Umlando Ancient Greece: kwenqwaba kwenqubomgomo labantu. Polis ngesiGreki njengoba umzimba setepolitiki

IGrisi yasendulo iye njalo wamshaya umcabango ngisho Bakwethu, ingasaphathwa-mlando besikhathi sethu. impucuko yabo, okuyinto evela abadobi elula nabelusi, kungakabiphi laba enamandla kakhulu ezweni lasendulo. AmaGreki ohlonishwa njengomholi oluvelele (futhi olukhohlisayo kakhulu) osopolitiki, amatilosi esihle futhi amasosha.

eziphakeme eside bafika e Mechanics: amanye amaqhinga abo ngekujula akuzona amawashi phansi kunabaphostoli mechanical kwekhulu le-19. AmaGreki ayephethe amandla umusi, wadala prototypes lokuqala injini umusi ngesimo amathoyizi.

Nokho, ngabe zonke lezi kanye nezinye eziningi impumelelo kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphandle ulinganiswe ngokucophelela komphakathi wombuso, okwazi ukunika izakhamuzi zayo imfundo, abavikele ezitheni zabo. Njengoba "kwesondo" main impucuko yamaGreki asendulo kwaba inqubomgomo, lesi simanga kufanele kuxoxiswane ngokwehlukile.

Uyini Polis YesiGreki?

Eqinisweni, inqubomgomo ngokuthi idolobha ehlukile. Kodwa lapha kubalulekile ukwenza ukucaciseleka ezibalulekile: kuleyo minyaka, idolobha ngokuvamile ayenziwe uthi ngabanye. efanayo Umbuso waseFenike kwaba, ngomqondo wesimanje bezwi, a ukuhlanganyela ezakhiwe lamazwe ngamanye, okungase bahoxe ekungeneleni Iqembu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi inqubomgomo labantu kutepolitiki: noma iyiphi indoda kubhekwe kuyisibopho sakhe ukuba iqhaza ivoti, ekwenzeni izinqumo uhulumeni ezibalulekile.

Konke lokhu ngokuvamile seligcinwa izingxabano esibabayo ngisho izimpi ezitaladini, kungani abantu ababephila ucabangeni amaGreki 'flighty nabantu ahlotshiswe. " Ngakho, inqubomgomo kufanele kubhekwe ehlukile, ifomu okhethekile yenhlangano zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Insimu yale mfundo akugcini nje kungagcini izindonga zomuzi, 'kodwa futhi ukuba amazwe kwenqwaba kwenqubomgomo labantu (okungukuthi, abantu umphakathi) angabavikela futhi sihlakulele.

ayengakwenza yimiphi yedolobha isimo kanjani?

Inqubomgomo uhlukile ukuthi safika ngesikhathi isikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni, aphuma uhlelo yezizwana ohlanganyelwe kuya "protogosudarstva" yokuqala yasendulo. Kuleyo minyaka yokuqala, kwaqala lo babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini: abantu abanamakhono wakhetha ukuba abe ababazi uphinde uthengise imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo, kunokuba ukunikeza isipho esihle ezivezwa kubo. Kwakukhona abathengisi abakwaziyo ukuthengisa yezandla kwezinye izizwe, ngokuqinile Azihlukanisa "lombhalo" of amasosha owavikela kakhulu abathengisi kanye nezenhlalakahle jikelele we wonke amalungu "bababonisi isimo."

Ngokuvamile, cishe zonke lizisho yaseGrisi yasendulo waba ibutho omuhle, futhi ngenxa yalokho, uma kunesidingo, kungathatha ukuzivikela.

Yiqiniso, konke lokhu abantu abakuthandi bahlala insimu engenalutho ishintsha. Ngokushesha kwaqala ukuvela futhi sikhule kwamadolobha amakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi e ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo wahlala ababazi nabanikazi bemihlaba, abathengisi kanye amasosha, ososayensi nabezombusazwe, base oludonsa ngokuphelele. Futhi noma imiphi imigomo.

Kodwa kanjani umyalelo elinjalo elimangalisayo yezenhlalakahle (ngezindinganiso zanamuhla) "Amadolobha"? Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa ngobuningi kwenqubomgomo labantu isampuli YesiGreki emelelwa amadoda mahhala futhi izakhamuzi. Babehlanganyela ukukhiqizwa zonke kunesidingo (abelusi, abalimi, ababazi) kanye ekuvikeleni izwe labo. izindlu Military evikelwe ezindaweni eziningi zokusongela hhayi eyingozi kakhulu, kuyilapho ezikhathini eziningi zokuhlaselwa isitha ukuze ivikele izindonga kwenqubomgomo out of lonke wo hlali.

isisekelo somnotho

Isihluthulelo ukuchuma kwezomnotho wakhuthaza ekhethekile, uhlobo ubunikazi zwe lasendulo. sici wakhe - the webumbacambili lwesakhiwo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezweni kwakungekaNkulunkulu isimo kwelase, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubunikazi eyimfihlo awusebenzi baphikisana. Okubalulekile! Ilungelo lokuthola isabelo yayo ephethwe kuphela (!) Umgomo wavelonkhe ngelungelo lokuzalwa, ababekade indoda khulula. Kanjalo lizisho yaseGrisi yasendulo wasekela izwe izakhamuzi zabo, kanye ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka babhekwe njengabezinye izizwe ezindabeni zangaphakathi zamazwe isimo.

Owayesaphila kwinqubomgomo?

Njengoba sishilo kakade, wonke amalungelo bebengaba hhayi nje indoda mahhala, kodwa izakhamuzi yinqubomgomo lokuzalwa. Ngaphezu izakhamuzi 'wayegcwele' inqubomgomo wahlala metic, perieki, freedmen. Kwakumelwe ngokuphelele, ungenza cishe noma yimuphi umsebenzi, kodwa ayikwazanga ukuvota, akakwazanga ukuzibamba ababenemithwalo yemfanelo ebandleni. Njengomthetho, bona babehilelekile ukuhweba ezincane kanye yezandla.

Slaves - yesithathu isigaba sezenhlalo inqubomgomo. Babengenazo amalungelo nhlobo, ayikwazanga lifa. Noma yimuphi nto yenziwe noma ngithenge isigqila kwakungekaNkulunkulu enkosini yayo. Ikakhulukazi, la ebugqilini isiGreki WaseRoma zazihlukahluka imiqondo efanayo ngesikhathi abaseFenike owathi abantu unfree ungase kusadingeka okungenani ezinye impahla.

Yehlukanise umphakathi isampula Athene

E-Athene, model of the Polis ngesiGreki, ngokusekelwe ocacile kwezakhamuzi, kwaba kubi kakhulu. Njengoba vele sesiyazi, abantu khulula zahlukaniswa izakhamuzi futhi metic.

Citizen kungaba nguye kuphela ubani bobabili abazali babesebenzisa Athene. Sinenkosi ngokugcwele amalungelo abo ezombusazwe. Ubuzwe lase Athens laligcwele izithixo wabapha amandla okuba zonke izinzuzo isimo kanye nokukhokha. Nge iminyaka engu-18, laba bantu zazibhekwa njengokuphela nesibopho iyolwa, kuze kube iminyaka engu-20, bonke laba bafana ukuqeqeshwa saziso kubhizinisi wezempi. Nale umlando yaseGrisi yasendulo uyazi zikhathi ngesikhathi amaGreki lizinikele kuya isitha ngaphandle kokulwa.

Metic ngokuthi abantu ababehlala ensimini ka-Athens isikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile, laba abantu abavela kwezinye nezinqubomgomo. Abenzi kuphela kwadingeka ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa abakwazanga ngisho ukuthenga ingcebo emzini. Izakhamizi futhi metic akakwazanga ukungena imishado engokomthetho, nezingane kusukela nobuhlobo babo babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli rootless. Ngamunye metic isidingo sokuthi kube umlamuleli, wendlala yabesilisa, lapho kufanele ukuxhumana isimo.

Ngakho, ingxenye eyinhloko inqubomgomo sabantu - the demo, okungukuthi, abantu khulula. Lokhu kwashintsha kuphela isimo, lapho izigqila emadolobheni amaningi babé stratum evelele yezenhlalakahle eminyakeni edlule.

Laba bantu, phakathi kwabanye, babeboshelwe inani elikhulu izintela ezahlukene, okuyinto ngokuvamile waqhubeka izidingo ezempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakudingeka ebusosheni. Freedmen abangu akhiwa kubo, ukukhokha izintela efanayo. Imodeli zombusazwe Polis ngesiGreki ngamabomu akazange avumele isimo ukuphatha abantu abanjalo, njengoba angabangela umonakalo ukuze amandla.

Izigqila kwakufanele ezimele kanye nekahulumeni. Lesi sakamuva wayesengaba abaqondisi, ingxenye onogada amaphoyisa, futhi onobhala ukuba besahlulelo. izigqila Private wahlala ngokuhlukile zabanikazi. Ngezindlela eziningi, inkomba kuphela yesikhundla sabo kwaba intela, okuyinto bakhokha enkosini yayo. Isiboshwa ungase uthole ubugqila, ingane isigqila, indoda wathenga le njongo phesheya. ebugqilini isikhathi eside uyekwa at Solon, okuyinto ngaphambi Athens esetshenziswa kakhulu ngenkuthalo. Njengoba sishilo kakade, impahla izigqila alikwazanga. Kodwa lokhu akusebenzi ezincekwini omphakathi, ezazivunyelwe ukuba into ungowabo.

Izinkomba balaba bantu enkantolo kwadingeka amandla, kodwa kuphela esimweni lapho ngabo waphathiswa uMnu Wayengase ukubulala isigqila sakhe noma nini, futhi yayingawuthinti yisono. Mayelana nezinsolo zokubulala omunye "isakhiwo" wathembela esihle.

Yini eyanika inqubomgomo izakhamuzi zakhona?

Kulezo zikhathi ezinzima, inqubomgomo liyadingeka ukunikeza izakhamuzi zawo ezweni ukuze abanikeze unelungelo lobunikazi izigqila. City, okungukuthi isimo, kwadingeka ukuba banakekele nokugcinwa kwezomnotho nenhlalakahle of lonke wo hlali. Ngamafuphi nje, la malungelo ususelwe isiqondiso eyisisekelo inqubomgomo angaphandle - ukwanda kwamakoloni, njengoba izakhamuzi kudingeka njalo umhlaba omusha. Ukuze Ukuthela isimo nenkonzo yezempi imali emholweni lenziwe, eyasungulwa kusuka imali abayithole ngesimo izintela zokukhiqiza lempi.

Ngokuvamile, umlando eGrisi lasendulo kulesi sici nsé naleyo nkathi efanayo kwezinye izifundazwe.

Imininingwane senkonzo yezempi

Esinye nesinye isakhamuzi abaneminyaka engu 17 kuya ku-60 senkonzo yezempi kubhekwe (bheka isithombe esingenhla). amadoda Rich kwakhiwa mabutho, wangena ezinhlwini hoplites (elihamba esindayo). Zonke bonke abanye elihamba ukukhanya, futhi kwezinye izimo, mabutho ukukhanya. I ngokucacile lokuxhumana komphakathi ngaphakathi lo mgomo ukuthi ebuthweni lezempi kanye nezidlamlilo kwaba awuhloniphekile kuphela, kodwa futhi ezifiselekayo. Izakhamizi babe abathandi benarha yekhethu ngempela, njengoba azi kahle ukuthi kuphi kodwa umgomo wakhe siqu, kungukuthi wayefuna, ukuthi izimpilo zabo, kanye izimpilo zemindeni nabathandekayo babo, kuyinto encike ngqo kwi inhlalakahle kanye nokuvikelwa esimweni sazo siqu.

Izici yelungiselelo zezombusazwe

Naphezu kwesibalo enkulu emadolobheni, ilungiselelo yabo kwezepolitiki kwakuhunyushwa okufanayo. Kunoma ikuphi, kwakukhona abanye imithetho ajwayele ukusetshenziswa. Ngakho, yonke imizi eGrisi lasendulo kwadingeka tishayamtsetfo ezilandelayo:

• Yabantu LoMhlangano (Apella, eklessiya).
• Collection egcwele esezigugile "amalungu zokuhlonipha" (kuyiGerousia, e-Areyophagu, Isigele).
• izikhulu Eceleni akukhetheki (izimantshi).

I Yabantu OMhlangano - ifomu yeningi iningi ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe we umphakathi ngaleso sikhathi - kwaba kuwo wonke inqubomgomo. Kuyinto ngenxa yokubakhona komzimba ukuphathwa ukuqaphela ngokugcwele ilungelo zonke izakhamuzi omdala ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yomphakathi.

Nokho, umuntu kufanele ungacabangi ukuthi ngaphakathi lo mgomo ngokuthula nokuzwana. emikhakheni eyehlukene umphakathi babe umzabalazo zezombusazwe njalo, ukuhlinzeka bona kanye nabameli babo ukhuluphele ezimakethe ukukhetha abantu babo endaweni ephakeme. Imizi Ancient Greece kungaba oligarchic (Sparta) noma yeningi (Athens).

Hhayi njalo predominance wachaza kuphela nozungu: kwinqubomgomo kungaba eningi abanikazi bamazwe, abalimi noma artisan kanye abathengisi. Kunamandla yangokwesiko anda kwaba stratum ethile kwezenhlalo, sibaluleke kakhulu ayebhekwa umbono nabameleli bayo emihlanganweni. Ngakho, iKorinte yayiyinhloko-ukuhweba kanye izikebhe inqubomgomo ejwayelekile, kuyilapho Sparta kwakungekaNkulunkulu isimo wezolimo. Yiqiniso, sinqume ukuthuthukiswa ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, kwathiwa abahwebi e-Athens, ngokungafani kuya Sparta efanayo bekusolo at maphakathi ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe ngenxa yesikhathi, unyathela amabhuleki njalo futhi zibambe ukuthuthukiswa imbangi yayo lezidlamlilo.

Inkinga welungiselelo setepolitiki

Nge likwazi ukuhlalisa inani elandayo izinceku orientation okwandisa ngase zabasebenzi izigqila ngesiGreki lizisho siguqulelwa uhlobo umphakathi luyingxenye senceku. Ngenxa yalokho, abalimi abaningi yangasese nje hamba ayinamali, singakwazi ukukhuthazelela ukuncintisana khulula izigqila. ubunikazi Antique phansi cishe ngokuphelele futhi zibhujiswe, izinqubomgomo beze ngezikhathi zeziyaluyalu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iningi lowo muzi wahlangabezana lisachuma emhlabeni V leminyaka BC, ngemva kweminyaka engu-100 kuphela waqala ukuwohloka kwabo okukhulu futhi kweqa phansi yokugqilazeka kuyinsakavukela futhi wobushiqela.

Ngakho, amazinga ayisisekelo ukuthuthukiswa yaseGrisi yasendulo akukho ehlukile kunaleyo into engavamile: ezinyakazayo kusuka bakudala uhlelo nezizwe ukuba imiphakathi, amaGreki yafika imodeli ukuthuthukiswa umphakathi senceku. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi buthakathaka ezweni labo.

umthetho Dragon

Enye inkomba okwakwenzeka kwaba "umthetho udrako." Igama layo ngokusobala etholwe ngokuba nesihluku okwedlulele leyo mithetho ukuthi kufakwe. Nokho, kuze kube manje, safika ikakhulukazi nje amagama abo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi dragon ongenile okulandelayo:

• Zonke izakhamuzi zedolobha ababengenza futhi ukulithwala izingalo, wathola zonke amalungelo ezombangazwe nalawo onawo.
• Umisa archons ayisishiyagalolunye.
• Kusukela manje, izakhamuzi woMkhandlu okhethwe eziningi, kwakungase faka 401 isakhamuzi.
• It walondolozwa ngokuphelele oda wezinzalamizi nomphakathi.
• manje Noma yisiphi isakhamuzi we izikweletu kungenzeka abe isigqila.
• Wonke umuntu kumele awathole uDlamini igazi.
• IBhodi Cosmo futhi ephebe wabelwa.
• Hard impahla ziqu ukuthi umthetho ngoba yokwemukela umphakathi.

Lezi izici Polis ngesiGreki azizange zishintshe esimweni, zonke eminyakeni elandelayo.

imithetho Solon

ngokuya okwaqala ukuphikisana yangaphakathi phambi kwekuhlela kabusha Solon sika emphakathini. Ekhulwini VII phambi kwesihlalo sokwahlulela sikaKristu, konke lokhu kuholela isinyathelo nezisobala ngokumelene ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukhomba ngophakathi tribal kakhulu aphazamise abamele abantu vybivshimsya abadayisi nezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla. Ayefuna kulindeleke "push" basebukhosini kuphela, okuyinto sebehlushwa kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho Greece.

Yingakho ngo-594 BC, i-archon abakhulu akhethwe Solon. Wazama ukugwema izinxushunxushu kwezenhlalo yomphakathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho lalilokhu ukuhlonipheka amalungelo abo. Ngokuvamile, ezicini eziningi Polis ngesiGreki itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ubuholi edolobheni uye wazama acabangele izithakazelo wonke amaqembu kanye kwezakhi nomphakathi.

izinguquko ezinkulu

Okokuqala, Solon "refinanced" izikweletu zabantu abaye bawela ngenxa lobu bugqila. Zonke izikweletu sahoxiswa ngokugcwele. Umthetho owenqabela ayiswe imali kuvikelwe ubuntu umboleki yakhonza. Ukuhlengile ngaphandle kwezigqila isimo abangu ebuyela ezweni lawo, yabuyisela amalungelo civil.

Solon ihlukaniswe izakhamuzi zonke izigaba ezine. Ngu esasikhipha isimo ivumela amalungu kuphela kwabathathu bokuqala (lena ingxenye eyinhloko inqubomgomo baseGreece lasendulo), futhi amalungu archons Areyophagu ubengase beyizakhamuzi ekilasini lokuqala. Bonke abantu ababengabendlu isigaba sesine, kwadingeka kuphela ilungelo lokuvota emhlanganweni womphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ne Dragon, wakhethwa "Ithiphu ezine", kodwa ukungena kwakungase kuphela abantu bokuqala amakilasi amathathu amanani alinganayo kuyo yonke stratum kwezenhlalo. amajaji Isivivinyo lamiswa, futhi kungenzeka amajaji kwaba zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sabo.

Cishe sekungamashumi amathathu eminyaka kuzo zonke intuthuko Solon basindiswa ngokugcwele, bese baye kancane ngilunge.

Izinguquko Cleisthenes

Cleisthenes asekelwe ukwazi emzabalazweni yayo ngokumelene ezingomashiqela umthetho pizistratidov. Inkosi yabo, Gipy ngenxa waxoshwa, amandla ezingomashiqela - amiswe, kanye nokuphatha isimo esiphathiswe Klisfenu. Kusukela ngesikhathi ezafika ngaso wakhe isici Inqubomgomo ngesiGreki uye washintsha abalulekile.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesihlanu BC, ke lucwaningo kwekuhlela kabusha okuhloswe ngaso nokuqedwa oyinhloko izinsalela uhlelo zamaKhosi. It Cleisthenes waqeda division of izakhamuzi ngezigaba ezine ngokufaka kwamangqamuzana indawo. Sekukonke kwakukhona izigaba eziyishumi (phyla). Ngamunye wabo kwakungelona inhlangano ezivamile indawo, futhi njalo lalinabashumayeli abanye abathathu: ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu edolobheni, ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ezindaweni ezisogwini, ingxenye yesithathu mazwe engaphakathi isimo. Ngakho, kubonakala ngokucacile 2/3 no 1/3 izakhamuzi abalimi yasemakhaya. Tritium wabusa demarhi. Ngakho ukushintsha izici Polis ngesiGreki.

Esikhundleni "UMkhandlu ezine" laqanjwa "UMkhandlu wase-Five Hundred", eyayihlanganisa abantu abangu-50 phylum ngamunye. Archons abangu amiswe, indawo yabo sathathwa strategist ebhodini. Imfuneko ekilasini amaposi aphezulu uhulumeni lalilondeke ngokugcwele. It Cleisthenes waba ngukhokho inyumbazane, "shards weNkantolo." Ngokuhamba yayo, noma yisiphi isakhamuzi bani umphakathi kubhekwe kuyingozi ngoba umuzi, angase axoshwe Inqubomgomo isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyishumi.

Sithemba ukuthi isihloko wazi, yini kwenqwaba kwenqubomgomo labantu, yini indima lamadolobha amadala kakhulu emlandweni Yezwe Lasendulo.