AmaJalimane lasendulo. Inkolo kanye indlela yokuphila amaJalimane lasendulo

Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka liwumthombo oyinhloko wokwazi eziphathelene nendlela yokuphila futhi yini okufanele uyenze amaJalimane lasendulo babengene imisebenzi Izazi-mlando zamaRoma nabezombusazwe: uStrabo, uPliny Omdala, Yuliya Tsezarya, uTacitus ezinye bezincwadi zenkolo. Kanye ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, lezi zincwadi ezingu-namanothi equkethwe kokuqagela ihaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba balobi lasendulo musa njalo ezijulile ngezombangazwe, umlando namasiko zezizwe ngesihluku. Baloba ikakhulu yokuthi 'elele phezu, "noma ukuthi kukhiqizwa nabo umbono eziqine. Yiqiniso, yonke le misebenzi ukunikeza umqondo omuhle kakhulu impilo ezizweni zamaJalimane ekuqa- kwezinkathi. Nokho, ngesikhathi kamuva abavubukuli , kwatholakala ukuthi abalobi basendulo, echaza izinkolelo indlela yokuphila amaJalimane lasendulo, ngaphuthelwa lukhulu. Nokho, lokho akusho kunganciphisa kokufaneleka yabo.

Umsuka nokwanda izizwe zamaJalimane

Izizwe zamaJalimane basonta Indo-European. Ekuqaleni 1st yeminyaka BC. e. ZamaJalimane abelwe kusukela PIE ngobuzwe German kwakheka BC 6-1 ekhulwini th. e., nakuba ayengafiki ngokuphelele. Izwe bomdabu bezizwe zamaJalimane neyaziwayo amachibi emifuleni Oder, Rhine futhi Elbe. Izizwe zaziziningi kangako. igama Single futhi abazange babe nesikhathi akabonanga ubuhlobo nomunye. Kunengqondo ukuba uhlu ambalwa. Ngakho, namuhla eScandinavia siphila, futhi Gautam svei. Ngasempumalanga Elbe atholiwe ifa Goths, izigangi futhi Burgundians. Lezi izizwe zinamakhosi inhlanhla: basuke kakhulu ehlaselwe ayehlasela Huns, bahlakazekela kuwo wonke umhlaba futhi yamukeleke. Futhi phakathi Rhine yalungisa Teutons Elbe, Saxon, Angles, eBatavia, Franks. Bona emenza amaJalimane yesimanje, British, Dutch, isiFulentshi. Ngaphandle eshiwo ngenhla, kukhona namanje Jutes, Frisians, Cherusci, hermunduri, Cimbri, Svevo, Bastarnians nabanye abaningi. AmaJalimane lasendulo bafudukela ikakhulukazi ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu - noma kunalokho, eningizimu-ntshonalanga, lapho esongelwa esifundazweni saseRoma. Futhi ngokuzithandela yingcweti empumalanga (Slavic) umhlaba.

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala amaJalimane

izizwe Mayelana abangophakimpi izwe lasendulo fundile phakathi 4th ekhulwini BC. e. amanothi kusuka Oracle wamazwe ngubani nitinikele ukwenza uhambo ogwini North (German) kolwandle. Khona-ke amaJalimane akuveza yazibiza ekupheleni 2 ekhulwini BC. e:. izizwe Teutons kanye Cimbri, owahamba Jutland ubudala, bahlasele lo eGaul safinyelela Italy prialpiyskoy.

Gay uMary wakwazi ukubavimba, kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umbuso waqala ukugcina iso out for umsebenzi omakhelwane yingozi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ezizweni zamaJalimane waqala hlanganani ukuqinisa amandla alo ezempi. Ngo phakathi 1st ekhulwini BC. e. Yuliy Tsezar phakathi neMpi gallic wamshaya isizwe wahlasela Swabians. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma ufinyelelwe i-Elbe, futhi kamuva - ku-Weser. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi yaqala ukubonakala amaphepha isayensi echaza ukuphila futhi inkolo yezizwe zakwa edlubulundayo. Bona (onesandla ukukhanya kaKhesari), igama elithi "amaJalimane" zaqala ukusetshenziswa. Phela, lokhu akazibekanga. Umsuka wegama elithi - a Celtic. "Teuton" - a "umakhelwane oseduze nawo ezingeni lekuphila." Isizwe sasendulo zamaJalimane, noma kunalokho igama layo - "Teutons," futhi wasetshenziswa ososayensi lapho bekhuluma.

AmaJalimane nomakhelwane babo

Entshonalanga naseningizimu yi omakhelwane amaCelt zamaJalimane. isiko labo ezibonakalayo ephakeme. Ngaphandle, abamele lezi kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ayefana. Roma avame udidekile futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho kubhekwe sibe yisizwe sinye. Nokho, amaCelt amaJalimane akuzona izihlobo. Inkulumo efanayo eduze ukusondela isiko labo moya, imishado exubile, ukuhweba.

