Umthetho: izimpawu, isakhiwo

Oda kanye nokuziphatha emphakathini ungakwazi kuqinisekiswe esebenzisa nabalawuli ezimbili eziyisisekelo; ubudlova nokubhubhisa ngobulukhuni amandla. Indlela yokuqala, udlame esetshenziswa kabanzi emazweni athile kuze kube yilolu suku. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuphawula eyodwa ethile abalulekile lendlela inhlangano ye-oda kuleli zwe, okuyilezi: Inkampani esabe kwamandla, kodwa akanayo ukuhlonishwa komthetho, okuyinto ashumayela kubo. Ngenxa yalokho, ifomu enobudlova wesi impela esifushane ukuphila. Ngokuphathelene ngobulukhuni isimo, le ndlela ungakwazi khona njengoba azimele wodwa isisekelo noma Symbiosis nge izindlela zobudlova. Siyabonga kuye, urhulumende uzakwenza nethonya hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ujabulele udumo engakaze ibonwe. Kuze kube manje, ngobulukhuni indlela amandla kuleli zwe kubonakala ngenxa khona amalungelo womuntu ngamunye kanye izakhi yakhe encane kunazo zonke, mkhulu indima lapho. Ngakho, lesi sihloko esizoxoxa ngazo umthetho njengendlela yokuthola olawula umphakathi kanye zonke nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana zingaveli ke.

Umthetho: umlando kumiswa isigaba

umthetho yesimanje It has ngempela umlando ocebile. Yasungulwa ngesikhathi sonke isikhathi ekuphileni kwabantu. Ukubusa komthetho - liyisici esibalulekile yayo, ngakho indlela lasungulwa, ukwakheka kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngokuqondile wakhona indaba. Ekuqaleni, Umlawuli we social ubudlelwane iyona izindinganiso ezigxilile zokuziphatha, okuyinto akhiwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi kohlelo zamaKhosi. Abantu ukwazi ukuthi zenzani nokuthi bakwenza kanjani lokho. Futhi ngenxa yokwephula kwezinkambiso zokuziphatha kwadingeka ukuba ba nesibopho emphakathini wonke. Inkinga yayiwukuthi eyodwa ingxenye yaleli umphakathi ukuqaphela nezindinganiso ezithile zokuziphatha, abanye ababheke ayinangqondo futhi ngokuphelele bangakufanelekeli ukuhambisana.

With ukuthuthukiswa isakhiwo yomphakathi futhi ukuvela amandla eyodwa kwaba sobala ukuthi isimo, ngisho encane, ungakwazi ukunikeza oda kuphela ngokusebenzisa kwezinkambiso zokuziphatha. Phela, kusukela ngo-2000 BC, kwakheka isimo, okuyinto munye ngaphansi umyalo wakhe nabantu bezizwe eziningi. Ngakho, kwadingeka ukudala uhlelo esinobunye imithetho yokuziphatha, kuphoqelekile zonke, ngamanye amazwi, bekumele avele ojwayelekile komthetho. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sithatha amazinga ezivamile zokuziphatha, okushintshiwe kubo futhi kuvikelwe ngokubhala ngendlela umthetho wombuso. Itshe lesikhumbuzo womthetho ulotshiwe kakhulu wasendulo imithetho yeNkosi uHammurabi, wadala eminyakeni engaba ngu-1750 BC. isenzakalo esiphawulekayo alethwe ngakwesokudla abameli elingumRoma, ngikudalile umthombo owodwa ngaphezulu lasendulo ayingqalasizinda of umthetho - "Imithetho ye XII Amathebula". Ukuthuthukiswa komthetho ithatha ukujika ehluke ngokuphelele, lapho emhlabeni kukhona izimfundiso zenkolo, eyaziwa kithi namuhla (, ubuBuddha, ubuKristu).

Umthetho nenkolo

Ososayensi abaningi yesimanje, abameli bakholelwa ukuthi umthetho, izibonakaliso izokwethulwa kamuva kulesi sihloko, ngokuyinhloko kwakheka ngesisekelo izinkolelo zenkolo. Futhi ezweni ngalinye asithathwa umthetho umthetho ithuthukiswe ngesisekelo inkolo, okuyinto esimweni nguye oyinhloko. Ngakho, namuhla singaba ukubona umehluko obonakalayo phakathi izinhlelo wezomthetho eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, Muslim, Buddhist futhi izwe lobuKristu. Ukuqaliswa osobala kakhulu ilungelo inkolo iphutha emazweni lapho Sharia umthetho owandile. Kulokhu, ilungelo ngqo ngokusekelwe ezimisweni ezingokwenkolo. Okuningi kwezinkambiso zomthetho ovulekile batholakala emazweni yobuKristu. Lapha indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa izinga jikelele ekuthuthukisweni nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana emphakathini. Ngamanye amazwi, inkolo yobuKristu livulekele emisha. Kepha Buddhism, isisindo saso singamakhilogremu angaphezu kuka emfundisweni pacification engokomoya, hhayi umthethonqubo umphakathi. Ngakho-ke, nethonya layo ilungelo cishe zero.

Umthetho zomthetho komthetho: umqondo yesimanje

Kuze kube manje, ososayensi baye basungula umqondo wanamuhla umthetho. Theorists baye kunakwe hhayi kuphela izici zomlando, kodwa futhi kwamasiko nenkolo. Lokho kusho ukuthi umthetho - kuyinto ngokusemthethweni umthetho ezithile zokuziphatha, okuyinto oyisibopho futhi okuqinisekisiwe ngumbuso, okutshengisa inkululeko yangempela izincwadi ezingokomthetho zokuhlala ezweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho - iyona Regulator main lokuxhumana komphakathi , zibalulekile futhi ogunyazwe igunya lomphakathi. Zonke imithetho leyakheke futhi ehlelekile, ukuthi lifakwa afanayo olulodwa wezomthetho umthetho wombuso. Norm ngokwayo has a isakhiwo ethile, okuzoxoxwa kamuva esihlokweni. Ububanzi ilungelo namuhla omkhulu kangangokuthi imithetho ehlangana kule mboni, izikhungo kanye subinstituty. Konke lokhu kunikeza kokubusa izici umthetho ngamunye, kuncike umkhakha lapho ukhona.

Umthetho: Izimpawu

Ngo theory zomthetho wesimanje ikhomba izimpawu eziningi umthetho. Nokho, uma kubhekwa isimo jikelele isayensi zomthetho, naphezu kwezinkinga elalibhekene Emasiko futhi indawo, izimpawu eziningi "zakudala" kungaba okhetheke khulu. Basuke isekelwe isici isakhiwo kwezinkambiso zomthetho kanye endaweni yabo jikelele yokusebenza komthetho kunoma iliphi isimo. Ngakho, kungaba izici ezilandelayo ezigqanyisiwe:

1) lapho sasilibangise khona unspecific. Imithetho elawula ubudlelwane, nemiculo kakhulu futhi isici umphakathi unikezwa. Abenzi lutho samuntu, nakuba kwezinye izimo, isibonelo, ilungelo lokusebenzisa, lapho sasilibangise khona namanje kunakwe.

2) zoMthetho-Legal iyabopha wonke umuntu endaweni yezenzo zabo.

3) Ukuthintana ngqo isimo. Muva nje, kudala hhayi kuphela inkambiso, kodwa futhi ibanikeze isenzo kanye nokusentshenziswa kwe iziqondiso.

4) Umongo izimpawu esisemthethweni esiqondile zonke imithetho ebekwe imithetho ehlukene isimo amandla zomthetho ezahlukahlukene. In ngamunye kubo bababonisa amalungelo nemisebenzi kwezihloko.

5) Nakuba umthetho zihlobe-, abazi kungqubuzane, okhombisa microsystem yabo.

Uma sicabanga ngakho konke wamaphuzu, kufanele kuphawulwe indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lomthetho, idlalwe yinoma yimuphi umthetho owodwa umthetho. Izimpawu kakhulu uchaze ukuthi kungani into encane kangaka kubaluleke kangaka sokuthuthukiswa isimiso somthetho sangaleso kunoma isiphi isimo.

Isakhiwo kwezinkambiso zomthetho

Uma sikhuluma isakhiwo imithetho zomthetho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukubaluleka ezehlukile, ikakhulukazi komthetho sithombe. Ngenxa imodeli jikelele akhiwa ososayensi imithetho isakhiwo izuzwe eziphakeme abalulekile emkhakheni ukuthuthukiswa, futhi udale izinhlelo ezifanele kakhulu futhi elula lomthetho ngokunembile nangendlela ephumelelayo alawule nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Futhi inothi Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imithetho isakhiwo zingaguqulwa kuncike umkhakha wezomthetho lapho ukhona. Nokho, "ukusonteka" enjalo kwenzeka kuphela izimboni ezithile. Kuzo zonke ezinye izimo, uhlelo kathathu, futhi siqukethe izinto ezilandelayo esemqoka:

- mbono;

- onesimo;

- imvume.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le isakhiwo liyireferensi, ngakho-ke izimiso komthetho isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian, British noma American kuyodingeka efanayo isakhiwo sangaphakathi. element ngayinye has izici zayo siqu, kanye nezinhlobo, okwenza kube kungenzeka thokozisa them uhlelo olulodwa akuyona inqubomgomo, kodwa eceleni.

Izici kanye nezinhlobo hypothesis

Sekuvele waveza ukuthi imithetho umthetho Russian Federation, e-United States, e-United Kingdom noma elinye izwe musa ihluke nomunye isakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, cishe bonke of them kukhona umbono - ingxenye umthetho, okuyinto ecacisiwe yokuthi zomthetho, kuyiqiniso elingenakuphikwa, ukuba khona noma ukungabi zazo kuhlobene kuyinsakavukela. Kulokhu, umlobi uphawula ukuthi, ngokwendlela umkhakha wezomthetho, into kungenzeka ukuthi ilahlekile. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho umthetho zokuphatha kanye nomthetho wezobugebengu kukhona ingxenye enkulu dispositional, okungukuthi, ngokushesha ibonisa amalungelo kanye nezibopho ze-amaqembu.

Nokho, izazi zesayensi eziningi kusukela isitatimende esinjalo asisho ukuthi akudingeki ngokuyinhloko ungavumelani. Bathi ngisho imithetho umthetho zokuphatha kanye umthetho lobugebengu aqukethe inkomba yokuthi, ngoba ngaphandle kwalo, akucaci yini ubudlelwane ethize social ukusebenza kwezikole zokusoka.

izinhlobo imibono eyayisinesikhathi

Ingqikithi hypothesis ngamunye ubeka khona eziningi zezinto eziphilayo yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kuye ngokuthi isibalo izimo angawodwa:

- imibono eyayisinesikhathi elula (siqukethe umbandela owodwa ukhona evamile).

- umbono esiyinhlanganisela (equkethe izimo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ukhona kwezinkambiso ezisemthethweni).

Kukhona Ukwahlukaniswa imicabango ngesisekelo incazelo yokuthi zomthetho. Ngokusho lokhu kuphakanyiswa, element lokuqala ukusebenza komthetho wehlukaniswa iziqephu ku lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo, okuyilezi:

- umbono Abstract - sibonisa kuphela izimo isici kakhulu futhi jikelele yokuthi zomthetho. Ngamanye amazwi, kugcizelelwa amaqiniso ejwayelekile.

- umbono anecdotal - ngezinga eliphezulu ngokucacile icala. Basuke ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa emazweni-Anglo-Saxon umndeni, lapho kukhona endaweni elungile.

Uyini onesimo?

I intfo lebaluleke kakhulu futhi ngempela ayisihluthulelo lonke isakhiwo iyiphi kuyinsakavukela kuyinto ilungele isimo esithile. It kuvikelwe amalungelo nezibopho okuyiwona kokubusa yadalwa. Empeleni, isimo sengqondo - kuyinto evamile uqobo. Ososayensi abaningi musa unamathisele ukubaluleka kakhulu lesi sici, ebhekisela neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela edlala kuphela indima ulwazi. A waphawula okufanayo akulona iqiniso, ngoba sibonga izici dispositional sikwazi ukukhuluma yimuphi umthelela umphakathi okucabangayo. Ngamafuphi nje, ngaphandle kwesimo kungenzeki ukuthonya abantu. I ecacile futhi kufinyeleleke amalungelo nezibopho zichazwe lesi sici kwesakhiwo, aba maningi ukwanda isiko lomthetho labantu ezweni.

Izici unswinyo

Ngenxa unswinyo ungakwazi kuqinisekiswe ungumhlukumezi wemfanelo noma ongenakho lenze imisebenzi ebekwe kwezinkambiso ezithile. Nokho, kukhona unswinyo abahlebayo nemiphumela ngempela esihle ngale ndaba. kwezinkambiso maKristu abizwa sikhuthazo.

Ngakho, umthetho imvume - lena isici kwesakhiwo oqhubeka imiphumela esemthethweni Eqinisweni ebekiwe umthetho ngokwawo. Njengoba umbono ocatshangelwayo, uyaluvumela zingase zingatholakali kwezinye izindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho umthetho-sisekelo iqukethe kuphela umbono ocatshangelwayo futhi ilungele isimo esithile. Imvume bamane akudingeki, ngoba izinkambiso ngokomthethosisekelo baqinise isimo izidumbu ophakeme kwamandla wombuso kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu. It kulandela ukuthi imithetho umthetho-sisekelo abazona izikhonzi kunoma nemiphumela, okuhle nokubi.

izinhlobo unswinyo

izinhlobo ezahlukene unswinyo kuphela zihlukaniswa degree qiniseko timphawu isakhi umthetho. Ngakho, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo, isibonelo:

- nakanjani;

- ngenhlonipho ngayo kumuntu othile (ngaphakathi unswinyo efanayo ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu bayo, isibonelo, inani emihle noma elithi sokuboshwa);

- okunye unswinyo (timphawu tesakhiwo enjalo iqukethe nemiphumela eziningana kungenkathi evumayo noma okungekuhle yokuthi ezisemthethweni).

Ngo oyisazi yesimanje linqoba isithakazelo isihlobo noma unswinyo okunye, ngoba enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba uthathe kunazo ngokunembile ikhumbule zonke ubuqili esimweni esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, abantu ilungelo lokuthola izindlu. imithetho ethile imboni zingenalo unswinyo nalabo lapho lesi sakhi likhona, cishe njalo izindlela noma kuqhathaniswa ezithile. Le ndlela isekelwe uqobo abantu ilungelo lokuthola izindlu. It is kakhulu lihlotshaniswa inkampani futhi ilawula ubudlelwane ethize.

Indawo kwezinkambiso lwetemtsetfo

Ngakho, sahlola umqondo kanye nesakhiwo kwezinkambiso zomthetho. Sicabanga ngabo bonke izici okukhulunywa, kungenzeka ukuthola indlela kwakheka isistimu yomthetho. Iqiniso lokuthi yonke imithetho ehlangana ndawonye indlela eyodwa ukulawulwa umphakathi. Kodwa isenzo enemininingwane nokuphumelela kakhudlwana izindinganiso iyunifomu ehlangana izikhungo subinstituty. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, ukudala wemboni zomthetho (lobugebengu, zokuphatha, civil, umthetho izindlu, kanye nokunye. N.). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukushiyana kwezidalwa mpo izenzo zomthetho, okuyizinto imithetho "indawo ezivamile" umphakathi kanye nesimo. Eqinisweni, ukusebenza komthetho, umthetho, soMthethosisekelo kanye neminye izenzo - isakhiwo wesi izincwadi ezingokomthetho zokuhlala ezweni, eyenziwa ngumuntu kwakhiwa amasu zomthetho.

Njengoba izindinganiso ezibekwe izenzo zomthetho?

zomthetho eziqukethwe izenzo ezisemthethweni obuhlukahlukene amandla ngokomthetho futhi ububanzi. Njengomthetho, kuyinsakavukela ngokwayo asishayisani ne isihloko noma isigaba yesenzo normative, nakuba kwezinye izimo lezi zigaba ayafana yini. Kukhona izinto ezimbili ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele:

1) umthetho - yisimiso sokuziphatha.

2) Isigaba isenzo normative - ifomu, okuyinto eveza intando isimo.

Ngakho, isitatimende umthetho e izenzo nesimo ingehluka. Kunezindlela eziningana isethulo tonkhe tincenye umthetho ezihlokweni zika isimo, okuyilezi:

1) Okuqondile. Zonke timphawu tesakhiwo afakiwe esihlokweni. Kulokhu, isihloko ehlukile, eqinisweni, yilokho umthetho. izihloko ezinjalo lalivamile, futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa.

2) Ticukatsilwati. Kulokhu, esinye sezici hhayi noma linikezwa kancane akuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona inkomba kwenye into ukulawulwa efanayo. Lolu hlobo kwezinkambiso kuvamile kakhulu emthethweni civil, njengoba esicishe nabo kwamanye amagatsha.

3) Ngokuphathelene indlela ingubo, lokhu kuphazanyiswa kakhulu "eyinkimbinkimbi". He is ngezindlela eziningi esifana Ticukatsilwati, kodwa isihloko lesishaya libhekisela nje kwenye into ukulawulwa efanayo, futhi libhekisela ehlukile legatsha yomthetho. It ulandelela uhlelo lomthetho. It ikuvumela ukuba alawule ubudlelwano obusemthethweni kwezinkambiso ezifanayo ezingokomthetho bemvelo ezahlukene.

Ngakho, umthetho, izimpawu kanye nesakhiwo lapho banikezwe iphepha iyona element owesincane isimiso somthetho. Nokho, indima yayo inkulu ngokwanele enqubeni wesi zomthetho kokuphila komphakathi. Ososayensi abaningi namuhla abatadisha isici, okwenza kube into eyinhloko ucwaningo lwabo.