Umbuso isimo: umqondo. Political isimo Imibuso

Umqondo umbuso isimo ingenye impikiswano kunawo isayensi yesimanje zezombusazwe. Izinto eziphathelene isilinganiso Izimiso eziyinhloko ukuqaliswa amandla negunya kuhulumeni kanye imodeli yezomthetho kanye nezinto eziza kuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi, ekubeni yimbangela mpikiswano okukhulu. Mayelana nalokho? Kungani ososayensi indlela ekunqumeni umsuka wemigomo eziphathelene ukusebenza izinhlangano zezombusazwe, musa njalo correlate nge lo mkhuba?

definition

Yini ukunikeza incazelo elithi "Imodi obala '? Abaningi ososayensi lanamuhla zezombusazwe bakuchaza ngokuthi iqoqo izimiso for ukugcwaliseka amandla. Abanye abacwaningi uncamela ukwehlukanisa welithi "Imodi isimo" yezombusazwe, abanye bathi imigomo emibili. Nokho, kokubili kufanele ngokuyinhloko ukuhlukanisa izenzeko ezifana ifomu nohulumeni. Ukuhlonza imigomo kubhekwe kuyiphutha. Kungani? Umbuso ka isimo lihlukile ukuma idivayisi iphinde isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona likahulumeni?

Yengane futhi uhlobo apharathasi isimo: delineation kwelwati

Cabanga-ke, uyini umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi imigomo emithathu (izimo ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi umqondo we isimo nezombusazwe imibuso zingahlanganiswa). Empeleni, zonke lezi zingxenye - lo mkhuba oda efanayo. Ngakho-ke kukhona ukudideka ukusetshenziswa kwabo, inkululeko ethile kule incazelo. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona, isibonelo, inkulumo ezifana yize "uhlobo isimo umbuso", empeleni, ukusebenzisa akusiyo ngempela lesifanele ngokuya isitayela.

Ngandlela-thile, bonke izenzakalo ezintathu - umbuso, zohulumeni kanye nohulumeni - agcwele izindlela ukugcwaliseka amandla. Kodwa uma empeleni umbuso zezombusazwe - kwazo kukhona izimiso ukuthi uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni futhi uhulumeni - eqinisweni, amathuluzi abonisa ukusebenza ngokoqobo izinhlangano zezombusazwe. Yesilinganiso ukulandelela umehluko kuyosisiza futhi ngezigaba izinhlobonhlobo kokubili.

izinhlobo izindlela

ososayensi zezombusazwe Modern ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo eyinhloko imibuso isimo: yeningi, kobushiqela wobushiqela. Lezi zindlela eyenza umuntu angakwazi ukuthola isimiso sezombusazwe, kunalokho kakhulu ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isikole ngokwesayensi. Kodwa uma uzama ukukhomba Ngokuyinhloko, izobukeka.

Ukuze uthole umbuso wentando yeningi libhekene okulandelayo: ukutholakala yokutholwa esidlangalaleni umthethosisekelo, isimiso ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla ku amagatsha amaningana, uhlelo multi-party, ukukhethwa izikhulu zikahulumeni emazingeni ehlukene, ukuhambisana kwamalungelo wobuntu ukhiye nenkululeko yomuntu isakhamuzi, nokutholakala kwezinsiza zomphakathi zokuthuthukiswa siqu, ibhizinisi inkululeko.

Yiziphi izimpawu kombuso wobushiqela? Ukuze labo ochwepheshe zihlanganisa lezi ezilandelayo: ukungabi khona aba maningi, ubuncane inkululeko ibhizinisi, ukucwaninga izici zezombangazwe, ukuntuleka kwezinsiza yokuveza umbono weningi futhi umphakathi, imibono isimo, umthethosisekelo kwavunyelwana ngaphandle iqhaza kwabantu, noma lumane, akukho ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla.

