Union - lena ... Lublin, Brest, Krevsk Union

Union - lo mphakathi, union, umphakathi uthi, izinhlangano zezombusazwe, izinkolo. kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe ngomqondo inyunyana monarchical wezizwe eziningana oholwa umbusi olulodwa.

Ukwahlukaniswa izivumelwano

Real Union - Union, esakhiwa yokubusa kwamakhosi, uma uthatha oda eyodwa ngokulandelana okwakufanele abe inkosi. Indlalifa inkosi esizayo kuwo wonke amazwe ilungu sivumelwano. Ubuhlobo obunjalo - oqinile, okuthembekile - singacinywa kuphela esimweni lapho omunye wabahlanganyeli siyashintsha ifomu lukahulumeni republic. Khansela ohlanga kwelinye noma wonke amazwe angama- lungu kuhilelani nokwahlukana inyunyana noma ukwehla ngezithako zawo ambalwa.

Inyunyana Siqu - isivumelwano okungukuthi okungahleliwe, uma oyedwa uba inkosi emazweni amaningana ngenxa zomkhaya nge nababusi ezimbili noma ezintathu, noma uma isidingo. Amazwe iqhaza asishintshi futhi akukho inqubo esinobunye ngokulandelana. Lokhu Inyunyana esasizobhujiswa sibole. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi a Olwa ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi, ukubusa isimo esifanayo, kodwa abanye kungase kungenzeki nhlobo ngenxa yesimo kwalo mthetho.

Isonto Union - uhlobo isivumelwano esiphakathi izinkolo. Izinjongo kanye nezizathu inyunyana incike izimo zazinjani emlandweni.

Inyunyana kanye ukuhlanganyela: Yini umahluko?

Ngokuvamile lolu hlobo inhlangano kufanisa ukuze Confederation. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iRoma ayilungile.

Okokuqala, inyunyana singenzeka kuphela ngokusekelwa iqhaza uthi monarchical. Lona sici zako ezisemqoka. Kepha Confederation, e ubungane obunjalo bungaba umthombo bahlanganyele kanye okwakheke isimo republic.

Ukuba khona inyunyana kudinga eduze nokubambisana kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho. Akunjalo ngempela isivumelwano sobunye. Kungenjalo, isimo nge-Confederation. Ngokungena ngemvume isivumelwano, amalungu aso kufanele nomunye izikweletu ezithile. Amalungu enyunyana qinani zabo ubukhosi. Single umbusi nkosi esandisa amandla ako. Ngemva ukusayinwa inyunyana ukuthi uyena obapha amalungelo inkosi ezweni ngalinye ngaphakathi Union.

Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela aspect wezomthetho isayine isivumelwano ukuhlanganyela - ukuba khona isivumelwano nezibopho mutual ebhaliwe. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ubunye zezombusazwe. Ubuhlobo - wumphakathi lingahunyushwa baphetha ngaphandle kwesivumelwano.

Isici esibalulekile osebenza ku ngokuziphatha kwaba nobutha phakathi kweenqhema sivumelwano. Ilungu uthi inyunyana ayikwazi ukulwa nabanye, njengoba umbusi - olulodwa, ngakho, bememezela impi ngaphakathi Union ubophekile ukuhlasela ku uqobo.

Yezombangazwe dynastic sivumelwano union

Umlando uyazi Ezimweni eziningi, esiphelweni sesimiso okwenza imishado enjalo. Okungelinye lamabandla okuqala kakhulu eyaziwa futhi okuphawulekayo - Krevo sobunye. Lithuania nasePoland babe amaqembu ukuba inkontileka. Njengezinye imishado eminingi, lokhu kokuvalelwa ngomshado dynastic, okuyinto waphetha Polish Queen Jadwiga futhi Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello.

Union ngo-1385, ungene ngemvume enqabeni kreva, wenze izinguquko ezithile kudivayisi womabili la mazwe iqhaza.

Izizathu umfelandawonye - buthakathaka mazwe womabili ukucindezela kwendikimba kuthelwe phezu kwabo amanzi ngaphandle: yi-zamaJalimane Order, Muscovy, Golden zidlamlilo. Ngaphambi Krevsk Union Lithuania ngemvume izivumelwano eziningana nge eMoscow isikhulu, kanye zamaJalimane Knights, ubani kwakufanele nomthelela inkambo imicimbi, kodwa awenziwa.

Ingqikithi yalo inkontileka Krevo

Ngokusho lesi sivumelwano siyalandelwa, Jagiello baba inkosi yasePoland. It ziwumthwalo kuye eziningi ukuzibophezela:

• Umbusi omusha ubophekile ukuba ukuxhumana ngesiLatini Lithuania.
• Jagiello kwaba ukukhokha iNkosana yase-Austria Wilhelm isinxephezelo for ukwephulwa yenkontileka umshado, owawuthi LaseRomania lase ukuba baphuthumise umkakhe Jadwiga.
• ELithuania kwakudingekile ukwethula yamaKatolika.
• Jagiello kwadingeka ukuba ubuyisele amazwe ayengaphansi Poland neRussia ukwakha umbuso. Union of Lithuanian kanye Polish ubophekile ukuba andise isibalo seziboshwa.

Uma sikubeka kalula, Jagiello baba ungabantu abayiqembu abaphethe Lithuania obumbene Poland, kodwa ehlala ezihlukanisile uhlelo okwenza imali yengcebo, imithetho, imithetho namasiko, kwakukhona emngceleni, kwakukhona impi ehlukile ngamunye sivumelwano State Ilungu. Krevo inyunyana zabathukuthelisa phezu ingxenye ukuhlonipheka Lithuania izinto zakuqala Russia, kodwa wakhonza njengephayona isisekelo Union of Lublin. Insimu yase-Poland anda.

Isizinda esingokomlando le Lublin Union

emva ukusayinwa inkontileka Krevo iminyaka Ayemaningi izingxabano phakathi naseLithuania futhi gentry Polish yomthetho kanye nezinga ithonya ezweni. Phakathi ukuvelela ngabanikazi bomhlaba ishintshile kanye nelungelo isakhiwo ekilasini kuwo womabili la mazwe. Ukuze ezimbili uthi, kwakukhona izici ezihlukahlukene isigaba amakhosi asendulo: i gentry Polish ukuthi eyohlobo, wonke amalungu alo endowed ngamalungelo alinganayo, futhi zonke umehluko sekususiwe; izikhulu Lithuanian - ekilasini aqembuka. Ngaphansi "izingongolo" libhekisela ezimbili izinhlobo izikhulu:

• abaninimhlaba omkhulu (kwezicebi), okuyinto ine amalungelo cishe angenamkhawulo futhi amalungelo. Ababona kuncike ezinkantolo zendawo - kuphela egcekeni Grand Duke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikho indlela ababengazi abanezikhundla ebalulekile isimo. Ngaphandle omningi umhlaba okusemandleni abo ukuze babe izinqolobane abalulekile zomsebenzi.
• abaninimhlaba amancane naphakathi. Abazange babe asizakale kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho, njengoba eqenjini lokuqala (umhlaba ngaphansi, amathuba zabasebenzi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile baba yizisulu ubugovu ka tycoons elikhulu, njengoba kwakuxhomeke kubo.

Ngenxa yezizathu wokulungile ukoma (noma ngaphezulu amandla nethonya), abamele iqembu lesibili wafuna ukulingana, okuyinto kwakufanele phakathi gentry.

Kodwa inkinga kwakungekona nje ekulweni tycoons - ngabameli Poland naseLithuania ngeke nihlale nivumelana ezivamile nomkhankaso wempi, senza womabili la mazwe sengozini. elite Polish wayesaba ukulahlekelwa ezweni Lithuania, njengoba isinqumo ngesikhathi Sigismund Awugustu ummeleli wokugcina we Jagiellonian - ushintsho nkosi uhlobo angabangela ukwehlukana ezindaweni ezithile.

Njengoba bavumelana naseLithuania nabasePoland?

The Union of Lublin - isivumelwano sokuqala phakathi Poland naseLithuania, eye uhlelwe ngekucophelela lokukhulu njengoba isenzo eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Umcondvo lomcoka endzabeni kwaba ukuqala Lithuania afika ePoland. Kwaphela isikhathi eside babe nezingxoxo okwakufanele kulungiswe noma ikuphi ukungafani.

Backplane inyunyana ngo-1569 bekumele isayinwe ebusika Polish-Lithuanian Seimas. Izingxoxo kwakunzima, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi ukufinyelela ubunye. Isizathu le nhlekelele kwaba Lithuanian izidingo uhlangothi: wokugcotshwa kwakufanele athathe indawo e Vilnius, umbusi kwakufanele akhethe jikelele Sejm futhi Lithuanian izikhulu zikahulumeni kuphela kwakufanele ubambe kuphela abomdabu wendawo. Poland ayikwazanga ukwamukela izimfuno ezinjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, naseLithuania engajabule kwenzekani, ushiye Sejm.

