Novgorod LoMhlangano. History of the Novgorod Republic

Novgorod Land Ephakathi kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso esiyinhloko ukuhweba. Ngakho kungenzeka ukuba uthole emazweni Western Europe kanye noLwandle iBaltic. Kutholwe kuqhathaniswa eduze iVolga Bulgaria, uVladimir ubukhulu. Wagijima eduze iVolga mfula emazweni asempumalanga Muslim. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emgwaqweni 'ovela amaViking amaGreki. " Ukuze pier emfuleni. Volkhov emikhumbi eboshelwe ukufika kusuka emadolobheni ehlukene kanye namazwe. Laba bathengisi abahambi evela eSweden, eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe. Esikhathini Novgorod ibekwe Gothic nezinkantolo commercial-German. bendawo Phesheya waxosha eyangaba isikhumba, uju, yefilakisi, uboya, emakhilayoni, isilwane sasolwandle esikwaziyo futhi ukuphila ngaphandle ezweni esinamazinyo azingxavula. Kusukela kwamanye amazwe lapha alethwe tin, ithusi, iwayini, izinto zokuhloba, indwangu, izikhali, amaswidi kanye izithelo ezomisiwe.

inhlangano endaweni

umhlaba Novgorod kuya kweleshumi XII, yayiyingxenye Kievan Rus. Imfundo zokuphatha ukusebenzisa imali yakho siqu, isinyathelo imithetho elawula abantu, hhayi ikhumbula imithetho ebekwa kwezinye izindawo kuleli zwe, abangu-nebutho lakhe. Grand Dukes Kiev etshalwe amadodana Novgorod othandekayo kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla abo kukhawulwe kakhulu. Funky eNovgorod republic izinduna yilona eliphezulu ukuwedlula wonke ebusayo. Kwakuyisikhathi ukuhlangana zonke labantu besilisa. Kwakuthinta ibizwe ukukhala of izinsimbi.

Novgorod Republic: Chamber

Emhlanganweni ukuxazulula izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu yokuphila yomphakathi. They namatha sphere ehluke ngokuphelele. Wide isikhala zezombusazwe ngokwanele, okuyinto has a Chamber of Novgorod, kungaba nomthelela wokukhula okuthe alo uhleleke kakhudlwana izinhlobo. Nokho, njengoba zemihla ngemihla ibonisa ukuthi lo mhlangano okungahleliwe ngaphezulu futhi enomsindo kwanoma iyiphi enye. nasenhlanganweni yaKhe kwadingeka izikhala eziningi. Ngezinye izikhathi kokuhlangana obize Rurik, Prince of Novgorod. Nokho, ezikhathini eziningi Ngenza yimiphi izicukuthwane komuzi. Ngesikhathi sobandlululo umhlangano party obize kanye nabantu. Novgorod LoMhlangano akubhekwa unomphela. It is obize futhi baqhuba kuphela uma kunesidingo.

isakhiwo

Novgorod LoMhlangano obize ngokuvamile at Yaroslav egcekeni. Ukhetho kaJehova komuzi senzeka square eduze St Sophia Cathedral. On indlela yokwakheka Novgorod Veche ayikwazi wacabanga ngomzimba ummeleli, njengoba akusho abathintekayo iyiphi amalungu ePhalamende. On endaweni akwazi ukuxoxa wonke umuntu azi- isakhamuzi, futhi umhlangano. Njengomthetho, ke yahanjelwa abantu emelela idolobha abaphezulu. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, kwakukhona izakhamizi abasebasha zasemizaneni - Pskov futhi Ladoga. Njengomthetho, prigorodskih wathumela amasekela ukubhekana ku insimu inikezwe. Iqhaza izivakashi abayitoho phakathi prigorozhan. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1384 e-Novgorod abantu beza Korely futhi Smith. Bakhala kormlenschikov Patricius (isikhulu Lithuanian). Kule ndaba, siyazi obize emihlanganweni emibili. Enye yawo kwakunguyise kokwesikhulu, elinye - for prigorozhan. Kulokhu, kwaba isikhalo abantu wacasula dolobha eNgophezukonke.

Imisebenzi ye-Novgorod Funky

Lomhlangano unesibopho yonke imithetho, izindaba kwenqubomgomo kanye namazwe angaphandle. Esikhathini Veche Novgorod labetibambile enkantolo ngamacala ahlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ebekiwe izinhlawulo ezinzima abahlaseli. Ngokwesibonelo, abenzi bokubi bagwetshwa bokuhlukaniswa ukuphila noma impahla yabo ziyathathwa, futhi bona ngokwabo babekhokha axoshwe zokuhlala. umkhandlu edolobheni kabanzi nangamaphesenti enquma imithetho, abamenyiwe belahla umbusi. Emhlanganweni abakhethelwa wamahlulela nezicukuthwane. Abantu banqume imibuzo impi nokuthula.

Imininingwane iqhaza

Ngokuqondene nelungelo ukuba ilungu Chamber futhi oda nomhlangano yayo, imithombo Awunawo idatha ethile. Imisebenzi wabahlanganyeli kungaba wonke amadoda: kanye kanti abacebile, kanti boyars, futhi abantu abamnyama. Nakuba neziqu akusethwanga. Nokho, akucaci ukuthi kukhona Unelungelo iqhaza ekuxazululeni esiphuthumayo ezindabeni zokubusa kuphela abakhileyo Novgorod, lokhu kusebenza futhi abantu ezizungezile. Kusukela amakilasi ethandwa, okuyinto oshiwo kuso idokhumenti, kuyacaca ukuthi amalungu ebandla babe ngabathengi, izicukuthwane abalimi, ababazi, nabanye. Chamber ngempela abathintekayo posadniki. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi base nezicukuthwane futhi ukuba khona kwabo kwaba siluthathe kalula. amalungu zomhlangano zazisesimweni ezicukuthwaneni abanikazi bamazwe. Basuke akubhekwa abameleli edolobheni. Boyar engaphila impahla yakhe endaweni ethile phezu Dvina, futhi ukusuka lapho ukuza Novgorod. Ngokufanayo, abathengisi baye bakha ikilasi akuyona indawo yokuhlala, futhi ngo-umsebenzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo angase avele ngokwendawo nasemizaneni ezungezile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuthi Novgorod. Zhitye abantu iqhaza emhlanganweni njengoba abamele zonke. Njengoba abantu abamnyama, nazo kudingeka ukuba amalungu Chamber. Nokho, akukho lapho kuboniswa khona ukuthi baye nengxenye kulona.

kokuqiniswa

Ezinsukwini ubudala zalotshelwa enegama singasebenzi nganoma iphuzu elithile e kokwesikhulu. Nokho, izinto zashintsha emva ukuqashelwa igunya obuphakeme umbusi omkhulu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, igama yinkosana kuciniswa ayizange. Yalotshwa egameni omnyama zhityh abantu, izicukuthwane, tysyachskogo, boyars nabo bonke abakhileyo. Lezi zimvu zamanzi babe leaden, futhi banamathela efuze snurkami.

ezizimele

Bakhandwa eyenziwa ngokuzimela ngumuntu Chamber enkulu Novgorod. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekupheleni ngamunye kwaba ukubiza imihlangano yabo. Babefanele Ukufundwa yabo nekubhala, ukunyatheliswa. Uma uneminye semikhawulweni ukudideka abangu sizongena nomunye. Izinso Chamber futhi Pskov. Bell, umhlangano, hung phezu kombhoshongo eduze kwaseSt UZiqu-zintathu.

Ukwehlukaniswa kwamandla

Esikhathini umsebenzi umthetho, ngaphandle abantu abathintekayo kanye kokwesikhulu. Nokho, kulesi simo namandla iziphathimandla kunzima ukudweba umugqa okucacile phakathi ubudlelwane langempela nomthetho. Ngaphansi izivumelwano zamanje, isikhulu ayikwazanga beveza impi ngaphandle kwemvume yomhlangano. Nakuba ukuvikelwa imingcele yangaphandle iwe angaphakathi kwendawo yayo. Ngaphandle imeya awuzange ungivumele ukuba unikeze abanye izikhundla eziphambili, bondliwe futhi sifunda. Ekusebenteni, leli qoqo kwenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume umbusi. Futhi, ungathathi "akukho iphutha" isikhundla. Yecala lomuntu isikhulu okwakufanele asimemezele emhlanganweni. It yena, uqhuba enkantolo kwezigwegwe. Kwezinye izimo, iChamber umbusi washintsha izindima. Ngokwesibonelo, rally kungenzeka ukuheha engadingeki eNkantolo yesiFunda kormlenschikov. Isikhulu yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola ukukhipha izitifiketi ngaphandle kwemvume osaziwayo.

Umehluko phakathi kwabantu

Ngo ngokwayo, Veche Novgorod ungase ungacabangi ezingxoxweni efanele zanoma iyiphi inkinga okungenzeka, noma i lokuvota ezifanele. Isixazululo neludzaba eyenziwa "nge-indlebe" emandleni ukukhala. Funky ngokuvamile luhlukaniswe party. Kulokhu ikhambi yenkinga kwenziwa nokusetshenziswa udlame, ngemuva kokulwa. Uhlangothi ukuthi iwine, futhi zicatshangelwa iningi. Lomhlangano usebenze njengomahluleli uhlobo kwenkantolo kaNkulunkulu kanye bephonsa ebhulohweni usigxekile lesi sinqumo kwaba ifomu vestigial test amanzi. Kwezinye izimo, wonke umuzi lalihlukene phakathi kwamaqembu alwayo. Khona-ke, imihlangano emibili kwenzeke ngesikhathi esifanayo. Omunye ihlangabezana-Trade we (indawo evamile), kanye nezinye - endaweni Sofia. Kodwa lezi imihlangano ngaphezulu internecine sihlubuki imibuthano, kodwa hhayi vechami evamile. Ngaphezu kokukodwa kwenzeka ukuthi imihlangano emibili ayebhekise amabombo nomunye. Yehla e-Volkhov ibhuloho, abantu manje isiqala ukuba ahlabe. Ngezinye izikhathi abefundisi ababegcina ngayo ijubane abantu ehlukene, izikhathi bangabi khona. Okusho ibhuloho elikhulu njengofakazi ukuhilizisana ezisemadolobheni kuholele kamuva asesimweni senkondlo. Kwezinye zemihla lasendulo futhi inothi owezizwe Baron Herberstein, owayevakashela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI. ERussia, kukhona legend of ukushayisana ezinjalo. Ikakhulukazi, indaba isivakashi angaphandle, lapho eSt uVladimir ka Novgorod silahlwe Volkhov isithombe Perun, unkulunkulu othukuthele, ukufinyelela ogwini, waphonsa induku at kuye, ethi: ". Lokho imemori ufuna kimi, Novgorod" Njengoba abantu ngesikhathi esimisiwe ukuya kwebhuloho bese uqalisa ukulwa.

NoMarta-likahulumeni Unkosikazi

Lona wesifazane unedumela ihlazo emlandweni. Wayengumngane ngomfazi Isaaka Boretskogo, imeya Novgorod. Ulwazi mayelana esigabeni sokuqala sokuphila kwayo lincane ngokwanele. Imithombo basikisela ukuthi uMarta wayevela emkhayeni boyar Loshinskih kabili futhi wayeshadile. Isaka Boretsky kwaba nomyeni wakhe wesibili, futhi owokuqala yayifile. Likahulumeni Umfazi uMarta wakwazi kungabi ngokusemthethweni. Lokhu isidlaliso akuthola Muscovites. Ngakho baziklolodela kumiswa esasenza Novgorod Republic.

Umsebenzi Boretskaya

Unkosikazi noMarta-likahulumeni kwaba umfelokazi umninindawo ezinkulu kabani Holdings baye bathuthela maqondana wakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaba ezindaweni yakhula kakhulu osebeni lomfula yoLwandle eqandisiwe futhi emfuleni. Dvina. Ngokokuqala ngqá ekuphileni zezombusazwe, waqala iqhaza ngonyaka 1470th. Khona-ke, e-Novgorod Veche labetibambile elukhetfweni a uMbhishobhi omusha. Ngemva konyaka, yena nendodana yakhe baba ngamashumi esivuna ekubusweni eMoscow. UMarta wayephaka njengoba umholi angakahleleki ukuphikiswa Boyar. Ukusekela lanikeza ezimbili umfelokazi yizicukuthwane Euphemia no-Anastasia. UMarta waba Ukonga okukhulu yemali. Ubaholele izingxoxo ngasese Casimir IV, inkosi yasePoland. Yasungulelwa ukubusa Novgorod awabhalela Grand Duchy of Lithuania e amalungelo ezizimele ekulondolozweni ukuzimela kwezombusazwe.

Ivan III amandla

Izinkulumo nge Casimir wafunda Grand Prince of eMoscow. Ngo 1471, unyaka okwenzeka Shelonskoy impi. It ibutho Ivan III uphahlaze ibutho Novgorod. Boretskaya indodana Dmitry wabulawa. Naphezu ukunqoba empini, u-Ivan aye wasigcina ilungelo ukuzibusa eNovgorod. Boretsky yena, waqhubeka izingxoxo Casimir ngemva kokufa kwendodana yakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, impi phakathi Lithuania naseMoscow. I 1478th Ivan Iii kuthatha umkhankaso omusha ngokumelene Novgorod. Kugcine ongafanelekile nangobudlova. Ukubhujiswa Novgorod Veche insimbi ubephelezelwa ukususwa, ekuphucweni umhlaba Boretskaya, kwesigwebo abameleli amakilasi abanethonya futhi wakuthola.

isiphetho

Novgorod LoMhlangano waba obaluleke ngokukhethekile zezombusazwe ezimpilweni zabantu. Lokhu kwaba ukhiye ebusayo okuyinto ophethe kuhlanganisa zonke izindaba zokuphila. Assembly ngaso kute amemetele futsi umthetho, nababusi abamenyiwe, wona awaxosha ngobani. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke amadoda abathintekayo emkhandlwini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakuyiphi ekilasini ethile. Kukholakala ukuthi lo mhlangano yezindlela wokuqala wokubusa ngentando yeningi labantu, naphezu kwakho konke imininingwane yalolu izinqumo. Chamber siyintando intando abantu hhayi kuphela Novgorod, kodwa futhi endaweni ezungezile. amandla akhe ayebekelwe ngaphezu umbusi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lona wamuva ezintweni ezithile kwakuxhomeke isinqumo lomhlangano. Le ndlela izwe self-efakiwe Novgorod kusuka kwezinye izifunda of Russia. Nokho, ne ukusabalala amandla autocratic ka-Ivan III, uyekwa. umhlaba Novgorod uqobo saba ngaphansi kokulawula eMoscow.