Ukuphela amaMongol-Tatar ijoka eRussia: umlando, usuku kanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Njengoba Russia wahlala ngaphansi kwejoka Mongol-Tatar

Russia ngaphansi kwejoka Mongol-Tatar khona kwakuthobisa kakhulu. Ubethula subordinated ngokuphelele kokubili kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho. Ngakho-ke, ekupheleni Mongol-Tatar ijoka eRussia, usuku emi emfuleni Ugra - e 1480, ubonakala isenzakalo esibaluleke kunazo zonke emlandweni wethu. Nakuba Russia nase baba ezimele ngokwezombangazwe kodwa ekhokha intela kwabase usayizi ezincane waqhubeka kwaze kwaba isikhathi uPetru wehlelwe yini. ekupheleni Igcwele amaMongol-Tatar ijoka - ngonyaka ka 1700-th, lapho uPeter Omkhulu waqeda ekukhokhweni khans YaseCrimea.

Mongol ibutho

Ekhulwini XII abayimizulane-Mongolian sasimunye sekubusa umbusi onesihluku futhi unobuqili uTemüjin. Zonke izithiyo amandla akhe angenamkhawulo yena okwalapha ukuyiveza idale impi eyingqayizivele, okuyinto uwina wanqoba. Yena ukudala mbuso omkhulu, yaqanjwa ngokuthi izikhulu zakhe uGenghis Khan. Eselinqobile Asia, amabutho Mongol safinyelela eCaucasus and eCrimea. Bachitha Alans futhi Polovtsy. Izinsalela Polovtsian bacela ukuba usizo eRussia.

Umhlangano wokuqala

20 noma 30 ayizinkulungwane amasosha ebuthweni-Mongolian, akwaziwa. Bakhandwa eholwa Jebe futhi Subedei. Bema Dnieper. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, nakuba Polovtsian Khan wanxusa galich Prince Mstislav benamagangangozi ukuba zikhulume ayehlasela mabutho esabekayo. Ujoyinwe Mstislav Mstislav of Kiev ne Chernigov. Ngokwemithombo ehlukahlukene, ibutho Imininingwane Russian olunezinombolo esuka kubantu 10 kuya kwezingu-100. Umkhandlu empi labetibambile loMfula emfuleni Kalka. Ipulani esihlanganisiwe awuzange athuthukile. Mstislav le Bold elilodwa. Wayelethwa kusekelwa kuphela izinsalela Polovtsy, kodwa ngesikhathi sempi, abaleka. Hhayi ukusekela isikhulu Galician namanje Kwakudingeka ngilwe abahlaseli ekamu yabo zaqiniswa amaMongol. Ezinsukwini ezintathu eyathatha Battle. nobuqili kuphela futhi uthembisa ukuthi ngeke athathe umuntu isiboshwa amaMongol wangena ekamu. Kodwa amazwi akhe akazange ayigcine. umbusi Russian nesikhulu baseMongolia abahlala bambophile embozwe amabhodi wahlala phezu kwazo, futhi baqala ukuzitika ukunqoba, ejabulela nokuquma ka ukufa. Ngakho ubhekene Kushone isikhulu Kievan nethimba lakhe. Kwaba 1223. AmaMongol, ngaphandle kokuya imininingwane, sibuyele Asia. iminyaka eyishumi nantathu kamuva bayabuya. Futhi yonke leminyaka eRussia kwaba Ukuxabana ebabayo phakathi izikhulu. It libukelwa phansi ngokuphelele ngamandla Southwest principalities.

