Kwezombusazwe nasentuthukweni senhlalo nesomnotho Kievan Rus

Isisekelo sezombusazwe ka Kievan Rus Kwakukhonya uMbuso kwesikhulu, elalingelamaFilisti lwamakhosi of Rurik. Ngo IX-X eminyaka. yena njengefa kusukela ubaba endodaneni. Lapho uVladimir Omkhulu wayengumbusi amandla yadluliselwa indoda endala emndenini. Khona-ke zonke izikhulu baqala lifa. Lesi simiso wabeka isisekelo kwehlukana zezombusazwe ukuthi kwenzeka ekhulwini XII.

amandla kwesikhulu

Ifa lalowo futhi edolobheni Old Russian isimo ekugcineni aba yabelwe igatsha ethile Rurik. Ngokwesibonelo, Chernihiv baba esizindeni inzalo ka Svyatoslav Yaroslavovych. Kiev futhi Pereyaslavl waya uVladimir Monomakh namadodana akhe. Imiphumela, okwaphumela kwezombusazwe nasentuthukweni senhlalo nesomnotho Kievan Rus, ayethe njó Lyubech Congress e 1097 njengoba uhlelo lestvichnoy ifa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, "unina amadolobha Russian" ngokusemthethweni wahlala umuzi omkhulu lwamaSlav empumalanga. Kiev isikhulu uyavuma izihlobo esezikhulile.

Nokho, ngo-XI leminyaka lempi Rurikovich ukushayisana phakathi umthetho steel. Ngalokhu umphumela esidumazayo kuholele kokubili ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki Kievan Rus. Kafushane lesi sibonelo zingachazwa ngezinqubo yezizathu eziningana. Okokuqala, landa emadolobheni yesifundazwe Russian ngabe ekubusweni isikhungo ngokushesha futhi kalula ukuthuthukisa. Okwesibili, ukuze ngokuqondile nokuwohloka Kievan isimo kwaholela isethi wezwe amasiko ezintathu zezombangazwe: monarchical, ahlukile futhi yeningi.

Rurik kanye Izicukuthwane

Njengoba ekuthuthukisweni noma iyiphi European izwe medieval zezombusazwe senhlalo nesomnotho Kievan Rus kwakuxhomeke ohlanga. Kuvele ekuqaleni wekuba sive Russian. Isikhulu akasenzanga samuntu amandla esiphezulu: bekatsatsa enkantolo, komthetho futhi iqondiswa ibutho, wedlula amandla akhe ngofuzo. Lomgomo kuthinta kokubili langempela ejwayelekile Slavic isiko kanye amathonya ezizwe. Kanye inkolo isimo Russian lasendulo, athatha izintambo eziningi zezombusazwe kuleli yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Yingakho isikhulu wawulokhu uthathwa ngisho wasemuva oyinhloko weSonto Lobu-Orthodox.

WezoMnotho kanye kwezombusazwe ka Kievan Rus is kwakuxhomeke emasikweni ubudala ahlukile ukuthi evikelwe Knights iseluleko. Lesi sikhungo wakhonza njengomdala kubalulekile amandla umphelelisi izikhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi le nkosi njalo babonisana izikhulu ezindabeni inqubomgomo kanye namazwe angaphandle. I boyars ikwazi isimo ngefomethi Regency Council e-kwasebuntwaneni ePrince. Abadala Rurik sasivame ukuxoxa ajenda ngokuphumelelayo nezimo ngesikhathi emadilini nokuzingela.

ezisetshenziswa umphakathi ukulawula imisebenzi avame wanika zamasosha ukhiye. izibonelo eziningi ukungenela ezempi kwezombusazwe eyaziwa ngokuba imilando. Ngokwesibonelo, Kiev isikhulu Svyatoslav ayenqabe ukwamukela ubuKristu ngenxa yokuma onogada yabo yobuqaba, anti wayenokholo ngesiGreki.

ekilasini Lordly ngaleso sikhathi kwakungelona lombhalo avaliwe. Aristocrat kungaba ubani indoda enekhono ngisho mercenary. Kulokhu, lo boyars abangu akaphoqelekile izikhulu inkonzo. Babekwazi ushiye overlords zabo badlulele kwamanye Rurikovich (Nokho kokulahlekelwa phansi). Kuyaziwa ukuthi uVladimir le Varangians Omkhulu ngenkuthalo usabalalisa izindlu, ngenxa ekuthumbeni usizo lwabo Kiev sobukhosi.

Funky

Umbhidisi ikambisolawulo Elidala isimo Russian laliwumuzi Chamber. It yenza umsebenzi kummeleli futhi ukunikeza abantu ithuba ukuthonya izinqumo ezenziwe uhulumeni. Ilungelo ivoti kwaba kuphela amadoda (temindeni). Imibono zakubo abangashadile awazange kubhekwe.

Ukubukeka Chamber njengoba isikhungo esibalulekile ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho Kievan Rus, elihlobene ne ukukhula omphakathi ezisemadolobheni. umphakathi okunjalo kwamiswa ka kwezakhi eziningana: abathengisi, nabakhandi, abefundisi, abaphathi phezu kwesikhulu. Ekuqaleni, iChamber odlale indima abahlubukayo empilweni zezombangazwe, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isisindo liyakhuphuka. Inani eliphakeme labamemezeli ukubaluleka kwemihlangano yenzeka emakhulwini eminyaka XI-XI.

izikhulu Okokuqala Kievan awanakuziziba umbono wabantu. Bona ngenkani ashaqe emzini ifomu efanayo kubaluleka wabhapathizwa amaqaba izolo. Kuleso simo, kungani Chamber namanje imzuzele eside isisindo zezombusazwe? Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izidlamlilo ezisemadolobheni kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile squad. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abacebile banikeza ezikhulwini ukuboleka imali (isibonelo, nempi efanayo). Ngezinye Rurik zokugcina lapho ngumnikazi izithakazelo kwezomnotho ehambisana nokulingana Posada.

Umphumela wazo zonke lezi inqubo ehamba kancane inexorable kwaba iqiniso lokuthi 1068 Chamber of Kiev wakhetha ukuba abe ngumholi wabo isiboshwa Vseslav, futhi 1113 wamenywa ukuba abuse Vladimira Monomaha. uhlelo Democratic kuhlaba elijwayele enyakatho. Kwakuwusuku ezimele kakhulu Veche Novgorod, lapho esikhathini kwehlukana zezombusazwe yayiyisikhathi ngesisekelo Novgorod Republic.

izikhulu

Kwesinye olulodwa Kievan Rus kuwo wonke umuzi ezinkulu yesifundazwe isikhulu umbusi. tikhundla elinjalo lalikhona Novgorod, Pereslavl, uVladimir, Chernigov, nokunye. D. Njengomthetho, nababusi baba isihlobo esiseduzane kwesikhulu. Enhlabathini, benza imisebenzi komthetho, ukulawula kanye nezezimali.

City apharathasi zokuphatha ephethwe tysyatskim. Phakathi nempi, bakha athathwe. Kwakukhona eliphansi izikhulu - onogada futhi desyatskie. Babuthela izintela yayiqikelela izifunda ezikude. Inkantolo izinhlawulo eqoqwe virnikami. ekuphathweni Kwezindawo Zasemakhaya eliholwa abadala omphakathi, kanye nokuphatha emazweni isikhulu - Tiuna.

elite

isakhiwo Social Kievan Rus sasiba sibi futhi ashukumisayo - ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi ngeminyaka angashintsha isimo sabo senhlalo. Ngesikhathi uphezulu esitebhisini babe isikhulu kanye nabasizi bakhe - umndeni, retinue, le boyars. Njengoba sekuzoqala Old isimo Russian elite kakhulu sakhiwa amaViking, ivela eScandinavia kulandela Rurikovich kuqala. Kancane kancane isibalo Normans kwehle. Ezinye sokwetshisa, abanye esikhundleni lezinceku Eastern lwamaSlav.

ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho Kievan Rus 'ayengeke akwenze ngaphandle kukhulunywa isikhundla nelungelo of apharathasi isimo. Ngo umusa wakhe usabalalise imali ukuhweba, kusukela onakala pi, izintela nokunye. D. izikhundla ehlonishwayo babe bailiffs (ognischan), ophethe indlu yenkosana (tiuns), abaphathi emadilini (umphathindebe).

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XII Russia akahlupheki kusukela feudalism esingokwemvelo esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngakho-ke, nakuba boyars, futhi wadlala indima ebalulekile empilweni umphakathi East Slavic, babengakwazi abanikazi ezimele izigodi zabo siqu. Iqembu labadlali abancane kunabo bonke, ongaphansi kuye, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Igridi.

izakhamuzi Mahhala nezigqila

stratum Isilinganiso social Kievan Rus 'siqanjwe kwezakhamizi abantukazana khulula. Ukuze-ke ephethwe mayelana 75% wesibalo sabantu. Enye ungqimba - abathengisi asebenzayo, ngaphandle kwalokho kuyoba ukuthuthukiswa engacabangeki kwezehlalakuhle nomnotho Kievan Rus. Kafushane sichaze ukubaluleka abahwebi can okungenani iqiniso lokuthi isimo wachitha yonke nazo zonke ezidingo ezidingekayo (futhi ukusiqondisisa) ukuze kuvikeleke emzileni wezohwebo kusukela amaViking amaGreki. Izakhamuzi posadov ezisemadolobheni united emphakathini. Bakhandwa ihlanganiswe ngesisekelo esifundeni indawo.

abalimi Ngokwami khulula futhi ngokuthi Lyudin nemiphakathi yabo - ngezintambo. Ngaphezu kwalokho kubo ababewujabulela futhi smerdy. Bayibiza abalimi okuqondene kokwesikhulu. Basebenza ezweni le nkosi. Ukugada wabo Tiunov kwenziwa. isimo Social serfs babe ngezinyamazane ezibuthaka kunezinye kuleli zwe. Amacala ngokumelene nabo ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba izinhlawulo eziphansi. Ngamanye amazwi, isimo serfs kwagcizelelwa emthethweni eyisisekelo Kievan Rus - Pravda Russian.

Nangesinye stratum labacwaningi attribute ryadovichey. Lawa kwakungamadodana abasebenzi ezisetshenziswa umphakathi hhayi ahlotshaniswa nanoma yiluphi ungqimba sabantu. Umsebenzi wabo ifaka isandla esibalulekile komnotho wezwe. By umsebenzi ophoqelelwe ophoqelelwe abakweleta asikwazanga ukuba ikhokhe izikweleti zazo. I-Russian Pravda ethi sebewelele igama kuthenga. Kwakusho ukukhululwa kwezigqila babephathwa nezinceku. Lawa kwakungamadodana abantu ababebhekwa njengabaphansi impahla izikhulu noma izikhulu futhi okukhethekile ezithile epulazini. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba aphathe Klyuchnik izigqila.

Ngaphandle zonke ohlelweni lomphakathi babe abefundisi. Bavele ekupheleni IX leminyaka, lapho uVladimir Elikhulu kwaba Russia ebhapathizwa futhi wenza ubuKristu inkolo isimo. Okubalulekile yokwehlayo (ababhishobhi, ababhishobhi abakhulu kanye wedolobha) kanye esesikhundleni nelungelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kancane kwakhiwa isimo izindela. kwenziwa ilungiselelo elikhethekile sesibe ezincane kazwelonke: abantu Ugric, le Finns enyakatho kanye hoods eningizimu abamnyama. Ekupheleni XI leminyaka eRussia igxilile amaJuda. Abaningi babo babehilelekile usury nezicebi. Jewish kufuduka ukwanda okwenzeka ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe-Khazars.

Umnotho kanye Ezolimo

Njengakwamanye amazwe angomakhelwane, ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Kievan Rus 'yayisekelwe izindawo ezithile ezingukhiye: kwezolimo, ezohwebo ezifuywayo angaphandle, kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Ngo IX-X eminyaka. kwaba noshintsho qualitative kwezolimo. Phakathi nale nkathi, elidala ubunile yifusi uhlelo lwezolimo. Isimiso laso laba ukuthi ngemva kwezitshalo ezweni kuqala iminyaka embalwa kwesokunxele kuya yifusi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakungekho alternation e ukujikeleza.

Endaweni yalo mkhuba wafika dvuhpolnaya futhi emithathu ensimini uhlelo yokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Ngaphandle yethula ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Kievan Rus kungaba untula futhi belated. Lapho uhlelo ezintathu-field kwisayithi alternated kwemiphakathi ehlukene: Imibhangqwana, entwasahlobo nasebusika. Ngenxa indlela entsha kwezitshalo abalimi baye banda umkhiqizo emapulazini abo. Ezindaweni esenyakatho Eastern amaSlav kule nkathi, ababekade eshintshashintshayo ukutshala is kancane kancane sithathelwe indawo ukutshalwa unomphela.

Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho we Kievan Rus 9-12 eminyaka. It kwakuxhomeke kwesivuno izitshalo ukhiye. Esikhathini eningizimu wakhula nokunye okufana nokolweni kanye kukakolweni, enyakatho - oats, ibhali kanye rye. Amasimu ngamunye zibekelwe itheniphu. izitshalo Industrial etshalwa futhi lisetshenziswe beluka (Hemp futhi yefilakisi). Insimbi ukhiye zomsebenzi enyakatho kwaba igeja. Ngo abalimi XII leminyaka sokuzivivinya igeja lokhuni phelelisa ngokungeza ploughshare metal.

Yini enye kuthinta ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Kievan Rus? Ezolimo lalingekho ngaphandle amahhashi. Yibo labo ngadonsa igeja. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahhashi zazidingeka ibutho. ukutshalwa yakhe isibe kuyingxenye ebalulekile emnothweni Russian lasendulo. emihlambi emikhulu kwakungekaNkulunkulu yasendlini kwesikhulu. Nokho Bahlala nezolimo nezinkomo ekukhuliseni izingane. Uma uhlanganisa zonke lezi izimboni, ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Kievan Rus kanye Old isimo Russian Lena inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enezici, okuyinto namanje lafundvwako ngochwepheshe.

Ukuzingela, ukudoba, ukufuywa

Ngaphezu kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Kievan Rus eyayigujwa ukuzingela. It okubhekana naso ngayo imiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu. Ukuze boyars nezikhulu ukuzingela kwakumnandi. Kodwa izakhamuzi ehlathini ihlathi-asemaqeleni izifunda kwaba indlela imali nokudla. Furs ayesetshenziswa abathungela kwezembatho ezifudumele namakhaza exchange kwezomnotho nomakhelwane (enana). Ukuze ukuzingela ezintweni zabanye abantu umuntu sasivunyelwa ukuba esihle omkhulu noma kuhlawuliswa (okufanayo uya ukubulawa abazingeli izinja futhi umonakalo ukuzingela kumanethiwekhi).

Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho we Kievan Rus 'ayengeke akwenze ngaphandle lokudoba. Bona ezingelwa ogwini zamachibi, imifula nemifudlana, okuyinto bekulokhu okweqa East European Plain. Futhi kule Kievan Rus sibaningi iphutha Bortnychi umnotho. Uma beekeeper umake komuthi njengoba usebenza, kuziwa ngaphansi kwesivikelo umthetho. Labhujiswa uphawu umnikazi we sokulinda isidleke okwesikhathi esihle 12 hryvnia.

ukuhweba

Yezandla nokuzingela wanika imikhiqizo ethandwa emakethe angaphandle. Export of Kievan Rus ngokuyinhloko izitshalo yezolimo kanye nezinsiza ihlathi. Esikhathini X leminyaka yaqhakaza ukuhweba nge waseByzantium. NamaGreki Oriental Slavic ithengiswe uju, emakhilayoni, uboya, okusanhlamvu kanye isibopho. Ngo exchange, abathengisi Kievan Rus wathola imizamo imifanekiso yabo, ubucwebe, izithelo nosilika. Futhi ibilokhu ukuhweba ephapheme ne eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Ngenxa ukuhweba imali eningi eConstantinople kwakukhona zokuhlala unomphela abathengisi nezivakashi ezivela Kiev. Imizi isiJalimane zaseScandinavia ngokwesiko kwadingeka ngaphezulu Novgorod. Ngaphandle laba bantu okhaliphile nesibindi ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Kievan Rus ayizange ithole Tempo ngawo izwe isungule eminyakeni yobuqotho zezombusazwe nokuzinza.

abathengisi Hlala kwamanye amazwe liye kulawulwa izivumelwano ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izincwadi ezinjalo ngemvume WaseByzantium e 907 kanye 944, futhi iVolga Bulgaria - e 1006, kanye inqubo reverse iphutha. ERussia, nabadayisi basemazweni ixazululwe. NamaJalimane Dutch ( "abantu Latin") wadala kusikhungo Novgorod buqamama. Ekhatsi Kiev, kwakukhona iqulo lesiGreki futhi abathengisi Armenia. Suzdal nge iVolga yakhe kwaba zithuthukisa by ukuhweba nge Amazwe aseMpumalanga, Bulgars, kwabaMhlophe kanye nezakhamuzi Khorezm. Ekhatsi Kiev umphakathi Tmutorakan efika Persian nezimpahla Georgian.

Kungani ahlupheke ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Kievan Rus? Kafushane izinkinga main zingancishiswa izimpi, kanye nokweba nokuphanga abathengisi 'eligadulayo amadoda. " Abahwebi ethutha imikhiqizo phakathi emazweni ahlukahlukene, ukudala mahele futhi bahlangene inhlangano ukuvikela amalungelo abo. zezentengiselwano okunjalo alawule elala isimo kanye eziqoqwayo. Ngo Novgorod, ngenxa yale njongo, usethe umthengisi "amakhulukhulu". I osomabhizinisi ezinethonya kunazo nezicebi abekade umphakathi nelungelo. Ukuze uthole kuwo, kwakudingekile ukuba akhokhe imali yokungena (ngamashumi ayisihlanu esiliva hryvnia). Abathengisi kwesokudla sekukhona njengoba kwezinkambiso ngokomthetho esibophezelayo ku "Iqiniso Russian" Yaroslava Mudrogo. Ikakhulukazi, le dokhumenti okokuqala wathola i-athikili mayelana ezikweletini.

yezandla

Akungabazeki ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho Kievan Rus akuxhomekile kuphela ngaphandle, kodwa futhi kusukela ukuhweba yasekhaya. injini Its main kwaba wezandla. Ngo Kievan Rus, kwakukhona amasimu mayelana 40 enjalo. Kwakumelwe ababazi bamatshe, ibhuloho abakhi, abakhiqizi izitini, bemikhumbi. Ikakhulukazi ayazise umsebenzi abantu, ukuvusa Orthodox wokuqala Russian. Ochwepheshe abaningi baye abafundile kabanzi, kangangokuthi kuphela yashesha ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Kievan Rus. Craft yaqhakaza ngamaqembu amancane. ukwelukwa kwakuvamile ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Isidingo imikhiqizo yendwangu lakhula kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu.

Omunye umsebenzi ophambili u Blacksmithing. Ukuze amaqhawe, nabakhulu nezikhulu master wenza izikhali; kubantu abahlala emadolobheni kanye nabalimi - zethusi ithuluzi lensimbi. ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho Kievan Rus liyancedisana phambili ne sesimanje zokukhiqiza, kanye le nqubo ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle imishini eliphezulu.

I zobumba ku stucco amasu X leminyaka wakhala isondo a sombumbi. Kangaka Ukusebenzelana laseRussia lathola tableware sobumba. Isizukulwane ngesizukulwane baye ayalolongwa amakhono abo East Slavic Jewelers. lakudala Russian wayaziwa emazweni amaningi ngenxa amasu alo eziyingqayizivele filigree, beading futhi t. D.