AmaJalimane e-akhelene empumalanga ne lwamaSlav, izizwe aseBaltic nasengxenyeni Finns. Yiqiniso, zonke lezi izizwe luwuthinte nomunye. Lubonakala ulimi, amasiko, izindlela yokulima. AmaJalimane Modern bayinzalo amaCeltic abese lwamaSlav, amaJalimane yamukeleke. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma kuqashelwe ukukhula okusezingeni eliphezulu lwamaSlav namaJalimane, kanye ukukhanya noma izinwele elibomvu futhi unamehlo aluhlaza (noma mpunga). Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bameleli yalezi zizwe kwadingeka simise efanayo Yekhanda, esatholakala ngesikhathi abavubukuli.

AmaSlav namaJalimane lasendulo Roman washaya abacwaningi hhayi kuphela ubuhle umzimba futhi izici zobuso, kodwa futhi ukukhuthazela. Nokho, into yokuqala eyafika engqondweni njalo nokuthula ngokwengeziwe, kanti eyesibili - nolaka nokugembula.

ukubukeka

Njengoba sekushiwo, amaJalimane ethulwa Roma effeminate futhi waba namandla. amadoda Mahhala nezinwele ezinde futhi izindevu aphuce. Kwezinye izizwe kwanqunywa ukuba uxhumanise izinwele ngemuva ekhanda. Kodwa noma kunjalo, kwakufanele eside kusukela izinwele okhrophiwe - uphawu eliqinisekile isigqila. AmaJalimane izingubo ikakhulukazi elula, ekuqaleni impela anolaka. Bancamela lesikhumba amabhantshi, capes kusengutsheni yoboya. Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane abathile bezenza lukhuni ngisho amakhaza Ayefaka amahembe nge imikhono iDemo. Teuton sidilizwa okunengqondo wayekholelwa ukuthi izingubo extra constrains ukunyakaza. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amasosha akazange ngisho zempi. Nezigqoko, namabhantshi, Nokho, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, noma akuzona zonke.

owesifazane ongashadile German wahamba ngezinwele zakhe, linoboya, washada anezikhala kusengutsheni yoboya. Lokhu umqhele kwaba luyingxenye ongokomfanekiso. Izicathulo kwabesilisa nabesifazane kwaba okufanayo: isikhumba izimbadada noma amabhuzu, uboya bezimvu bungabathinti, emazombezombe. Izingubo ehlotshiswe iziqhano zokuhloba futhi buckles.

Uhlelo social amaJalimane lasendulo

izikhungo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe amaJalimane awayona inkimbinkimbi. Ngesikhathi kwekhulunyaka kulezi zizwe owawukhona ohlelweni zamaKhosi. Ibizwa nangokuthi i lasekuqaleni. Kulesi simiso, inani akuyona ngabanye, futhi ubulili. Its izihlobo ifomu igazi abahlala kuleli dolobhana, iphathwa phansi ndawonye futhi alethe nomunye isifungo Vendetta. ukubeletha Multiple umthetho isizwe. Zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile amaJalimane lasendulo wathatha lokuqoqa Thing. Ngakho-ke ngokuthi LoMhlangano Yabantu wesizwe. Ngesikhathi Thing wathatha izinqumo ezibalulekile: izindawo zomphakathi isabalaliswe phakathi ukubeletha, izigebengu yahlulelwe, adiliza izingxabano, waphetha zezivumelwano zokuthula, zimemezele impi, futhi eqoqwe nezidlamlilo. Lapha izinsizwa elalinikezelwe amasosha, futhi wakhetha njengoba kudingeka ngabaholi bezempi - the Dukes. Into uvunyelwe kuphela amadoda mahhala, kodwa hhayi zonke kwadingeka ilungelo lokwenza izinkulumo (ukuthi ivunyelwe kuphela abadala, futhi amalungu avelele kakhulu bohlobo lwe-/ isizwe). ubugqila wezinzalamizi okwakukhona phakathi amaJalimane. Non-mahhala unamalungelo athile, impahla wasephila endlini yomnikazi. Abakwazi abulawe kungabi ndaba zalutho.

lempi

Umlando amaJalimane yasendulo egcwele izingxabano. Abesilisa ichitha isikhathi esiningi emsebenzini ongenabugovu. Ngisho ngaphambi kokuqala imikhankaso ehlelekile ngokumelene amazwe Roman amaJalimane akha elite tribal - edelingi. Edelingami babe abantu ababekade zihlukaniswa ngokwabo empini. Asikwazi bathi amanye amalungelo akhethekile, kodwa banegunya.

