Akwaziwa izibalo zezombusazwe Russia (uhlu)

Ngobani izinqubomgomo? Lona umuntu wahlanganyela emsebenzini zezombusazwe ezingeni okhokhelwayo. Baqhuba ezandleni zabo amandla cwe. Abaningi babo beze kule nkundla ngengozi noma ngenxa Kwezinye izimo. Izibalo ezinjalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziqala ukuba luthathe nasembonini kwezwe. Nokho, kukhona abantu abangekho osopolitiki ezivela kuNkulunkulu. Basuke benawo isethi olukhethekile izici siqu, kanye engasenathonya, ngakho ubungako abantu ngokwabo ukhetha bona njengabangane abaholi babo, ukuphathisa isiphetho sabo nezandla zawo bezimisele ukulandela wabathanda kwaze kwaba sekupheleni. Kamuva esihlokweni sethula uhlu eziningana, okuzobe ahlanganisa izibalo zezombusazwe yeRussia, kufakwe indaba.

XVI-XVII eminyaka

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-16, eRussia lezwakala uqhekeko phakathi izikhulu, ngamunye wabo angaba ibhekwe abaholi bezombusazwe isimo isikhathi sakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izwe lakhona Adalberto isikhathi eside kwaba ngaphansi kwejoka abahlaseli. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, abantu babesuke umuntu banquma ukuqongelela abantu ukuba balwe "abahlali". Ngakho, abaholi ukunyakaza kazwelonke wenkululeko yiyona izibalo zokuqala zezombusazwe yeRussia. Nazi amagama abanye babo.

• Kuzma Minin. Ngeshwa, babelwazi usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kwakhe amarekhodi lapho, kodwa kwaba phakathi nengxenye kwekhulu le-16 yesibili. He is iqhawe lesizwe futhi umhleli we womzabalazo wenkululeko kazwelonke.
• Prince Dmitry Pozharsky (1578-1642) - Umhleli Minin enhlanganweni abezempi kazwelonke. Isikhumbuzo kwezibalo ezimbili anesithombe Red Square.
• Kodwa umholi we ongumlimi neMpi zeminyaka 1670-1671 kukaStepan Razin (1630-1671), i-Cossack Ataman wacosha izixuku umbuso tsarist. Nasi isibonelo medieval ukuphikiswa Russian.

izibalo Political kwekhulu le-19 Russia

Phakathi nokubusa indodakazi uPeter Omkhulu sika Elizabeth kanye nomshana wakhe Anny Ioannovny futhi uCatherine II nendodana yakhe uPawulu mina, kwakukhona izibalo abaningi abavelele kuleli zwe. Zonke lezi zibalo zezombusazwe Russia nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni izwe lawo.

Eyokuqala ohlwini abantu ababaluleke kakhulu, mhlawumbe, kufanele kube igama Aleksandra Vasilevicha Suvorova. Ukuba omunye waholi lempi yezwe, akazange alahlekelwe empini.

Prince Dmitry Golitsyn (1734-1803), odumile nawukuthi isazi, leli thimba lalimelela izithakazelo Russia e baseFrance naseNetherlands. Wayengumuntu abangane nge zefilosofi French ezifana uVoltaire.

Abalandeli uCatherine II

Kuyinto imfihlo ukuthi Ekaterina Velikaya waqala ukubusa ngo-umbuso esigodlweni. Omunye wabagqugquzeli walo wawenziwe umuntu owayejwayelene kakhulu iNdlovukazi esizayo - Alexei Orlov (1737-1807). Ngaphandle kwakhe phakathi nokubusa indlovukazi kwadingeka nezinye osopolitiki isiRashiya, sezisunguliwe, sibonga umusa ukhukhuva isimo. Amagama abo: UGrigory Potemkin, uSergei Saltykov, uMichael Miloradovich, UGrigory Orlov, u-Alexander Yermolov Alexander Lansky, Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov, Piotr Zavodovsky, njll Kunzima bhala yonke izintandokazi of uCatherine II, kodwa cishe njalo omunye wabo lalinethonya ezinye ngenqubomgomo. izwe esikhathini esithile.

Abavukeli lokuqala

Phakathi nokubusa Queen of umuntu ezilandisiwe izingqondo ukukhanyiselwa esikhathini esiningi wabo kwakungu-Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev (1749-1802). ukucabanga Progressive futhi izinguquko wayengumuntu ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe, omemezela ukuqedwa serfdom kuleli zwe. Abalandeli imibono lakhe ibingamashumi wamavukelambuso Russian Nikolay Ogarev (1813-1877), imbongi kanye umlobi, kanye nomngane wakhe oseduze kakhulu waseHerzen, Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) - a umhlaziyi of anarchism, okuyinto wawuyingxenye isiFulentshi, isiJalimane nokuvukela Czech ka 1848-1849 .
"Umphikisi" yabo kungenziwa ngokuthi Alekseya Arakcheeva (1769-1834) - lo ongumninimandla Tsar Alexander I.