ayehlasela

Umzukulu zikaGenghis Khan Batu nebutho elikhulu babe ingxenye yesigidi, ngokuwina Bulgaria iVolga empumalanga, futhi izwe Polovtsian eningizimu, waya principalities Russian ngoDisemba 1237. Iqhinga lakhe kwakungelona ukunikeza empini enkulu futhi wokuba kuhlaselwe amayunithi ngabanye, ewaphula wonke wedwa. Lapho eya imingcele aseningizimu Ryazan ubukhulu, AmaTatar sebekubeke yafuna kuye inkokhiso: okweshumi amahhashi, abantu nezikhulu. Ryazan ngokulambisa waqoqa abantu abayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Bathumela usizo uVladimir, kodwa akukho usizo lwaluvela. Ngemva kwezinsuku eziyisithupha ukuvinjezelwa Ryazan sathathwa. Izakhamuzi ngokuba silishiyile izwe, umuzi wabhujiswa. Lokhu kwaba yisiqalo. Ukuphela ijoka Mongol-Tatar kwenzeke phakathi neminyaka amabili namashumi amane nzima. Kolomna kwaba kanje. Kukhona amabutho Russian zicishe zonke abulawe. Moscow itholakala umlotha. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba lokho umuntu afuna ukuba abuyele ezweni lakubo, wangcwatshwa ku Borovitsky Hill hoard ubucwebe esiliva. Watholwa ngengozi lapho ukwakhiwa kwenziwa kule ezibiyele ku 90-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka. Kwabe uVladimir. AmaMongol basindiswa futhi abesifazane noma izingane, bawenza incithakalo umuzi. Khona-ke wawela Torzhok. Kodwa intwasahlobo kuza, futhi, ngenxa yokwesabela nemigwaqo emibi, amaMongol ayeya kuya eningizimu. North exhaphozini Rus babengesibo nesithakazelo. Kodwa endleleni waba kuvikelwa Kozelsk amancane. Izinyanga ezicishe zibe mbili edolobheni kanzima nalaba. Kodwa amaMongol weza azowalekelela nge umkayo-nezinqama, umuzi uthathiwe. Zonke abavikeli wanqunywa washiya edolobheni itshe. Ngakho, bonke North-Eastern eRussia 1238 kwacekeleka phansi. Futhi ngubani ungaqiniseki ukuthi amaMongol-Tatar ijoka eRussia? Kusukela incazelo emfushane ukuthi kwaba ubudlelwane emangalisayo ngomakhelwane, akunjalo?

South-West Russia

yena afike e 1239. Pereyaslavl, Chernigov ubukhulu, Kiev, uVladimir-naseVolyn, galich - konke ochotshoziwe, ingasaphathwa emadolobheni amancane kanye nasezindaweni zasemakhaya. Futhi isiphetho ikude ijoka Mongol-Tatar! Bangaki horror nokubhubhisa baletha kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo. AmaMongol weza eDalmathiya futhi Croatia. ENtshonalanga Yurophu bathuthumela. Nokho, izindaba ezivela Mongolia ezikude waphoqeleka ukuba ngibuyele emuva ngingahambi abahlaseli. Futhi umkhankaso wesibili yena wawungenawo amandla. Europe wasinda. Kodwa ezweni lakithi, kwacekeleka phansi, ngopha, angazanga uma ekupheleni ijoka Mongol-Tatar.

Russia ngaphansi kwejoka

Ubani kakhulu ehlaselwe ayehlasela AmaMongol? Abalimi? Yebo, amaMongol engawayekanga kubo. Kodwa abakwazanga ukufihla ehlathini. Izakhamizi? Yiqiniso. ERussia, kwakukhona 74 idolobha, 49 babo baqothulwa Batu, 14 futhi asizange sitholakale. Izingcweti sigqilazwe futhi lakhishwa. Ungabi nokuqhutshezwa kwamakhono obuciko izikebhe yawela labhidlika. Ngikhohliwe uthele Glassware, thumba ingilazi amawindi, hhayi abe multi-umbala zobumba kanye ubucwebe Cloisonné koqweqwe lwawo. nabakhi Gone futhi yezithakazelo ezigxilile zababazi, futhi iminyaka engu-50 liye zamisa ukwakhiwa itshe. Kodwa ngoyisiwula kusinda zonke kwadingeka labo izikhali ezandleni libonise kuhlasela - izinduna Amakhosi ayephelezelwa. 12 Izikhulu Ryazan babesaphila ezintathu, 3 Rostov - omunye 9 Suzdal - 4. ukulahlekelwa akekho babale squads. Kwakukhona hhayi kancane. Professionals enkonzweni yezempi indawo nabanye abantu ababekhulekela zijwayele, ukuthi kwaphoqa emhlabeni. Lokho kwaba ababusi abanegunya egcwele. Le nqubo kamuva, lapho kungcono ukuphela ijoka Mongol-Tatar, ujulise kuholele amandla ngokuphelele ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi.

izikhulu Russian kanye zolotaya Orda

Ngemva 1242 eRussia, befika ngaphansi ukucindezelwa umnyuziki kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho we zidlamlilo. Ukuze isikhulu kungaba ngokomthetho ifa esihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi, yena kwadingeka ukuthi ahambe nge izipho 'senkosi freestyle ", njengoba babeyibiza kanjalo le izikhulu kwethu khans enhloko-dolobha zidlamlilo. Yiba khona isikhathi ngempela abanye wake. Han kancane kubhekwa sicelo ngentobeko kakhulu. Yonke inqubo yaphenduka uchungechunge ukululazeka, futhi ngemva kokucabangisisa, izinyanga kwesinye isikhathi eziningi, Khan wanikeza "label", okusho imvume ukubusa. Ngakho, esinye sezikhulu zethu, wafika Batu, ngokuthi yena isigqila ukugcina izimpahla zabo. Ngempela ezibekwe inkokhiso ezokwenza angakhokhelwa yisigungu ubukhulu. Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, Khan angabangela isikhulu kuya zidlamlilo, ngisho akhiphe ke angalungile. Zidlamlilo izikhulu izinqubomgomo ethile Fanning ngokucophelela feuds yabo. Dissociation sezikhulu principalities zabo elapha isandla amaMongol. Zidlamlilo ithé kancane kancane abe sondo ngezinyawo ngobumba. Ngo isimo yayo centrifugal kwaqina kakhulu. Kodwa-ke kuyoba ngemva kwesikhathi eside kakhulu. A lokuqala ubunye baso ngokuqinile. Ngemva kokufa Aleksandra Nevskogo namadodana akhe ngolaka zonda nomunye futhi ngolaka ukulwela sobukhosi Vladimir. Evamile, nokubusa Prince uVladimir wanika kuqala kwabo bonke abanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena ijoyina ucezu ehloniphekile komhlaba kulabo ukuletha imali endlini yengcebo. Futhi ngesikhathi sokubusa omkhulu Vladimir le zidlamlilo raged phakathi izikhulu ukulwa kwenzeka njengoba ukufa. Lena yindlela Russia wahlala ngaphansi kwejoka Mongol-Tatar. amabutho zidlamlilo kuwo cishe akazange ame. Kodwa igunya angakwazi woza amabutho ingajezisa bese uqale ukusika futhi eshisa konke.

kokuphakama laseMoscow

feuds Bloody phakathi izikhulu Russian kulethwa yokuthi phakathi 1275 kanye 1300 eRussia izikhathi 15 Amabutho-Mongolian efika. Kusukela ukuxabana principalities eziningi sekukhona obuthaka bantu babalekela ezindaweni ezingcono ephephile. Ngakho ethule kwaba ubukhulu elincane eMoscow. Kuze kwafika eziningi uthunjana Aleksandra Nevskogo kaDaniyeli. Wabusa iminyaka engu-15 futhi lokho kwaholela Inqubomgomo zinsizwa, ngokuzama ukuba singabonisi ukuxabana omakhelwane ngoba wayengumuntu ayinamandla. Kokubili zidlamlilo akazange ukumkhokhela ukunakwa. Ngakho, negalelo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhweba futhi enothisa leli fa. Ayedlula nezihambi eziqhamuka ngakuzo izindawo elinezinkathazo. Daniel ekugcineni wakwazi unamathisele Kolomna futhi Pereslavl-Zaleski, okwandisa ubukhulu bakhe. Amadodana akhe ngemva kokufa kwakhe waqhubeka Inqubomgomo kuqhathaniswa ethule kayise. Kuphela izikhulu Tver wababona njengoba izimbangi ezingaba bese uyazama ukulwela nokubusa okukhulu Vladimir, eMoscow impango elala zidlamlilo. Le nzondo ifinyelele eqophelweni lapho Lapho isikhulu eMoscow Tver Prince bobabili wabizelwa zidlamlilo Dmitriy Abakwazi Abakwenzayo wagwazwa Yuri eMoscow. Ukuze nangobudlova onjalo, wabulawa zidlamlilo.

Ivan Kalita futhi "ukuthula okukhulu"

Indodana wesine Prince Daniyeli, bebonakala bengenaso ithuba kwesihlalo sobukhosi. Kodwa abafowabo abadala efa, futhi wabusa eMoscow. Njengoba esinqumweni bengazilawulela khona isigcino wayebuye Grand Duke Vladimir. Nge yena namadodana akhe, wayeka Mongol ukuhlaselwa nokuseshwa umhlaba Russian. Moscow yaceba, kanye nabantu-ke. Amadolobha wakhula, okwandisa inani lazo. Esikhathini North-Eastern Russia selikhule sonke isizukulwane ukuthi uyekile inithuthumelise ngisho nokuphathwa kwegama amaMongol. It usezofika ekupheleni amaMongol-Tatar ijoka eRussia.

Dmitry Donskoy

EMoscow kuya ekuzalweni Prince uDmitry Ivanovich e 1350 kakade elaba isikhungo ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe, kwamasiko nenkolo e enyakatho-mpumalanga. Umzukulu Ivan Kalita waphila ukuphila esifushane, oneminyaka engu-39, kodwa okugqamile. Wabamba wakhe empini, kodwa manje kubalulekile ukuhlala impi enkulu nomama, okwenzeka ngo-1380 ku-emfuleni Nepryadva. Ngalesi sikhathi, Prince Dmitry wahlulwa-Mongolian lamabutho ingajezisa phakathi Ryazan futhi Kolomna. Umama waqala ukulungiselela umkhankaso omusha, yalahla iRussia. Dmitry, ukufunda lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, baqala ukubuthana amandla okumelana. Akubona bonke izikhulu basabela kulolo bizo lwakhe. Prince kwadingeka bayocela usizo St uSergiyu ka Radonezh, ukuqoqa nezidlamlilo. Futhi wathola isibusiso umdala ongcwele nezindela ezimbili, uye eqoqwe ngasekupheleni abezempi ehlobo wahamba bubheke webutho elikhulu Mamaia. On 8 Septhemba impi enkulu entathakusa. Dmitry ngalwa front line, walinyazwa, watholakala nge nobunzima. Kodwa amaMongol bahlulwa babaleka. Dmitri babuya ukunqoba. Kodwa isikhathi akuyona oluvuthiwe, lapho kungcono ukuphela amaMongol-Tatar ijoka eRussia. Umlando usitshela ukuthi izobanjwa ngaphansi kwejoka eyikhulu.

eqinisa Russia

Moscow elaba isikhungo ubunye emazweni isiRashiya, kodwa hhayi kuzo zonke izikhulu bavumelana ukwamukela leli qiniso. INdodana Dmitry, Basil mina, imithetho isikhathi eside, engu-36 ubudala, futhi kuqhathaniswa ethule. Wavikela izwe Russian kusukela nokungena naseLithuania wajoyina Suzdal futhi Nizhny Novgorod ubukhulu. Buthaka lo zidlamlilo, futhi nalo babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli sincipha isibalo sawo. Basil ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe ukuvakashelwa zidlamlilo ezimbili kuphela. Kodwa futhi ngaphakathi Russia kwakungekho ubunye. Bangaphezi nezibhelu Kwagqashuka. Ngisho emshadweni Prince Basil II scandal waphula. On omunye izivakashi wayegqoke ibhande legolide Dmitry Donskoy. Uma lokhu kwatholakala umlobokazi, khona-ke mina walidabula esidlangalaleni, okubangela ukweyisa. Kodwa ibhande wawungelona nje uhide jewel. Wayengumuntu uphawu iziphathimandla Grand. Phakathi nokubusa Basil II (1425-1453) babe izimpi amakhosi asendulo. isikhulu eMoscow ethumba, akhishwe amehlo, futhi elimele ngesikhathi esifanayo zonke phezu kobuso nokuma konke ukuphila kwakhe wayegqoke ngebhandeshi ngobuso wethiwa "Omnyama". Nokho, le nkosana nginenhliziyo ukhululiwe, futhi sakhe ama co-ibamba kwaba Ivan osemusha kuzoba umkhululi lizwe futhi wethiwa Elikhulu ngemva kokushona kukayise.

Ukuphela amaMongol-Tatar ijoka eRussia

Ngo 1462 sobukhosi eMoscow ofanele Ivan III, abazoba Converter futhi wezinguquko. Yena ngokucophelela, ngokuhlakanipha united ezweni Russian. Wazihlanganisa Tver, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Perm, ngisho Novgorod yisijaka neyaziwayo eNgophezukonke yakhe. Wenza WaseByzantium elingenamikhono kabili ephethwe ukhozi izikhali, waqala ukwakha Kremlin. Kuyinto kule, futhi siyazi ukuthi. Kusukela 1476, u-Ivan III wayeka ekhokha intela kwabase-zidlamlilo. Beautiful, kodwa iqiniso legend ekutshela ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani. Ukwamukela zidlamlilo embasi, Grand Duke basmu ochotshoziwe ithunyelwa zidlamlilo exwayisa ngokuthi okufanayo Kwakuzokwenzekani kubo, uma akashiywanga noxolo ezweni lakhe. Furious Han Ahmed wabutha ibutho elikhulu, wathuthela eMoscow, befuna ukuba zijezise bakhe ngenxa yokungalaleli. Cishe ngo-150 km kusuka eMoscow eMfuleni Ugra e Kaluga emazweni waqala ekwindla phambi kwamabutho amabili. Russian eliholwa indodana Basil, Ivan Young. Ivan Iii wabuyela eMoscow, baqala ukwenza ukudiliva impi - ukudla, ifolishi. Futhi amasosha wema zibhekane, baze bafika ekuseni ebusika nge yendlala akazange angcwatshwe zonke izinhlelo Ahmed. AmaMongol waphenduka washiya zidlamlilo, ukuvuma ukwehlulwa. Ngakho kwaba khona ekupheleni ngaphandle kwegazi ejokeni Mongol-Tatar. Idethi yakhe - e 1480 - umcimbi omkhulu emlandweni wethu.

Okusho ijoka ukuwa

okwesikhashana unaphakade ukuthuthukiswa yezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye namasiko of Russia, kwaphoqa kwejoka izwe ku eziseceleni umlando European. Lapho eNtshonalanga Yurophu baqala yayisibonakala ekuvuselelweni yonke imikhakha, lapho linqoba ukwazi kazwelonke, nalapho leliya lizwe yaceba futhi iqhakaza ukuhweba, wathumela lwemikhumbi umkhumbi beyofuna emazweni amasha, eRussia kwaba mnyama. Columbus kakade 1492 wathola Melika. EYurophu, i-Earth yavuleka. Kithi, ekupheleni amaMongol-Tatar ijoka eRussia imakwe ithuba ukuphuma ewumngcingo nohlaka medieval ukushintsha imithetho ukuguqula ibutho, wakha imizi uphinde uhlole mazwe amasha. Futhi uma kafuphi ngalesosikhathi Russia ithola uzibuse futhi waziwa ngokuthi Russia.