Ephakeme azitshelwa Council: ngonyaka ngenxa yokudalwa abahlanganyeli

Ephakeme azitshelwa Council yasungulwa ngemva kokufa, uPeter Omkhulu. ukubusa Catherine yesihlalo sobukhosi kuye kwabangela isidingo inhlangano yakhe ukuze kucaciswe isimo: iNdlovukazi wayengakwazi iqondise imisebenzi uhulumeni waseRussia.

izimfanelo

Ukusungulwa Supreme azitshelwa Council, kwakucatshangwa, kwakumelwe 'izifunde athobe imizwa elimele "osesikhundleni ubudala, bungaveli ukuphathwa izibalo nerodovitymi. It is hhayi kwadingeka bashintshe ukuma, okungukuthi nomrabho samandla ophakeme, ngoba, ngenkathi esaziwa iziqu zabo, iye yaphenduka somphakathi.

Izazi-mlando eziningi baye bazwakalisa umbono wokuthi icala esemqoka ye ohlelweni oluthile olumisiwe uPetru izidumbu okukhulu kwamandla kwaba ukungakwazi ngokuhlanganisa ubunjalo amandla esiphezulu nesimiso collegiality, ngakhoke Ephakeme azitshelwa Council yasungulwa.

Kwavela ukuthi ukuvela kwalesi umzimba sokweluleka ephakeme kwakungenjalo kakhulu umphumela le ngxabano izintshisekelo zezombusazwe, njengoba kudingeka, ezihlobene izikhala akuphelele Petrine uhlelo phezulu okuphatha aphezulu. Imiphumela yomsebenzi esifushane woMkhandlu kwakungafanele obaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kwase kudingeka zithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ngemva kwenkathi okukhulu kanye asebenzayo, lapho kabusha omunye esikhundleni enye, kodwa yonke imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi kwezwakala kakhulu ujabule.

Isizathu ngokudala

Ukudalwa Supreme azitshelwa Council lwenzelwe ukuqonda izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi we Petrine guqula uhlala kungalungiswanga. Umsebenzi wakhe wabonisa ngokucacile ukuthi wayezuze kusukela Catherine bamelana novivinyo kwesikhathi, nokuthi kumele kabusha. Ukulandelana kwezinombolo lonke Council Ephakeme balandela ulayini uPetru akhethiwe izinqubomgomo ezihlobene umkhakha, nakuba ngokuvamile ukuthambekela jikelele ngomsebenzi walo lingachazwa ngokuthi ukubuyisana izithakazelo zabantu abanezifiso yempi, ukwenqaba ebanzi nomkhankaso wempi futhi ukwehluleka kwanoma iyiphi kabusha kwezinhloko zamaviyo Russian. Ngasikhathi sinye, ejensi esasiphethe emisebenzini yayo kanye nezidingo zebhizinisi, okuyinto edingekayo izixazululo ngokushesha.

Amalungu Ephakeme azitshelwa Council

Usuku ukusungulwa aphakeme sokweluleka isimo isikhungo waqala ngo-February 1726. Amalungu ayo babemiswa Serene yakhe Highness Prince Jikelele Field Marshal Menshikov, Jikelele Golovkin goskantsler Apraksin, Bala UTolstoy, uBaron Osterman futhi Prince Golitsyn. Ngemva kwenyanga, isibalo samalungu alo ifakiwe futhi uMbusi Holstein - umkhwe UCatherine, kakhulu umuntu othembekile ka iNdlovukazi. Zisuka nje, amalungu emzimbeni ophakeme babe kuphela abalandeli uPetru, kodwa kwasheshe Menshikov, ngubani ngaphansi uPetru Okwesibili kwaba esekudingisweni, waxosha UTolstoy. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Apraksin wafa uMbusi Holstein futhi wayeka ngokuphelele ukuya emihlanganweni yebandla. Kusukela amalungu ekuqaleni ezimisiwe Ephakeme azitshelwa Council zezikhulu zayo kukhona amalungu amathathu kuphela - Osterman, Golitsyn futhi Golovkin. Ukwakheka kulomzimba sokweluleka isishintshe kakhulu ephakeme. Kancane kancane amandla lidlule ezandleni imindeni enamandla kwesikhulu - Golitsyn futhi Dolgoruky.