Ekuqaleni, amaJalimane wakhetha ( "imphakamisele isihlangu ') ezo kuphela uma usongo lempi. Kodwa ekuqaleni Ukufuduka Okukhulu, base akhethwe amakhosi (amakhosi) ka edelingov ukuphila. Inkosi yema ngasemnyango yinhloko yezizwe zakwa. Basinike ngokwabo squads unomphela ubanikeze zonke kunesidingo (ngokuvamile ekupheleni umkhankaso ophumelele). Ubuqotho umholi kwakungavamile. Teuton sidilizwa kubhekwe udumo ukubuyela empini, eyawela konung. Kulesi simo, okuwukuphela kwendlela zazibulala.

Wezempi, amaJalimane kwakukhona isimiso ejwayelekile. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi umndeni ubelokhu elwa zilinganisene ihlombe nehlombe. Mhlawumbe kungenxa lesi sici kubangelwa wawuhlukunyezwe nesibindI yamasosha.

AmaJalimane alwa ngezinyawo. Kula mabutho wafika sekwephuzile, amaRoma ayesezohlubuka umbono wakhe uphansi. isikhali iqhawe ayeyikhathalela ngokuyinhloko kwakuwukusiza umkhonto (frameya). Yande ummese abadumile amaJalimane lasendulo - sax. Kwabe sekufika ngembazo Simoni futhi ubuthongo - inkemba esika nhlangothi zombili ye Celtic.

umnotho

Izazi-mlando zasendulo zivame ukuchaza amaJalimane njengoba nabelusi ayimizulane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbono kwaba ukuthi kwamadoda ayenza kuphela empini. ucwaningo Archaeological eminyaka 19-20th wabonisa ukuthi isimo Kwakuthé ukuhluka. Okokuqala, indlela yokuphila lapho esezinzile, wahlanganyela Izinkomo zizalela kanye nezolimo. Umphakathi yama-Jalimane asendulo ayeba ezimfundeni, amadlelo namasimu. Nokho, bambalwa zokugcina bebelokhu kakhulu emasimini subordinated amaJalimane matasa ihlathi. Noma kunjalo, i-oats, i-rye nebhali esekhulile amaJalimane. Kodwa ezifanelekayo ukufuya izinkomo nezimvu kuye kwaba umsebenzi kuqala. AmaJalimane lalingenayo imali, ingcebo yabo sasibalwa ngenani nomhlambi wezinkomo. Yiqiniso, amaJalimane bakwazi ukusingatha kahle isikhumba ngenkuthalo adayiswa yibo. Futhi ukwenza kudala uboya nelineni.

Baye kahle ukukhiqizwa ithusi, isiliva yensimbi, kodwa izikebhe le wensimbi sika okungewakho ambalwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amaJalimane ngafunda aphele damask futhi azenzele izinkemba high kakhulu. Nokho, sax, ukulwa ummese yama-Jalimane lasendulo, hhayi ngoba ukusetshenziswa.

izinkolelo

Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana ngokuphawulekayo izinkolelo bakhona, ngubani wakwazi ukuthola lokho izazi-mlando saseRoma, kunalokho eziyindlala, kuphikisana futhi ungaqondakali. Wabhala ukuthi amaJalimane bakhuleka emvelo, ikakhulukazi ilanga. Nge zemvelo ziye zaba nesikhathi okwenziwe samuntu. Ngakho kwaba khona, isibonelo, ihlelo Donar (Thor), unkulunkulu wokuduma.

ahlonishwe kakhulu zamaJalimane Tiwaz Rune, le ongumvikeli amasosha. Ngokusho uTacitus, benza yokumbonga imihlatshelo ngabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayezinikele ezingalweni nasezembathweni izitha abulawe. Ngaphezu onkulunkulu "jikelele" (Donara, amanzi, Tiwaz Rune, Fro) zonke udumo umndeni "siqu", onkulunkulu abancane eyaziwa. AmaJalimane awazange azakhe amathempeli: ukuthandaza senziwa emahlathini (o-Ashera engcwele), noma ezintabeni. Kufanele ukuthi bendabuko inkolo yasendulo amaJalimane (labo wahlala ezwekazini) Kwakuthinta kuqhathaniswa ngokushesha ngelinye kahle ekusakazeni ubuKristu. UKristu uyikho amaJalimane baye bafunda okuningi ekhulwini 3rd, sibonga amaRoma. Kodwa eScandinavia ubuqaba eyathatha isikhathi eside. It kubonakala ngemisebenzi temdzabu, okuyinto zalotshwa wenkathi ephakathi ( "Umdala Edda" futhi "Eyiqiniso Edda").

