Isifundazwe Astrakhan. Ukubusa eRussia ukuguqulela

Isifundazwe Astrakhan Novemba 22, 2017 igubha unyaka wayo 300th. Yasungulwa ngomthetho uPeter Omkhulu e 1717. On insimu yalo kusukela 1480 umbuso e-Astrakhan, okuyinto yayikhona kuze 1557, ngesikhathi exhunywe State eMoscow.

Umlando wemfundo

Eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambili, ibutho eMoscow eholwa Prince Pronsky-Shemyakin langena endaweni umbuso wokusungula sobukhosi abadingisiwe Derbyshev Khan, owabuza usizo eMoscow futhi wathatha isifungo sokwethembeka esimweni Russian yisimo ekhokha intela. Ngemva kokubekwa kwakhe e 1557 amabutho Russian yayilokhu izidlela nje lezi Khanate eRussia.

izithakazelo isimo Russian kula mazwe bekulokhu omkhulu njalo. Wayefanele Izinjongo eziningana. I sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu - ukuvikelwa imingcele kusukela kuphangwa we Tatar izindimbane, okuyinto ngezikhathi bawele umngcele bangene ezweni, kanjalo okubangela umonakalo ongalungiseki labantu, ukudunwa kwezimoto sigqilazwe izakhamuzi. Esesibili - yoLwandle iCaspian, eyayintula ukufinyelela ukubaluleka lwamasu isimo. Ukwenziwa kwamakoloni onqenqemeni wathutha lula. Lokhu lula kuphangwa njalo AmaTatar nokuhlasela okuzingela ngu Cossacks mahhala futhi Kalmyks.

Kusukela 1708 ezweni umbuso wangaphambili ezahlanganiswa naleli Insimu isifundazwe Kazan. Sinesithakazelo esikhulu onqenqemeni yabonisa Potr Veliky. Nguye isiqunto 1717 kwenziwa ezindaweni ezweni Empire Russian. Astrakhan umbuso owayengumshushisi waba ingxenye njengenhlangano iyunithi zokuphatha - esifundazweni, ephethwe uhulumeni Jikelele.

indawo

Ukuthola sifundazwe Astrakhan - engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe European Russia. Njengengxenye yalo, njengoba imingcele ngo-1914 yayihlanganisa esifundeni Astrakhan futhi Kalmykia ngokugcwele, ingxenye Volgograd futhi Rostov Region, laseStavropol Territory, Dagestan naseKazakhstan Guryev esifundeni.

It ikhona le iCaspian ezisezansi, amakhilomitha angaba ngu-500-ke ubizwa wageza ngu yoLwandle iCaspian. Sifinyelela engezansi eMfuleni iVolga ihlukaniswe esifundazweni zibe izingxenye ezimbili. Kwesokudla (eVolga) ubizwa ngokuthi Kalmyk asemaqeleni, Kwesokunxele (Zavolzhskaya) - asemaqeleni Zulu. Ezijulile iVolga esifundazweni Astrakhan sehlukaniswe imicibisholo amabili, eqhekeza ku iziteshi eziningi, ogama inombolo isezingeni confluence yoLwandle iCaspian 70.

Indlela ukushintsha indlela yokwakheka isifundazwe

Umlando esifundazweni Astrakhan ugcwele izinguquko. Lalihlanganisa futhi lisuselwa nsimu enkulu. Gubernija ngaphansi uPetru ngokuphongoza emkhakheni zamanje. kwemingcele yayo wawusuka emaqeleni zasendle Kirghiz eCaucasus, kusukela Kuban futhi laseStavropol Territory ukuba Ephakathi iVolga.

Umuzi sifundazwe Astrakhan, okwakuwukuphela kwezidalwa yokuqala insimu yalo:

• Astrakhan;
• Guryev - njengamanje ku Atyrau (Kazakhstan) ;
• Dmitrievsky - okwamanje Kamyshin;
• Krasny Yar;
• Kizlyar;
• Petrovsk;
• Samara;
• Saratov;
• Simbirsk - Ulyanovsk okwamanje;
• Syzran;
• Terek;
• Tsarina - okwamanje usebenza;
• Black Yar.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-11, abane yamadolobha iVolga (Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk, Syzran) kwasuswa wangena isifundazwe Kazan. Ngemva kwenye engu-11, futhi Saratov ukungezwa esifundazweni Astrakhan. Ngemva konyaka waba isikhungo zaseSaratov yokubusa.

Okuthathelwa kukho, i-yokubusa - uhlobo ukuzibusa. umbusi Iphathwe aqokwe eMoscow, kodwa ngokungafani umbusi is eningawugcinanga ngezithukuthuku isimo, futhi kwaba phezu yokudla zensimu okhonzile. Umgomo wakhe - ilawule lesi sifundazwe futhi lokuqoqa izintela. Yokubusa yathi chithi saka ngesikhathi kubusa uCatherine II. Le ndlela uhulumeni yayinezinto eziningi hhayi kuphela Russia, kodwa okwenzeka kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi England.

Kube umsebenzi ezicashile kodwa obalulekile ilungiselelo Insimu State lapho isifundazwe Astrakhan eyenzekile yayo ebalulekile njengebutho eliqaphile wombuso futhi elihlanganisa Russia naseMpumalanga. yi Ezazimzungezile - kumiswa izifundazwe ezintsha, ukwedlulela kwezinye izindawo kwezinye izindawo. Ngo 1752 edolobheni wayiswa Orenburg Guryev. wayeneminyaka engamashumi amathathu emuva sifundazwe Astrakhan ngesikhathi esifanayo e ngezithako zawo engena emzini Uralsk. Ngemva kwesikhashana Axhtubinsk Black Yar futhi Tsarina wathuthela sifundazwe.

Ukuhambisa esifundazweni

Izindawo ezinkulu eziseningizimu abangu ezigqagqene esifundazweni Astrakhan. Sasihlala lapha ingxenye abantu abaningi ayimizulane: i-Kirghiz futhi Kalmyks. Ingxenye esemqoka yedolobha ikhona loMfula iVolga - ubeka ocebile izinhlanzi kanye amadlelo. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza evamile kwakudingekile ukudala izakhamuzi ixazululwe ophilayo ku insimu yalo. It waqala muva a kuthuthwa global kusukela ingxenye YaseYurophu umbuso ku Kirghiz asemaqeleni.

Kuthatha izinqumo ezidingekile settlement ngokushesha insimu ka esifundazweni: ukubeka umhlaba ukudayiswa kwi ngaphansi kwezimo ezimvunayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banikezwe, zazivunyelwa ukuba isetshenziswe mahhala. Izindawo kwenziwa amadolobhana wonke abantu abangavumelani. Kwakukhona nemizana entsha Cossack. isifundazwe Astrakhan yayiyindawo besekudingisweni, kwakukhona izinqaba. Lokhu ushiye Amakholwa emidala abasiphikisayo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX isibalo sabantu Orthodox (isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian) eneminyaka engaba ngu-55%, Zulu (Kazakhs) - 25%, Kalmyks - 13%, AmaTatar - 6%.

division zokuphatha

Isikhungo zokuphatha kwezindaba zesifunda okwakuseduze layo umuzi Astrakhan. Eshumini yokuqala yekhulu XX. esifundazweni, kwakukhona 5 izifunda. County Astrakhan sifundazwe Astrakhan kwakuwumsebenzi wokuhumusha omkhulu kunayo ngokuya labantu - abantu 219 760 (1897). Kwabe sekufika Enotaevsky okudalwe, Krasnoyarsk, futhi Chernoyarsky Tsarovsky, Kalmyk futhi emaqeleni Kirghiz futhi Astrakhan Cossack ibutho.

Ukwakheka izifunda eziyisihlanu kuhlanganisiwe:

• emiphakathini yasemakhaya - 157;
• emalokishini - 47;
• Izigayo - 13;
• izindawo uryadnicheskih - 89.

Kalmytskaya asemaqeleni kuhlanganisiwe Izilawuli eziyisikhombisa ulus futhi Bazaar. asemaqeleni Kirghiz lalinabashumayeli izingxenye ezinhlanu futhi izifunda ezimbili. I-Astrakhan Cossack empi ayengamadoda ayeyizinkulungwane ezimbili, ehlanganisa 13 nasemizaneni, nasezinqabeni Hamlets lezigelekeqe. Inombolo ephelele izakhamizi kwadingeka abangaphezu kwesigidi. Ensimini ka esifundazweni ke eziqhutshwa amasonto 167, 4 Orthodox zezindela.

ISifundazwe XIX-XX eminyaka

isifundazwe Astrakhan ekhulwini le-19 baqhubeka ukuguqulwa yayo, kodwa-ke, babengenazo abalulekile njengoba ekhulwini XVIII. Ngo 1832, emva kabusha okuningi sifundazwe Astrakhan ne eCaucasus kwahlukaniswa ngokuphelele. Ehola Wama kwababusi ezimbili - ezivamile ezempi. Kwenqwaba lokuguqula kwase kuphelile. ikoloni okuqhubekayo esifundeni.

Izinguquko zakamuva indawo senzeka ekuqaleni XX. Ngo-1917, asemaqeleni Kirghiz kwaba ihlelwe kabusha esabelweni Bukeyev okudalwe futhi izifunda Tsarovsky futhi Chernoyarsky bajoyine sifundazwe Tsaritsyn. Ngo-1925 uyekwa izifunda kanye akhiwa izifunda ezingu-12.