Kodwa babenze ngokushesha ukubuyela futhi ukuqhubeka nezingxoxo. Kunezizathu eziningi neyenza Lithuania afune usizo lapho sibhekene Poland:

• Izwe ilahlekelwe lukhulu phakathi neMpi Livonian.
• In the state sasikhula ukunganeliseki bamazwe.
• Lithuania ilwa Muscovy, okwakuyinto ohlangothini eziqine.

Ukuze ngokushesha "kholisa" le naseLithuania, inkosi Polish yayihlasela futhi yayinqoba i esifundazweni naseVolyn Podlaskie wasabisa ngiziphuce amalungelo kusukela izihlubuki. Zonke wabuye wabutha ePoland. Uhlangothi Lithuanian bazithoba ukuze Sigismund Awugustu. Nalapha waqala ukulungiselela for ukusayinwa inyunyana. Poland lalinethemba ngoba lesi sivumelwano.

ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano

Ukudla uye waqhubeka nomsebenzi ngoJuni 1569 th, futhi ngosuku lokuqala July, abahlanganyeli benza isivumelwano. Lublin Union wamemezela kumiswa isimo Rzeczpospolita olulodwa. Ngemva Lithuania nasePoland ngikweluleke yasayina isivumelwano. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-3, isivumelwano liyinkolo kubuye kufakazelwe King.

Nokho, ukwamukelwa kwenkolelo-ze-Union akazange ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga, kanye Ukudla baqhubeka. nezindaba ezithile zalunga ingakapheli inyanga emva ukusayinwa futhi kokuqiniswa izinqubo ezisemthethweni. inkinga ye ukusatshalaliswa amandla, wasungula Ukudla ixazululiwe, esakhiwa emakamelweni amabili. I Union fixed lokho okwaqalwa Krevsk sivumelwano.

I imiqondo esemqoka nesekelayo Union e Lublin:

• Isimo kufanele ibe umbusi olulodwa - inkosi okhetha ukudla.
• uhlelo Monetary weNyuvesi, Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye Sejm ayevamile Polish nezindawo Lithuanian.
• Equalized e amalungelo gentry basePoland Lithuanian.
• Lithuania uye walondoloza ezinye izimpawu wekuba sive - ukuphrinta, elingenamikhono izingalo, ibutho kanye nokuphatha.

Imiphumela Lublin sivumelwano

NaseLithuania ukulondoloza ngolimi lwabo, isimiso somthetho futhi eziningi izici wekuba sive. Poland uye waqinisa ngamandla, anda ubukhulu endaweni umthelela. Rzeczpospolita namakhulu eminyaka amaningana kuye kwaba isitha eqinile enkundleni yomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuba basakaze Katolika amaPolish ukudala umphakathi kwamasiko.

amaphuzu Negative kwakungamadodana ukunwetshwa apharathasi bureaucratic nokwenyuka nenkohlakalo. Ukhetho inkosi eyaqanjwa umzabalazo abasebenzayo ngaphakathi Sejm, okwaphela amakhulu eminyaka kuye kwaholela ekuweni Rzeczpospolita.

nemikhuba emibi ebonakaliswa ezindabeni zenkolo ngokugcwele kakhulu. Ngo labantu Lithuania wayengakwazi ukukhetha ukholo lwabo - Catholicism waphoselwa cishe ngenkani. UbuKristu kwakungavunyelwe. izimbangi Catholic babe "ngaphandle komthetho" - Bamukwa wonke amalungelo, beshushiswa. Ensimini Ukraine okuyinto ngaphansi kwegunya Commonwealth, baqala ukuvela esikoleni anobuhlobo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, equalized e amalungelo kwamadoda asebukhosini, Kwakuseshwa kwekuhlela kabusha emikhakheni zezombusazwe, yokushaya imithetho kanye nezomnotho. Ngakho ukuthi imiphumela Lublin Union ayikwazi uhlolwa nangokunembile.

sivumelwano isonto

Umlando wamaKristu igcwele imizamo ukubuyisela ubuqotho inkolo. Khumbula ukuthi ngenxa uqhekeko kuleli 1054 kwakhiwa ubuKatolika nasenkolweni yobu-Orthodox. Zaba amagatsha ahlukene ubuKristu. inhlangano - cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo imizamo sokuqala kwaqala sobunye.

UbuKatolika Orthodox babe amasiko ahlukene namasiko. Imvume abakwazanga ukufinyelela. Isizathu esiyinhloko - ngokwehluleka ukuhambisana uPapa Orthodox. AmaKatolika ayikwazanga ukwamukela izimo ukubeka phambili nabaphikisi: uPapa Orthodox Ngabamba ukwenqaba ukubuswa e nayiziphathimandla zesonto.

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, ama-Orthodox buthaka futhi kwakudingeka ukusekelwa YobuKatolika ekulweni izinsongo ahlukahlukene. Ngo 1274 Lyons sasayinwa isivumelwano umzabalazo ezivamile ngokumelene Tatar-amaMongol, futhi 1439 - i-Union of Florence. Ngalesi sikhathi, le nyunyana sasimelene abaseTurkey. Lezi zivumelwano babe eyesikhashana, kodwa "ukunyakaza ukuze sobunye 'iye yazuza abalandeli abaningi.

INGEMUVA Brest Union

Brest union - isivumelwano esingadingi emenza ihlelo elisha futhi emakhulwini amaningi impikiswano.

Ekhulwini XVI iSonto Lobu-Orthodox ngempela model zokuziphatha nengokomoya - wayezothola nesimo esibucayi sina. Ukuvela isiko ukusekelwa, lapho ithempeli empeleni abavikela impahla magnate, balethwa inkolo, izici eziningi zezwe. Endabeni esontweni kwaphazamiseka ngisho Burgers. Lokhu kubhekisela ubuzalwane - izinhlangano zasemadolobheni ukuthi banelungelo ukulawula ngisho nababhishobhi. Ibandla laphelelwa ithonya nedumela layo welungelo amalungelo amakholwa.

ukunyakaza Uniate kuqhutshwe ngenxa ukusebenza amaJesuit ePoland. Vela imibhalo polemical ngezinzuzo inyunyana. Abalobi babengabashumayeli nezazi zefilosofi - Benedict Gerbest uPetru Skarga, nabanye abaningi.

Uniates kwaqina ngemva "kabusha ikhalenda" uGregory XIII - ngenxa ngamaholide enkolo-Orthodox namaKatolika diverged ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lephule amalungelo labantu Orthodox, ohlala endaweni e-Commonwealth.

Ngenxa umphumela elihlangene lezi zici esasayinwa Union of Brest.

Ingqikithi yalo sivumelwano

Ngo-1590 engqungqutheleni wamasonto owawuhlangana emzini Belz. Waphetha ngala isikhalo inyunyana wanika uGideyoni Balaban. isinyathelo sakhe sasekelwa kakhulu ababhishobhi abaningi. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-5, isidingo inyunyana neyaziwayo uPapa.

Beresteis'ka inyunyana kwaba ukungena ngemvume ku 1596. Kodwa ukuxabana liyaphela. I Congress, elalihlanganyela ngoba basayine isivumelwano, zahlukana. Omunye abalandeli abangu-Orthodox, elinye - the Uniates. Isikhubekiso wenza isidingo sokulalela uPapa. Ekugcineni, le nyunyana ngemvume kuphela ingxenye iqoqo. Abefundisi bama-Orthodox alimazanga inyunyana. Ukusayinwa isivumelwano kwenzeke ngaphansi kobuholi Metropolitan Mikhail Rogoza.

Imigomo nemibandela:

• Uniates neyaziwayo nokuletha uPapa.
• Abefundisi babenesandla isingaba namalungelo afanayo sabaphathi esontweni lamaKatolika.
• Izivumo zokholo - Catholic, amasiko - Orthodox.

Ngakho, umphumela imizamo yokuhlanganisa isibe yokuhlukanisa isikhathi eside nakakhulu. Ngesisekelo orthodox yobuKatolika omunye ukholo. Manje Uniatism ebekwa amandla - Orthodox babe sesimweni esibi saba sibi nakakhulu kunangaphambili Beresteis'ka (Brest) sivumelwano.

Ekugcineni unganezela: union - factor wobunye esaba, kodwa, njengoba kuboniswa amaqiniso angokomlando akuyona ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuvumelana waya kuzuze wonke amaqembu abambe iqhaza.