Yiziphi izici kombuso kobushiqela? Ngokwe incazelo evamile, khona yalo ingalungiswa, uma iziphathimandla kuleli zwe bagxila ezandleni kumuntu othile noma iqembu elincane, njengoba umthetho, akusho ukuveza imizwa futhi lokho okuyizidingo eziseqhulwini izakhamuzi abahlala kuleli lizwe. Abanye abahlaziyi bezombusazwe bakholelwa ukuthi kobushiqela amandla imodi ingalungiswa esimweni de jure kuleli zwe kukhona izikhungo ezivumela ukuthi sikhulume khona izindlela yeningi, kodwa de empeleni waba ukulawula isimo yaqaphela ikakhulu izimiso wobushiqela.

Yiqiniso, nalezi zindlela ezingenhla ayikwazi kubhekwe oluphelele. Phawula futhi ukuthi basuke kuqhathaniswa kubonise ngokugcwele izimfanelo izinhlelo yesimanje zezombusazwe. Uma lokumba umlando, ungathola okwengeziwe izimpawu yelinyenti, kobushiqela noma authoritarianism. Asinakusho ukuthi nalezi zindlela ahlale ngokucacile oluhlelwe ngezihloko futhi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunenkolelo ukuthi imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi, kobushiqela wobushiqela, ngokomthetho nzima ukulungisa e injalo elicwengekileyo kososayensi. Ukwahlukaniswa predetermined kakhulu theory. Kuhloswe ukuba unikeze leso siqondiso ezinye ukukusiza ukunquma izimiso esasenza ukusebenza kwamandla ezombusazwe State. Okungukuthi, ngokuqhathanisa uhlelo Tikhungo letinyenti tahulumende we ezimbili uthi kungaba kunemibandela ukukhomba ukuthi iyiphi wabo yelinyenti okuyinto ogxile wobushiqela. Nokho, kukhona cishe ngokuqinisekile nasemazweni abuswa ngentando yeningi noma wobushiqela. Ngakho-ke, Ukwahlukaniswa zezombusazwe emazweni ahlukahlukene konke isihlobo kakhulu umongo samanje zezombusazwe kanye zomlando.

Izinhlobo zinhlobo zohulumeni

Njengoba kuchazwe main izinhlobo nemibuso yezombangazwe cabanga Ukwahlukaniswa zinhlobo zohulumeni, okokuqala, ukuze baqonde umahluko phakathi imigomo. Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, imodi zombuso - la kukhona izimiso zomthwalo isebenze kwamandla. Ifomu isakhiwo yezwe kanye uhulumeni - iyithuluzi esiwusizo ukuqaliswa kwe-amandla afanele yi izikhungo yokubusa. Ngo isayensi yesimanje sezombusazwe ngezigaba ezivame kakhulu amafomu alandelayo kahulumeni:

- ebumbeneko;

- federal;

Ngendlela lokuqala izwe kuyinto ehlanganisiwe, eyodwa iyunithi zezombusazwe, hhayi ihlukaniswe ezindaweni zokuphatha, uneminye amandla abalulekile. Izibonelo uthi ogxile ebumbeneko: France, UK, Finland.

uthi Federal, esikhundleni salokho, zihlelwa isimiso ekuhlukanisweni lobuKhristu wezombangazwe. Izwe yakhiwa izifundo ehluke kakhulu we Federation (njengoba eRussia), uthi (US, Mexico), izwe (eJalimane), njll Ngamunye amayunithi zokuphatha-indawo kungase kudingeke isabelomali ayo, isimiso sezombusazwe, ngisho umthethosisekelo.

Ngo wezifundo zezombusazwe labetibambile umbono ukuthi endaweni elincane isimo uncamela ukuhlela uhlelo imibono yabo yezombusazwe ye izimiso ebumbeneko. Labo abamagama indawo voluminous, gravitate ukuba ngesakhiwo sikahulumeni. Russia - ezweni phakathi yokugcina. Kanye nabanye abaningi nge indawo enkulu, ezifana USA, Brazil.

