikhathini XIII ekhulwini amaqhawe laligqoka isigqoko steel, uchungechunge imeyili noma ipuleti zempi (okokugcina kwakubiza kakhulu futhi ezingavamile), izitho zomzimba egqoka bracers kanye leggings. Ulesisindo zonke amakhilogremu amabili okungenani. Ingxenye enkulu amasosha aseJalimane kanye Russian kwadingeka bengenakho ukuvikeleka okunjalo nhlobo.

Ekugcineni, iphuzu okuningi elihamba enjalo ayehlome eyizingovolo phezu eqhweni wayengekho isimiso. EThestamenteni-ngonyawo, esabe ukuhlasela abagibele amahhashi sasingamashumi akudingekile. Ngakho kungani kufanele sithathe ithuba waphinda, kokushiya ngo-Ephreli ice mncane in imali yensimbi?

Kodwa esikoleni ukuhlola Ice Class 4, kodwa ngoba akekho nje akungeni imininingwane enjalo.

Amanzi noma umhlaba?

Ngokusho esiphethweni olwamukelwa owenza uhambo ngaphansi eU.SSR Academy of Sciences (umqondisi CARA), indawo impi ubhekwa endaweni encane Warm Lake (ingxenye Peipsi), esemgwaqweni at ibanga amamitha 400 kusukela yesimanje Cape Sigovets.

akekho Cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka bangabaza imiphumela yalolu cwaningo. Iqiniso liwukuthi lapho ososayensi umsebenti enkulu ngempela ehlaziya imithombo hhayi kuphela zomlando, kodwa futhi Hydrology kanye nokwakheka kwendawo. Njengoba sekuchaziwe umbhali uVladimir Potresov, owayeyilungu umhlanganyeli oqondile ngalolo uhambo olufanayo, sakwazi ukudala "umbono yonke inkinga." Ngakho ngalokho echibini kwaba Ice?

Lapha, okuvame okukhipha - Peipsi. Kwaliwa, futhi kwathatha indawo endaweni ethile kulezo zindawo, kuphela kwencazelo indawo esiqondile kuze kunenkinga.

Yini abacwaningi bathola?

Okokuqala, basuke waphinda ukufunda umlando. Lathi ekuhlatshweni kwaba "ku Uzmeni babe itshe Voroneya." Zicabange wena tshela umngani wakho ukuthi ungathola kanjani esitobhini, usebenzisa ngendlela eqondakalayo kwakho naye. Uma okufanayo uyixoxe izakhamuzi nezinye izindawo, angase angaqondi. Singabantu endaweni efanayo. Yeka Uzmen? Kuyini Raven Rock? Wayekuphi sonke lesi nhlobo?

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kweyisikhombisa. Umfula washintsha embhedeni walo futhi ngesikhathi esincane! Ngakho Okusele lutho kusukela izixhumanisi zangempela kwendawo. Uma sicabanga ukuthi impi ngandlela-thile wathatha ngempela indawo phezu yiqhwa echibini, bese ngibheka into iba nzima nakakhulu.

inguqulo-German

Ukubona ubunzima ozakwabo Soviet, in the 30s iqembu lososayensi German esephuthuma ngazisa ukuthi Russian ... yasungulwa Battle of Ice! Alexander saseNevsky Bathi nje wadala yena isithombe owaphuma ukuze anikeze isisindo xaxa izibalo zabo enkundleni zezombusazwe. Lokho kuphela isiqeshana impi watshela zemihla ubudala isiJalimane, ngakho ukuba impi ngempela.

Ingabe ososayensi Russian babe izimpi ngamazwi yangempela! Wonke umuntu azama ukuthola indawo kwenzeka ezinsukwini endala impi. Zonke babizwa ngokuthi "ngaleyo ndlela" endaweni izwe ngasentshonalanga, ogwini olusempumalanga ye echibini. Othile wagomela ngokuthi impi zenzeka ngaso sonke abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi kwesigubhu. Ngetshe iqhude ngokuvamile inenkinga: kwathatha kuye ezintabeni ngamatshe ezincane phansi echibini, khona-ke umuntu ukumbona njalo onqenqemeni idwala phezu kwaleli chibi. Ingxabano kwaba eningi, lokho nje it is hhayi wathuthuka nhlobo.

Ngo-1955, zonke ogulayo, futhi waqhubeka uhambo ukuthi uhambo olufanayo. On lweLake Peipsi babe abavubukuli, izazi zolimi, ososayensi bokuma komhlaba futhi Hydrography, ongoti Slavic zezigodi German kwaleso sikhathi, Abaklami bamabalazwe. Zonke wazibuza lapho, yiMpi Ice. Alexander saseNevsky kwaba lapha, it is ngokuqinisekile eyaziwa, ukuthi nje lapho amabutho akhe sihlangabezane nesitha?

Ngesikhathi kulahlwa egcwele ososayensi lanikezwa izikebhe ambalwa namathimba yezingubo abanolwazi. Kwasebenza ku lweLake kanye abathanda eziningi, abafundi abavela emiphakathini zomlando wendawo. Ngakho ini okwamnika abacwaningi Peipus? SaseNevsky kwaba lapha empini?

itshe Crow

Kwaphela isikhathi eside e imvelo lososayensi yasekhaya umbono kwaba ukuthi itshe Crow sika - isihluthulelo zonke izimfihlakalo Ice. ukunxanela kwakhe wanikezwa obaluleke ngokukhethekile. Ekugcineni kwatholakala. Kwavela ukuthi kwakuwumyalezo okusezingeni eliphezulu itshe onqenqemeni enhlonhlweni esentshonalanga yalesi siqhingi Gorodets. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka ayisikhombisa, hhayi idwala obukhulu kakhulu labhujiswa cishe ngokuphelele nomoya namanzi.

Phansi le Raven abavubukuli itshe ngokushesha athole izinsalela Russian patrol izinqaba ivimbe zokuya Novgorod futhi Pskov. Ngakho lezo zindawo abantu besikhathi babeyazi ngempela ngenxa yokubaluleka kwawo.

ukuphikisana entsha

Lokho indawo nje onjalo eyingqopha ebalulekile endulo kwakungasho ukuthi ukusungula indawo lapho Battle of Lake Peipsi. Kunalokho, ukugeleza njalo eqinile ukuze ice njengoba enjalo azikho ngokomthetho. Hlela impi lapha Russian nge amaJalimane, kuyogwinywa konke, kungakhathaliseki zempi. Umlobi womlando, njengenjwayelo ngaleso sikhathi, nje itshe Crow sika njengoba isikhonkwane abaseduze, ubonakala empini.

nguqulo ye izenzakalo

Uma sibuyela incazelo lomcimbi, esanikwa isikhulu ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, khona-ke cishe khumbula ibinzana "... amaningi efile nhlangothi zombili yawa phezu kwezinsizwa utshani." Yiqiniso, "utshani" kulokhu kungaba inkulumo eveza iqiniso ngokuwa, ukufa. Kodwa namuhla, izazi-mlando abaningi ngokwandayo oyikholelwayo ukuthi ukufunwa bemivubukulo yaleyo mpi kufanele kube nje kwaleli chibi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezansi Peipsi namanje alufananga nanoma yimaphi zempi. Ngiphakathi Russian noma zamaJalimane. Yiqiniso, zempi, njengoba enjalo, ngomqondo obanzi lalilincane kakhulu (thina kakade wakhuluma yabo eqolo), kodwa okungenani into bekukuhlala! Ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela ukuthi bangaki abatshuzi dive senziwa.

Ngakho, kungaba ngempela isiphetho obuqand 'ikhanda bokuthi iqhwa ngaphansi isisindo yama-Jalimane, engesiyo ezahlukene kakhulu kusukela ukwakhiwa kwezikhali of amasosha ethu, hhayi ukuze ephule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona zempi, ngisho phansi echibini neze into ukufakazela ngokuqinisekile isidingo bemivubukulo ngaphezulu, njengoba umngcele skirmishes iphutha kulezo zindawo ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Nakubukwa jikelele, kuyacaca ukuthi kwenzekani Lake Ice. Umbuzo lapho ncamashi kwaba sibhicongo, usakhathazekile mayelana mlando ezifuywayo angaphandle.

Isikhumbuzo eyingqopha impi

Itshe lesikhumbuzo e-kuhlonishwa lesi senzakalo esibalulekile okuhleliwe ngo-1993. Itholakala emzini Pskov, isethwe entabeni Sokoliha. Esendaweni ezincwadini lesikhumbuzo impi isuswe engaphezu kwekhulu amakhilomitha. Lokhu tshe esizinikezele 'leliqembu labaqaphi bokuzibeka Aleksandra Nevskogo. " Imali eqoqwe abashisekeli Kuso, kwakumangalisa emangalisayo nzima kuleyo minyaka. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi le isikhumbuzo namanje Inani elihle emlandweni wezwe lakithi.

inkulumo yobuciko

Emshweni wokuqala kakhulu sishilo ifilimu Sergeya Eyzenshteyna, asithatha emuva ngo-1938. It ngokuthi ifilimu "Alexander saseNevsky". Lokho cabanga nje lena enkulu (kusukela iphuzu bokubeka umbono) ifilimu njengoba izinzuzo zomlando nje hhayi zinkulu. Umbhedo, futhi amaqiniso ngokusobala kwamanga lapho abakhona ngobunengi.