umsebenzi

Azitshelwa Council ngemiyalo yezikhulu Empress linqotshiwe futhi iSigele, okuyinto ekuqaleni lehla phambi banquma ummukise we izimiso lokuqala esiGungwini of elilingana naye. Menshikov umzimba okudalwe wazama ukuqinisa amandla bona futhi uhulumeni. Izikhonzi wambiza njengelungu, kanye senators wathatha isifungo iNdlovukazi. Kwakuthinta nhlobo ukuze afeze imiyalo hhayi esisayinwe iNdlovukazi nomntanakhe, okuyinto Supreme azitshelwa Council.

Ngokusho Catherine eTestamenteni Okokuqala, kukulona umzimba phezu bayingcosana uPetru II wanikwa amandla, okulingana amandla eNgophezukonke. Nokho, azitshelwa Council babengenalo ilungelo lokwenza izinguquko kuphela oda ngokulandelana okwakufanele abe inkosi.

Ukushintsha uhlobo lukahulumeni

Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuqala ukusungulwa kwenhlangano, abaningi phesheya uzicabange kungenzeka imizamo ukushintsha uhlobo lukahulumeni eRussia. Futhi baqinisile. Lapho efa , uPetru II, futhi kwenzeka ngobusuku Januwari 19, 1730, naphezu intando Catherine, inzalo yakhe enqatshelwa sobukhosi. Ibhaxa kwaba Elizabeth abasha kalula, umuntu owayezothatha isikhundla abasebasha kaPetru, futhi lisafufusa umzukulu wabo - indodana Anna Petrovna. Umbuzo yokhetho yenkosi Russian yaxazululwa izwi enethonya elikhulu Prince Golitsyn, owathi omunye kufanele sinake emgqeni amadala omkhaya kaPetru, futhi ngenxa yalokho ezihlongozwayo candidacy Anny Ioannovny. Daughter of John A., Eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye abahlala Kurland ivumelane wonke umuntu, lokhu engenandodana izintandokazi eRussia. Wayebonakala ukulawuleka zingenalo udlame, nge nakancane despotism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sinqumo ngenxa non-bezibona Golitsyn Petrine kabusha. Lokhu ukuthambekela esinda ngabanye sekukhona kudala futhi bajoyine uhlelo, "ophakeme" ukushintsha uhlobo lukahulumeni, okuyinto Yiqiniso, kwaba lula ukwenza phakathi nokubusa Anna engenabantwana.

"Izimo"

Sibambe isimo, "Ophakeme azitshelwa Council", kokunquma zinciphise isibalo amandla autocratic, yafuna Anna ukungena ngemvume kwezimo ezithile, lezi zincwadi ezibizwa ngokuthi "Ekupholiseni." Ngokusho kwabo, amandla angempela kwadingeka ukuba ke Supreme azitshelwa Council, futhi indima kombusi lancipha laba imisebenzi ummeleli kuphela. ifomu okunjalo kahulumeni eRussia lezwakala entsha.

Ekupheleni Januwari 1730 iNdlovukazi entsha ayitholile sisayinwe ethulwa "isimo." Yakhe Kusukela manje-ke ngaphandle kwemvume yoMkhandlu Ephakeme ayikwazanga tie impi, baphetha zezivumelwano zokuthula, ethula izintela entsha noma intela. Hhayi ngaphansi kwalokho enekhono lakho futhi kokuchitha yengcebo bebodwa ukusebenza phakathi kwababusi ngenhla elisezingeni colonel, amaholo izigodi, nokuswela ukuhlonipheka ukuphila noma impahla ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwecala, futhi okubaluleke - ukuqokwa indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi.