Izinhlobo zinhlobo zohulumeni

Uyini izinhlobo zohulumeni, wezombusazwe, sazifunda kanjalo. Kufanele futhi ucabangele izici zayo into okuthiwa "uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni". Ngo isayensi yesimanje zezombusazwe kwamukeleka ukwaba ezahlukeneyo ezilandelayo:

- ohlanga;

- Republic;

Okokuqala, yena, libhekwa ku ngokuphelele nomthetho-sisekelo (ePhalamende) ohlanga. Republic kungase kube uhlobo kamongameli, umthetho noma oxubile. Ohlanga - uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni lapho umbuso wezombusazwe ophakeme luthathwe yinkosi eyodwa kuya kwenye. ERepublic le izinhlangano zezombusazwe ukhiye akhiwa okuthandwayo. Kuleso simo, uma kukhona amakhosi ohlanga abalulekile izakhi yeningi (isib kumiswa emizimbeni zomthetho kwenzeka bahlali yokukhuluma), kuyaqapheleka yomthethosisekelo noma ePhalamende. Uma kungenzeki lokho, ngokuphelele.

LikaMongameli republic esibalulekile kwamandla bagxila ezandleni inhloko yezwe (ehhovisi eliphakeme e ngqongqotshe). Njengomthetho, yena okhethwe ivoti ethandwa ngqo. Russia - ezweni lapho, ngokuvumelana osopolitiki eziningi, kuhlanganise kamongameli ejwayelekile.

Ngo -republic ePhalamende amandla ukhiye-aspect kwamandla ezombusazwe athweswe umthetho omele izakhiwo. Izibonelo emazweni anjenge - eJalimane, e-Austria. Baphinde babe umongameli, ngubani ngokusemthethweni ikhanda lika ngqongqotshe, kodwa amandla alo ezincane ze-non-ufana labo ezijatshulelwa ePhalamende.

Kunenye umbandela ukuhlukanisa imiqondo republic lobumengameli. Abuhileli kangaka ezingeni igunya bagxila ezandleni kamengameli, noma isishayamthetho njengoba mshini kumiswa Institute of iziphathimandla esiphezulu ephakeme (njengoba umthetho, isicela bonke abahambisana uhulumeni). Kule minyaka engu-republic kamongameli kuvame kwamiswa iqhaza ngqo uMongameli kanye ngesisekelo ngombono wakhe mayelana nabasebenzi kanye nezindaba yenhlangano. Imodeli yasephalamende into indima le ngegunya lomthetho.

Lapho okuxubile republic ifomu komthetho tahulumende nemitimba welawulo cishe okufanayo. zindlela ocacile ukunquma isisindo sabo kunzima ukwaba. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, basuke basakaza on the amagatsha ezahlukene zikahulumeni, ukhiye isimo - isabelomali, ezempi, kwezenhlalo, ibhizinisi. I hybrid ingaphinda luboniswe isidingo ukuvumelana lesichubekako izinqumo zenqubomgomo phakathi kwamagatsha ezahlukene zikahulumeni. Kule ndaba, kunenkolelo yokuthi akekho omunye noma enye indlela republic kahulumeni abekho ifomu okumsulwa akusho. Okusho ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukubaluleka babe amandla kamongameli, imiqondo yalo okuphathelene nokuphathwa yezwe, ngandlela-thile, ngeke uhambisane luvo ePhalamende. Futhi, ngegunya lomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukungena amandla ngokukhumbula izenzo ezithile ezingokomthetho, njengoba umthetho, bevumelana izakhiwo esiphezulu.

Imodi isilinganiso, amafomu kudivayisi nokubusa

Futhi manje kumnandi. kanjani izinhlobo imibuso isimo, yakha idivayisi iphinde ebhodini? Ingabe sikhona isici esithile ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene? Impendulo isobala zale mibuzo kungeke kwanikezwa. Nasi isizathu.

Khumbula izibonakaliso kombuso wobushiqela: ukuntuleka maningi, ubuncane inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukucwaninga izici, njll Cabanga ngesibonelo sika-omunye uthi ezimbalwa ososayensi zezombusazwe yesimanje bathambekele zibalwa njengoba wobushiqela. Lena China. Ngempela, lapho libuswa party eyodwa kuphela - iCommunist, yingakho kwenkululeko abambalwa, ukucwaninga izici eqinile (kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile endabeni kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni esikhaleni Inthanethi, okuyinto waveza ekuvinjelweni gqwa amanethiwekhi Western womphakathi).

Inhlanganisela ezingafani

Ngokuya izinhlobo zohulumeni, China - Republic. Lokhu kubonakala ngisho igama olusemthethweni lwezwe - the Yabantu Republic. I isakhiwo sepolitiki, ngakho kukhona indlela lapho neziphathimandla ezikhethiwe ngabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, asikwazi ukuthi eChina kukhona kobushiqela isimo umbuso. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi namandla is bagxila ezandleni LamaKhomanisi, izithakazelo abantu, ngokusho abahlaziyi abaningi bezombangazwe, okwethulwa elizwakalayo. It kuvela ukuthi China, sengathi kungase kuzwakale kuxakile, - republic yeningi ngaphansi kombuso wobushiqela.

Esikhathini isici ngendlela uhulumeni PRC - inarha ebumbeneko. Lokhu kwenzeke yize endaweni enkulu, khona megacities-emadolobheni, akuzona eliphansi in ngokuya labantu kanye nezomnotho yenhloko-dolobha - Beijing. Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi izimiso federal isici njengoba isikhathi sokuba uthi nge endaweni enkulu. Ngokuphathelene China, lo mthetho akusebenzi.

Nokho, abanye abahlaziyi bezombusazwe bakholelwa ukuthi China - iyona okuhlukile ngokuqondene nalo mthetho. Okusho ukuthi, ezimweni eziningi, uma wezombusazwe kobushiqela wobushiqela, ukuqaliswa izimiso republic ezweni kuyoba nzima kakhulu. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, yabantu, akhethwe izikhungo kanye umsebenzi omele, uma ulandela lo mqondo ngokunembe kakhudlwana. Lokhu kufezwa ikakhulukazi ngenxa umncintiswano omkhulu ngo kwezepolitiki. Kukhona amaqembu anikeza izinhlelo ezahlukene, futhi awela amandla labo abasekela eduze iningi labantu. Democratic Republic, ngokuvumelana mbono, kumelwe nakanjani babe multi-party, ungenalo ukucwaninga kahulumeni kanye nokunikeza lonke uhla amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko.

wezombusazwe futhi business

Cabangela esinye isici esithakazelisayo mayelana ubuhlobo zezombusazwe umbuso futhi ibhizinisi amathuba. Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi esinye sezici sokubusa ngentando yeningi - khona ezikhungweni wezwe ebhizinisini khulula. Yiziphi mibandela? Okokuqala, it is a ubuncane izithiyo-aspect sokubhaliswa amabhizinisi amasha. Lokhu ongaphakeme intela umthwalo. Lona ubuncane umthetho kahulumeni.

Kungenzeka yini ukuba silungise nenqubo zokufanisa idatha kwezamabhizinisi ezindaweni amazwe esimanje ezibhekwa ejwayelekile yeningi - US, eFrance, eJalimane? Ngandlela-thile, yebo, yebo. Nokho, uma sithatha ethandwa rankings emhlabeni ibhizinisi khulula e, kuba sobala ukuthi isahola Hong yabo Kong futhi Singapore. Isimo sokuqala de jure ingxenye "wobushiqela" China. Eyesibili has a yesimiso sezombangazwe eduze eseduze a wobushiqela. Ikakhulu, eqinisweni akuyona multi-party - ukuphikiswa, kodwa nethonya layo amandla lincane. Singapore eyaziwa yimithetho eqinile kakhulu elawula sphere zomphakathi zokuphila.

Ngakho, zezombangazwe (isimo) izindlela musa njalo ukunquma degree of inkululeko kohwebo. Nakuba, ngokusho iphuzu ezivamile umbono kanye umkhuba wamanje ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ubuhlobo nabathile phakathi izimiso zokubusa kanye imvelo ibhizinisi sisekhona.

wezombusazwe kanye ilungelo

Political (isimo) Imibuso zingase zingafani, njengoba siphawulile, izindlela ukuze ukuqaliswa amalungelo yomuntu isakhamuzi. Ngaphansi kobushiqela, uma ulandela ezivamile umqondo theory, lizinga ukwesekwa zomthetho ingaphansi kwe yabantu. Nokho, eziningi ososayensi zezombusazwe wesimanje bakhethe ukuthandaza nokuhlolwa nezindaba ezithinta ngokuqapha. Kungani?