Ekhulwini le-19, izibalo zezombusazwe abavelele abakwazi ukushayelwa Sergei Witte (1849-1915). Igalelo lakhe ekuthuthukiseni isimo ngeke kuqhathaniswe lutho. Ungase sithi sibonga imibono yakhe ezintsha yezwe ukwenze eqa omkhulu phambili.

Ukuqala (inkathi yangaphambi wamavukelambuso) Ekhulwini lama-20

Nge ukuqala kwekhulu lamashumi amabili eRussia kwezepolitiki kwavela eziningi amaqembu, le Mensheviks, amaBolshevik, le Octobrists, Social abavukeli, Social Democrats, populists, njll Ngokwemvelo, abaholi ngamunye wabo kalula ukwenza uhlu "Abezombusazwe kwekhulu lama-20 Russia (ekuqaleni). ".

Phakathi kwabo, lo ovelele kunayo yonke kwakuwukuthola George Plekhanov (1856-1918) - omunye wabaholi Menshevik. Phakathi inguquko ka 1905-1907. Ubematasa emzabalazweni KwamaBolshevik amacebo kanye namasu. Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970), ngubani ngenxa yokuthi yena wakhethwa inhloko uhulumeni wesikhashana emva kwempi wobunxiwankulu, ngoba nemibono yakhe yezombusazwe esaziwa khulu SR. Esinye sezikhulu zezombangazwe esidumile isiRashiya kwakuwulimi Pavel Milyukov (1859-1943). Wayeba usihlalo we KDPR, okwakuyigama omunye ekuholeni ovulekile-monarchist amaqembu yezwe. Ukuze monarchists oshisekayo futhi zihlanganisa Umninindawo ezinkulu sezombusazwe uPetru Stolypin. Admiral Kolchak (1873-1920) - induna Black Sea Fleet ku kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa wamavukelambuso wema ukubukwa esiphikisayo wamavukelambuso. I Kungashiwo okufanayo of Baron Wrangel (1878-1928) kanye Anton Denikin. Phakathi nempi, bona bossed ibutho iWhite Guard. Kodwa ngo eningizimu yeRussia amabutho esiphikisayo wamavukelambuso ephethwe Nestor Makhno (1889-1934), noma njengoba ubizwa kanjalo abantu, Makhno. Ukuze credit wakhe angaphezu kwelilodwa isenzo amaphekula. Yena kwakungekaNkulunkulu beqembu izidlamlilo.

Abaholi kokubusa kweSoviet

Lezi zinombolo owaziwa zezombusazwe eRussia kakhulu ngendlela 73 ubudala babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli namaqhawe. ezimpilweni zabo ayeyizinganekwane, amanoveli, amagama babo babebizwa amalunga emadolobheni, izimboni kanye nezikole, Komsomol naseSikoleni Senkonzo Samaphayona squads ukubhala. Ziyakwazi abaholi amaBolshevik, futhi esikhathini esizayo - iCommunist Party of eSoviet Union.
UVladimir Ilich Lenin (Ulyanov). Wazalelwa 1870, washona ngo-1924 ngenxa isenzo amaphekula. Usosayensi, wamavukelambuso, sibalo zezombusazwe abavelele. Ngemva October Revolution, wabonwa njengoba umholi izizwe ayeyingxenye yeSoviet Union - ezweni sidalwe ngomhlaka- izincomo zakhe.

Hlobanisa ka Lenin futhi omunye abavelele kwamaBolshevik Abavukeli kwaba Mikhail Kalinin (1875-1946). Ngo-1923, wakhethwa usihlalo we-Central Executive Committee zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Zheleznyy feliks - edumile Cheka Dzerzhinsky, zazo unya usanda kuzwa eziningi. Wayengomunye wabaholi ngemibono kakhulu, nakuba owehla evela emndenini zasebukhosini. Cishe kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala iSoviet Union ngo-the sehhashi, waba Yabantu Commissariat Wezangaphakathi.

Leon Trotsky (igama langempela Bronstein) njengenhlangano abaholi oluvelele wamavukelambuso zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Nokho, ngemva kokufa kukaLenin, waqala ukugxeka ubuholi Soviet, ikakhulukazi Stalin, okuyiwona waxoshwa kuleli zwe. Njengoba wazulazula Europe, wahlala eMexico, lapho aqala ukuba babhale incwadi ngoJosefa Dzhugashvili - umholi omusha abantu baseSoviet. Kwaba Stalin wayala ekucwileni ezikweletini Trotsky. Washona ngo-1940 ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa.