Ukulwela ukukhipha kubukezwe "Izimo"

Anna Ivanovna, kokuba eshayelwa Lasendulo, waya Cathedral of kweNyuka, lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphezulu nebutho wafunga Empress. Ifomu entsha yesifungo ayekade bancishwa ezinye isisho esidala okusho ukuthi autocracy, kwakungekho ukuphathwa mayelana ilungelo okungokukaNkulunkulu umzimba Ephakeme yangasese. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umzabalazo abukhali phakathi kwala maqembu womabili - "ophakeme," nabasekeli autocracy. Ngo kwababusi yokugcina wafeza indima ebalulekile Yaguzhinskii P., A. Kantemir, Feofan Prokopovich A. Osterman. Bakhandwa kusekelwa izigaba ezibanzi yezikhulu, ababezimisele ubuyekeze "nemibandela." Ukunganeliseki ngokuyinhloko ngenxa nzuzo umbuthano emincane amalungu azitshelwa Council. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo iningi abameleli kwamadoda asebukhosini, ngalezo zinsuku wabizwa ngokuthi kwamadoda asebukhosini, wabona inhloso ukusungula ku oligarchy Russian kanye nesifiso nika amagama amabili - Dolgoruky futhi Golitsyn - ngakwesokudla ukukhetha le nkosi nokushintsha uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni.

Khansela "Izimo"

Ngo-February 1730 iqembu elikhulu abameleli kwamadoda asebukhosini, wayengumuntu, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, kuze abantu abayisishiyagalombili, kwaba esigodlweni ukuhambisa isicelo Anne Ioannovne. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona eziningi Guards izikhulu. Ngo isicelo iNdlovukazi uzwakalise unesicelo esiphuthumayo kanye izikhulu waphinda ubuyekeze izinhlobo zohulumeni ukwenza kuyamthokozisa lonke kubantu Russian. Anna, ngokwemvelo yabo kancane zihlukahlukene, kodwa udadewabo omdala - Ekaterina Ioannovna - wayiphoqa ukuba namanje ngemvume lwezikhalazo. It ezicukuthwaneni buza fuza ubukhosi ephelele futhi abhubhise izinto "nemibandela."

Anna izimo ezintsha usevikele ukuvunyelwa bedidekile "ophakeme": ngakho kwakungekho lutho kwesokunxele, nje unqekuzisa ikhanda amakhanda abo. Ngokusho besikhathi, babengenazo okunye, ngoba ngaleso ukuphikiswa okuncane noma ulahle, onogada ngabe wababulala. Anna elinqunywe ngenjabulo esidlangalaleni hhayi "isimo" kuphela, kodwa futhi incwadi yakhe siqu ukwamukela izinto.

Esihlazisayo sezitha ekupheleni Council

Eyokuqala ngoMashi 1730 ngaphansi kwemigomo lobukhosi egcwele abantu waphinda wathatha isifungo iNdlovukazi. Futhi emva ezintathu kuphela izinsuku Manifesto-March 4 ukuqedwa Supreme azitshelwa Council.

Isiphetho amalungu yayo yangaphambili baye basungula ehlukile. Prince Golitsyn sase sachithwa, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wayesefa. Umfowabo, kanye ezintathu we Dolgorukov ezine, wabulawa ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Anne. Ingcindezelo kokululama kuphela omunye wabo - Vasily Vladimirovich, ukuthi uma Elizabeth utholwe, abuya ekuthunjweni futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, useqokwe ikhanda lezeMpi Collegium.

Osterman phakathi nokubusa Empress Anny Ioannovny kwakubaluleke okuthunyelwe uhulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni 1740-1741 waba kafushane de empeleni waba umbusi wezwe, kepha ngenxa omunye Icebo lika esigodlweni wahlulwa kanye abathunjelwe a birch.