Kunezibonelo obungenakuphikwa ukubuswa umthetho - US, eJalimane, e-UK. Ngu yini izindlela kula mazwe okuye kwafezwa izinga elifanele isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona? Ngokusho abahlaziyi abaningi bezombangazwe, lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa ukubukeka (hhayi ngokushesha, kodwa ngokuhamba intuthuko eqhubekayo) lokusungula Lwezobulungiswa oluzimele. Okungukuthi, ukuba khona izindlela esisemthethweni, okumele ngemcondvo kusengaphambili umgwaqo ukugcwaliseka uhlelo kwamalungelo wobuntu civil, akwanele. Udinga isiko, wamukela lokuhlanganyela emphakathini njengesakhamuzi esihlelekile ngesisekelo sokuziphatha.

Izibonelo isimo esingokomthetho kuphawulwe ngenhla, kungase kubonise khona isiko elinjalo kulezi uthi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, kulawo mazwe lapho imisebenzi imikhumbi umongo zomlando akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuzimela yangempela, uhulumeni ziyophoqeleka ukuba bavale isikhala yokuntuleka okukhulu kuyadingeka emasikweni umthetho. Futhi ithi ukuvela njengoba ukungalihloniphi kwamalungelo wobuntu. Nakuba empeleni uhulumeni uzama hlinzeka for them kodwa awukwazi inganika umsebenzi ofanele izinkantolo ngenxa yokuntula kwabo ukuzimela.

I wezombusazwe eRussia

Uyini uhlobo zezombusazwe (isimo) umbuso eRussia? Lena inkinga ukuthi kuphakamisa kunenkulumo mpikiswano ngendlela emangalisayo esishubile. Sizozama uthinte ku amaphuzu ambalwa umbono kuso.

Kukhona inguqulo oye ezimise ngokomlando umbuso isimo eRussia angakaze ayibone nenqubo eziyisisekelo, isici sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Kwakuba nezikhathi kobukhosi ngokuphelele ngaphansi koMbuso, ekubuseni kobushiqela eSoviet Union. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e-Russia, lapho kuthiwa edume yokutholwa umthethosisekelo, netindlela yeningi ukhetho, de empeleni waba negunya ezweni ukuza eduze imiqondo kobushiqela noma wobushiqela. I amaqembu aphikisayo, ngokuvumelana lo mbono, nakuba zikhona eRussia, kodwa ngenxa ingcindezi ezikhulwini, awukwazi ukudlala indima enqala isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. Ibhizinisi eRussia kukholakala Abasekeli lo mqondo ayikwazi echazwe njengo khulula: Izinga lentela siphakeme ngokwanele, ikakhulukazi isici umthwalo kwezenhlalo, yokubhaliswa yenkampani eside ngokwanele, ezingeni lelisetulu umthetho kahulumeni.

Kukhona elinye futhi iphuzu umbono. Ngokusho kwakhe, eRussia lanamuhla - kuba intando yeningi aphethwe. Ukuhluleka amaqembu aphikisayo, uma sihlola imiphumela yokhetho lwezindawo yamuva ePhalamende, xhumanisa ngokuyinhloko hhayi nokucindezela umsebenzi wabo, futhi neqiniso lokuthi izakhamizi ungabelani okushiwo izinhlelo banikela.

imikhawulo Obalulekile kosomabhizinisi ngenxa umthwalo ongaphakeme kwezenhlalo ibhizinisi, kodwa isiko ongaphakeme wezomthetho abantu abathintekayo ebhizinisini. Too izinkampani eziningi ukufuna, ngokuyinhloko ukwenza okuthile ngokwakho, nakanjani ukuze akhohlise amakhasimende, ophathina, kanye namakhasimende. Yingakho isidingo okukhulu imithetho isimo kokungenela isici. Kodwa, ngokusho kongoti ayemakhulu amathemba ababenawo, njengoba ukukhula engokwemvelo iphaliswano emnothweni Russian, imigomo isimo kuyoncipha. Esikhundleni imithetho eqinile ukuza izindlela emakethe. Labo amafemu ukuthi uncamela ukuqhuba play olungcolile, inkonzo inganakiwe futhi ibekwe endaweni ukwethembeka, nje ukulahlekelwa abadlali.