UNobhala Jikelele we-CPSU

Ubani kungenzeka kangcono eyaziwa eSoviet Union kuka-USSR futhi abaholi bezombusazwe Russian (ngemva eU.SSR nciphisa). Phakathi kwabo isikhundla okuholela elalihlala onobhala lokuqala Pariah. Ngezansi uhlu oluphelele.

• UJoseph Stalin (Dzhugashvili). Wabhekisa amabombo umholi ehhovisi KP ngemva kokufa kukaLenin. Namuhla, igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa yokucindezelwa ngesihluku kwezingane engaphezu kwemibili izigidi zabahlali elingenacala Soviet, futhi icala ngakho konke lokhu kwaba Ukungathembani sokugembula we nomholi waseSoviet.
• Nikita Hruschev (1894-1971). Kusukela ngo-1953, wakhethwa uNobhala lokuqala CPSU Central Committee. inkathi "ncibilika" zaqala ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe. Abaningi izakhamuzi becindezela emakamu sakhululwa futhi avuselelwa. Nokho, izwe uyomkhumbula ngenxa eccentricities yakhe ehholo-UN General Assembly, ukushaya yesikhulumi isicathulo sakhe.
• Leonid uBrezhnev (1906-1982). Inkathi yakhe kwaphawulwa ukuchuma, inkohlakalo kanye ukufumbathisa.
• Yuriy Andropov (1914-1984). Lo muntu ebonakala inokuthula futhi zingezona ezibonakalayo, ngaphambi kokuba unobhala lokuqala KP, ephethwe i-KGB, okuyinto kufakazela intelligence zawo ezimangalisayo futhi ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile. Ngemva kokufa uBrezhnev sika, wamiswa okuthunyelwe uNobhala lokuqala iCommunist Party of lizwe. Kodwa kule post wahlala hhayi isikhathi eside kakhulu, eminyakeni engu-2 nje.
• Unobhala elilandelayo ngoKonstantin Chernenko kwaholela iCommunist Party of eSoviet Union, kafushane kuphela ngonyaka. Mayelana umsebenzi wakhe, bambalwa abantu namuhla angakwazi ukukhumbula.
• Futhi ekugcineni, unobhala zokugcina jikelele we CPSU - uMikhail Gorbachev. Wabuye waba umongameli wokuqala we-Soviet Union. Indlela ke ibilokhu ixubene phakathi kwabantu. Nge igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa yokwakha kabusha, glasnost, ukuwa izingxabano inter-lesifunda, nokwahlukana emazweni Commonwealth - kubahlanganyeli Warsaw Pact atheleka, kokuwa uDonga LwaseBerlin, njll

Abezombusazwe Russia yesimanje

Ekuqaleni uhlu Yiqiniso, kukhona amagama abantu ababehlalisana umsuka isimo esisha Russian. Futhi ephambili phakathi kwabo kuyinto Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin. Wayengumuntu isishoshovu wangaphambili lamaKhomanisi, kodwa futhi ukuba abe ngumholi geqe Russian kanye umongameli wokuqala edume kuqokwa we the Russian Federation. Ngo-2000, kwaba ngenxa yezizathu zempilo waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikhundla sakhe.

Ngemva kokuhamba Yeltsin kusuka isimo kwezombusazwe imisebenzi yakhe abangu okwesikhashana esiphathiswe ongaziwa abasha Petersburger Putin. Namuhla, Nokho, akukho abaholi bezombangazwe Russia kwekhulu lama-21 ayikwazi ancintisane nayo ngokuthandwa phakathi kwabantu. Wayelethwa kabili nguMengameli we ngamandla amakhulu, futhi ekupheleni kwesikhathi yesibili wanika izinso ukuba compatriot yakhe Dmitry Medvedev ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthatha okuthunyelwe sokuba undunankulu. Nokho, ngemva kwesikhathi sokuqala Medvedev ekuyi wabuyisela "baton kamongameli" Putin, wazithabatha okuthunyelwe sokuba undunankulu. Kafushane, uVladimir Vladimirovich. Okwesithathu, athatha izintambo nomongameli wezwe ngobukhulu emhlabeni.

Abaholi bamaqembu ezepolitiki e-Russia

Njengoba ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ngo-90s kwekhulu lama-20 isimo Russian, uquqaba lwezingelosi izinhlangano zezombusazwe, phakathi lapho ezinkulu "United Russia", "Apple", Liberal Democratic Party, Iqembu lamaKhomanisi, nabanye. Abaholi babo ngokulandelana isenzo uVladimir Putin kanye Dmitry Medvedev Yavlinsky, uVladimir Zhirinovsky, Zyuganov.

esikhundleni isiphetho

Izinhlu ngaphezulu Russian izibalo zezombusazwe abavelele Yiqiniso, asikwazi ngokuthi ephelele. babebaningi kakhulu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Nokho, amagama osopolitiki ezifakwe kuyo, kungenzeka ukuqamba izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu.