Umlando

Umlando iphindela engaphezu kweyikhulu, ebunayo (Ephakathi), i-luthela (Renaissance). Ngisho phakathi abantu bakudala waphawula ubuhlobo lapho abanye izinto noma imikhiqizo zishintshile kwamanye. EMesophothamiya, Egypt, baqala ukuyisa ukuma okuningi nakanjani, kwakukhona ekubaleni iyunithi, waqala ukwakha isikimu okunengqondo: lezimpahla - imali - lezimpahla.

umbhalo we-cuneiform waseBhabhiloni liyakhuluma ngokuphela ukuthengiselana on ukuthengwa nokudayiswa izigqila, nezinkomo ezweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo saqala ziyahlangana, kanye nobudlelwane credit phakathi kwabantu, ukuthuthukisa ngazo izimpahla, izigqila nezinkomo kwalethwa yasePheresiya, Armenia, Media, Arabia naseNdiya. Le mizila efanayo baletha amatshe ayigugu, izinongo kanye izinongo, izindwangu kanye izinto zesiliva nezinto zegolide. City, lapho ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla, bachuma.

Umlando in Ancient Greece, futhi kamuva ngaphansi koMbuso WamaRoma, labonisa izinganekwane imisebenzi ebhaliwe. Igama lesiGreki unkulunkulu Hermes LamaRoma Mercury wasiza abantu exchange yimpumelelo kwezimpahla, ezinamalungelo nodumo lwabo kwakhiwa amathempeli, izinto ezingcwele bekhulisa. Futhi uma amaGreki asendulo hhayi amazwe kuphela kodwa futhi adayise ezihlukahlukene izimpahla, ngaleso sikhathi amaRoma, njengoba umthetho, bona kuphela amazwe. UMbuso WaseRoma iye ukuthenga isinkwa nesitshulu eGibhithe, inyama nemikhiqizo yalo eGaul, kusukela Afrika zalethwa izithelo namafutha, kusukela China - kasilika. Cishe emhlabeni wonke waqhubeka ubuhlobo bakhe neRoma.

Ngemva kokuwa mbuso omkhulu komlando ukuhweba ivuliwe kwenye indawo. Ukwakheka zikahulumeni ezintsha European ukuthi ngokuchuma kumele bahlanganyele ukudayiswa. Phakathi nokubusa koMbusi uJustinian ku VI ekhulwini AD EByzantium uyaphuma esiteji emhlabeni futhi yakha ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu naseMpumalanga, ulwandle wabeka futhi umfula indlela lokuthumela yezimpahla. EByzantium amazwe kusuka Syria, ukotini kanye noshukela abathengisa nge India, China, emazweni yeBlack Sea, kuyilapho abathengisi Italian ningabi nezimbangi zazo, vykradyvaya imfihlo Chinese ukukhiqizwa kasilika. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le baseYurophu baqala ukukhiqiza lezi izindwangu enkulu.

Ephakathi kwakungafanele evumayo ekuchumeni nokuthuthukiswa yokuthengisa, futhi kuphela emlandweni Renaissance yohwebo wathola isiqondiso entsha. Abantu baqala ukuxoxa, ezweni elisha nhlobo, a ngomkhumbi luchuma, ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezazingaziwa lapho izimpahla zilethwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona izinsalela kwezimpahla ezidinga ukuba lusebenze. Le nkathi libhekene yokuthi umlando ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba isiqala ukuthola uhlamvu ezimbi. Ukuthunyelwa omkhulu izigqila ezivela e-Afrika kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19 - kuyihlazo abesabekayo ophucukile Europe. Abantu base bedayisa mumbi khulu ukudlula ongakholwako nesilwane, futhi akhishwa Old and New World.

Okhokho bethu laqala ukwenza nokudayisa muva. Umlando yohwebo Russia liqala ngala VIII-IX eminyaka, futhi kwaba maphakathi Kiev. On the emakethe angaphandle, okhokho bethu ngalezo zinsuku enikeziwe uju, uboya, imikhiqizo yezolimo. Emkhakheni edolobheni senzeka endaweni emakethe, lapho badayisa lesikhumba, uboya nezinto ezihlukahlukene. Ngekhulu XII, Novgorod yaba isikhungo esiyinhloko Russian ukuhweba isikhungo, futhi ngekhulu XIV - eMoscow. Okhokho bethu wayazi ukuthi ukuthengisa, futhi ayazi ngokuqondile ukuthi ijaji ezinhle. Saqala ukuba avele ezihlukahlukene SMME kanye Gostiny Dvor.

Ngenkathi uPetru umlando ukuhweba eRussia iba European. Abathengisi kanye nezimboni ngempumelelo ukukhuthaza izwe ku eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke. Iqala ngaphezulu izinto ezinhlelweni zokuthenga kakhulu izimpahla ezivela Europe naseMelika. Maphakathi nekhulu XVIII yakha izinkampani ezinkulu ukwakha ubudlelwano, iNdiya neChina, lapho izimpahla eziningi amazwe. Ekupheleni kuka-XIX umlando leminyaka ukuthuthukisa ukuhweba eRussia kufikile Selilonke. Empire isibe omunye amandla ehola, share sengonyama of timbiwa imikhiqizo eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke.