Umlando Empire Russian: wokubusa Nicholas 1 (1825-1855)

indoda enhle kunazo zonke eYurophu ezinsukwini zokuphila kwakhe, okuyinto akayikhohliwe ngemva kokufa - kuyinto UNikolai 1. Iminyaka kuhulumeni - ayinkulungwane amakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amabili nanhlanu ngokusebenzisa ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amahlanu nanhlanu eziyinkulungwane. Ngokushesha waba uphawu emehlweni iwukugcina owayephila futhi despotism. Kwakukhona izizathu.

Ukubusa Nicholas 1. Kafushane lokuzalwa inkosi yangesikhathi esizayo

Ukubusa Nicholas mina, ngokwesiko wazibona njengoba kwenkathi yokujama tsi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ligcwele ukuphikisana yangaphakathi. Lezi yizinsuku ezivelele isiko Russian, kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, serfdom unonya. amakhodi elukhuni systematization komthetho futhi engamboziwe igunya ngokungenasizathu ngokuphelele. Yokufuna ukuvelela wezizwe ukunqotshwa omkhulu nezinezinhlekelele futhi sinesihluku eMpini YaseCrimea.

Little Nicholas wazalwa lwamashumi amabili nanhlanu Juni ayizinkulungwane ngonyaka ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesithupha futhi omunye futhi wayeyindodana indlalifa ngimdala ukuba Pavel Petrovich nomkakhe uMaria. Ukuguga uCatherine II wakwazi ukuncelisa UNikolai kancane, nomzukulu wakhe. Kodwa lona wesifazane wayengenayo ohlela ukuxhumanisa isiphelo sayo nezigigaba olukhulu esimweni.

Ubusha, imfundo kanye nezinto ozikhethayo kwezemfundo

Khona-ke namanje isikhulu ngempela osemncane abanqunyelwe kusengaphambili ukuba wamukele lezempi. Wayelethwa ngokushesha ukhushuliwe abashisekeli the Life Guards Regiment. Futhi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, futhi Izmailovsky kabani iyunifomu waqala egqoke. Umbusi esizayo wathola imfundo yekhethelo ekhaya, eyayintula ukuchema kuzo lempi. Noma kunjalo ecabange ngakho abanelisi.

umfundisi wakhe, Jikelele Lamzdorf, indoda engemuva yomkhumbi kakhulu futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe egxeka lo Nicholas kancane enenkani ezimele, owabhala la mazwi eminyakeni kamuva owakhumbula ukuthi wayehlale madolonzima, njengoba kubonakala ekwakhekeni kokucindezelwa zodwa. Kodwa i-oda lempi, isiyalo emabhalekisini wayemthanda njalo isikhulu abasha. Akuzange eladonsa humanities, kodwa kahle ababeyizazi wezikhali nabathandwayo ubunjiniyela izikebhe.

Ubaba Uyajabula futhi isosha okuyisibonelo

Ngonyaka nesishiyagalombili engamakhulu nesikhombisa kanye Nicholas umyeni Princess Charlotte, indodakazi iNkosi yasePrussia. Ngo-Orthodox, Alexandra. Yena ngempela aphuthelwe kwelakubo ezikude. Ukuze indoda yakhe walungisa kuqala isimo Russian umuthi wangempela Christmas behlonipha wakhe.

Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili ngomshado bazalelwa izingane eziyisikhombisa. UMbusi waba ngubaba ijabulise futhi kwezempi emangalisayo. Kepha kwahluka sengqondo uzwela ubheke ukuhlola izikhulu kanye uhlamvu ngikhetha ngokweqile kakhulu, ngakho-ke akazange umusa Labaqaphi.

Renunciation of Constantine, noma manifest Agasti nesithupha

Ehlobo lika eyodwa namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili neshumi nesishiyagalolunye uMbusi u-Alexander wamemezela ukuthi uConstantine enqaba ukubusa, ngakho ekuphathweni isimo aliyikuhamba kulo mzalwane esilandelayo, okungukuthi, u-Nicholas. I nesithupha ka-Agasti omunye namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amabili Okwesithathu Manifesto sasayinwa, owamisa indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi UNicholas.

Kodwa idokhumenti ngemvume waba ngokuqinile yimfihlo futhi hhayi wachazela. ebona lingafiki kodwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Nicholas 1, no-Aleksandru, ngoba ezinye zezizathu siqu akuzange kumlethele nezindaba zombuso. Kungakhathaliseki lezi zenzo wabonisa ukuthi wayesengaba eyashintsha ukucabanga kwaso, futhi mhlawumbe ngisho esesabela ukuthi kungenzeka ezinye ukunyakaza ukuthi zingenziwa esivuna UNicholas. Ngakho, u-Alexander, futhi akasho nemiphumela kungenzeka, Jr. ukubeka esimweni esiyinkinga.

Ngokuzumayo ukufa kanye nemiphumela Manifesto kufihlwe

Lapho i-emperor eshona kungalindelekile yaseTaganrog, iinkhonzi ezinengi, yebo, bamukelwa Constantine eNgophezukonke. Umbusi-jikelele we-edolobheni Petersburg Bala Miloradovich waphikelela ekufezeni nesifungo sakhe. UNicholas, imibhikisho kusukela Guards izikhulu abesaba washesha ukuba enze isifungo kuqala. Okulandelayo babe onogada, Umkhandlu Wezigele, ibutho kanye nabantu.

Konstantin Pavlovich waqinisekisa ngokubhala zokuchithwa kweBhodi kanye azifungela Nicholas e Warsaw, kodwa Petersburg awabuyi. Ukudideka sobukhosi udale interregnum. Lokhu sikhathi, ukuze alungiselele lokho kuvukela, ngakusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukuba amalungu inhlangano eyimfihlo. Yaqala kanjalo nokubusa Nicholas 1.

I ekuqaleni kokubusa futhi olunegazi ukuvukela zomlando

Weshumi nambili ka-December eyodwa namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amabili yesihlanu Nikolay Pavlovich enquma futhi uthi yena umbusi. Afunga zonke izikhungo ephakeme futhi uMkhandlu WoMbuso. Kodwa ngosuku lokuqala, elaqala ngesikhathi kubusa Nicholas 1, imakwe kwavukelwa uqobo phezu iSigele Square.

Inkosi abasha wakwazi ukugcina ezolile, futhi lapho ubuso nobuso abavukeli ngokuthi ukuPhila Grenadiers uLieutenant Panov emasangweni Winter Palace, nalapho wanxusa, emi sikwele, le regiments sihlubuki ukulalela. I okurarako njengoba wayethi kamuva, ukuthi wabulawa ngosuku olufanayo. Lapho lokukholisa ongazange asebenze, inkosi wahamba wezikhali. Abavukeli banqotshwa. Decembrists batholwe benecala, kanye labakhokheli bazo walengiswa. Njengoba izenzakalo olunegazi wokubusa Nicholas 1 waqala.

Kafushane efingqa lokhu kuhlubuka, singasho ukuthi kwezenzakalo ezibuhlungu zangalolo nane kukaDisemba wazithinta ngokujulile kakhulu enhliziyweni zenkosi kanye nokwenqaba noma imuphi umcabango khulula. Noma kunjalo, ukunyakaza eziningana zomphakathi baqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo futhi khona, asibekele wokubusa Nicholas 1. thebula libonisa izinkomba zabo eziyisisekelo.

emuhle futhi abanesibindi nge iso likayise eliqinile

inkonzo yezempi kombusi wenza stroevika enhle, befuna futhi ecophelelayo. Phakathi nokubusa Nicholas 1, izikole eziningi zamasosha avuleka. UMbusi ukuthi nginesibindi. Ngaleso sikhathi, akazange esabe ukuphuma isixuku endaweni Haymarket we dolobha ikholera kwemibhikisho Juni amabili wesibili namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili neshumi ngamashumi omathathu anamnye.

Futhi kwaba i ubuqhawe ngokuphelele - ukuya isixuku esithukuthele esabe ngisho babulawe odokotela ababezama ukumsiza. Kodwa lo mbusi wayengesabi wedwa, ngaphandle retinue futhi niqaphe, ukuya laba bantu uyahlanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakwazi ukubehlisa umoya!

Ngemva uPeter Omkhulu kuqala umbusi-techie ababeqonda futhi bewazisa nolwazi ongalusebenzisa nemfundo, lena sekuyindlela umbusi Nicholas 1. Iminyaka Engu ibhodi exhunywe kwi kumila engcono amanyuvesi lobuchwepheshe, okuyinto kuze kube manje uhlala le ethandwa kakhulu.

I impumelelo esemqoka ye umkhakha phakathi nokubusa

UMbusi wayevame ukuthi inguquko yize on the esengozini isimo isiRashiya, kodwa hhayi uyihambisa kuze ezweni uzohlala umoya wokuphila. Nokho, kwaba phakathi nokubusa Nicholas 1 kuleli zwe kwaqala inkathi ayenawo kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, okubizwa ngokuthi izinguquko kwezezimboni. Kuzo zonke izimboni umsebenzi wezandla kancane kancane indawo umshini.

Eminyakeni engamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amathathu nane analinye amawaka, yesihlanu ifektri e Nizhny Tagil, ujantshi wokuqala futhi amakhosi esitimela waseRussia Cherepanovs ezakhiwa. A amane nantathu phakathi Petersburg Tsarskoye Selo ochwepheshe bebeka lokuqala yocingo umugqa. I iVolga bentanta yamalahle omkhulu. Umoya ezikhathini zanamuhla kancane kancane zaqala ukushintsha yena yokuphila. Emadolobheni amakhulu, le nqubo zenzeka endaweni yokuqala.

Esikhathini forties yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwafika zokuthutha lokuqala zomphakathi, kwaba ifakwe zamahhashi - stagecoaches eziyishumi noma abantu nambili, futhi omnibuses, okwakukhona ibe banzi. izakhamizi Russian baqala ukusebenzisa ukufana ezifuywayo, eqala ukuphuza itiye ushukela isithombo sebhitrudi, owawungumnyaka izimpahla wamakoloni ngaphambili kuphela.

Kwafika amabhange umphakathi kuqala kanye Ukuhwebelana for wholesale ezimbonini kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo. Ngisho ngaphezulu kwamandla amakhulu uqine baba Russian. Ngo wokubusa Nicholas 1, yandiswa wezinguquko enkulu.