Amasiko Art

Ngokumthokozisa, nangokumhlonipha, ehlonishwa amaJalimane Ngakhuluma kubapristi nakuso umprofethikazi. Abapristi ephelezelwa amasosha nemikhankaso. Basuke baphoqelelwa ukuba benze emikhosini engokwenkolo (lomhlatshelo), ubheke onkulunkulu ukuze ajezise izigebengu futhi amagwala. Umprofethikazi umkhuba ukubhula: izibilini zezilwane engengcwele izitha egqilazwe igazi ugeleza wokukhala kwezinkunzi zamahhashi.

AmaJalimane lasendulo babemagange ukuthuthukisa umhlobiso zensimbi "isitayela isilwane", esithathelwe, mhlawumbe, le amaCelt, kodwa abazange babe isiko abonisa onkulunkulu. imagebhugebhu kakhulu, imifanekiso eqoshiwe ezivamile onkulunkulu atholakala bogs Peat, kwadingeka kuphela ukubaluleka isiko. Inani yobuciko abakubonisayo. Nokho, ifenisha namaJalimane ngobuchwepheshe ehlotshisiwe ukuphila.

Ngokwezazi-mlando, amaJalimane lasendulo wayewuthanda umculo, okuyinto eye yaba umdlalo ontanga. Bona babebetha imitshingo namahabhu, bacule.

AmaJalimane wasebenzisa incwadi Runic. Yiqiniso, obekungaqondiwe amathekisthi anokuhambisana eside. Rune yayibaluleke sacral. Ngosizo lwabo, abantu baphendukela onkulunkulu, ezama ukubikezela ikusasa, khuluma izwi. Dlala kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe Runic ezitholakala ematsheni, izinto zasekhaya, izikhali nezihlangu. Ngokungangabazeki, inkolo amaJalimane lasendulo kubonakala encwadini Runic. Ngo Runes amaNorseman waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-16.

Ukuxoxa aseRoma: War and Trade

Germania Magna, noma Greater eJalimane, ayikaze yaba isifundazwe saseRoma. Ekuqaleni kwawo-epoch, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, amaRoma anqoba izizwe abahlala yoMfula Rhine. Kodwa ngonyaka 9 BC. e. Amabutho amaRoma ngaphansi umyalo Cherusci Arminius (Hermann) ehluliwe Teutoburg Forest, futhi lesi sifundo Imperials belukhumbula.

Umngcele phakathi kweRoma ne-ukukhanyiselwa Europe waqala run zasendle kanye Rhine, iDanube futhi Limes. Lapha amaRoma amabutho wamisa sebakhe izinqaba futhi wasungula idolobha, okuyinto khona kuze kube yilolu suku (isibonelo, Mainz - Mogontsiakum futhi Vindobona (Vienna)).

AmaJalimane lasendulo kanye uMbuso waseRoma kwakuyiyona hhayi njalo impi nomunye. Kuze kube maphakathi nawo-3rd ekhulwini BC. e. abantu baye Bahlala kuqhathaniswa ngokuthula. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngathola ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba, kodwa kunalokho exchange. AmaJalimane enikeziwe amaRoma lesikhumba ezishukiwe, uboya, izigqila, inhlaka, futhi wathola emuva nezinto zokunethezeka nezikhali. Kancane kancane, isetshenziswa ngisho ukusebenzisa imali. Ezinye izizwe kwadingeka amalungelo: isibonelo, ilungelo lokudayisa wonke umbuso waseRoma. Amadoda amaningi baba amasosha e bamaRoma.

Nokho, ukuhlaselwa Hun (empumalanga ayimizulane) olwaqala 4th ekhulwini BC. e. "sigudluke" amaJalimane emakhaya abo, futhi baphinda baphuthuma ezindaweni zoMbuso WamaRoma.

AmaJalimane lasendulo Nombuso WaseRoma: lokugcina

Ekuqaleni Ukufuduka Okukhulu izizwe ezinamandla zamaJalimane waqala ukuhlanganisa amakhosi: kuqala ukuze azivikele abaseRoma, bese - ukuze abambe futhi impango zezifundazwe zazo. Ekhulwini lesi-5 yonke noMbuso waseNtshonalanga wahlaselwa. On Amanxiwa alo zaziphonswa up imibuso ngowezizwe we Ostrogoths, amaFrank, Anglo-Saxons. Ngokwakhe le Lomuzi Waphakade ngalesi leminyaka zeziyaluyalu wavinjezelwa esiphangiwe nesiphundliwe izikhathi eziningana. Ikakhulukazi izizwe ovelele izigangi. Ngo 476 BC. e. KukaRomulus Awugustu, umbusi wokugcina waseRoma Roman ephoqwa ukuba asuke ngaphansi kwengcindezi mercenary Odoacer.

Uhlelo yezenhlalakahle yama-Jalimane lasendulo ekugcineni washintsha. Kusukela indlela ndawo namaqaba wadlulela amakhosi asendulo. Yafika Ephakathi.