Emperors Russia: Kwezikhathi. Zonke ababusi Russian ukuze

ababusi Omkhulu Russia kuyinto alpha and omega, futhi ukuchuma kwabantu bayo. Njengoba uNkulunkulu - inkosi yezulu nomhlaba, futhi babengamaqhawe amakhosi ezweni labo. Futhi yalibusa kwaba okuningi. Omele sokuqala ngqá lesi sihloko nguPetru Yokuqala. Futhi cishe ngeke ize umlando wonke uMbuso Russian iqala ngale ubuntu okukhulu.

Ngokuzayo umbusi omkhulu

Peter Ngazalelwa eMoscow ngo 1672, elesishiyagalolunye June. Kwakuwusuku ingane nane Alexei Mikhailovich nomkakhe wesibili Natal Kirillovny Naryshkinoy. Ngemva kokufa eseNkosi uPeter njengefa izwe ukuthi kwaba ampofu kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa kwamasiko Emazweni achumayo aseYurophu. Ngenkathi Renaissance futhi kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni ishanelwe Europe, i-Russia sinqatshiwe westernization futhi lezi zinhlobo zokuphila zahlukaniswa sesimanje.

Petr Veliky - umbusi wokuqala we-Russia, okuyinto waziwa setingucuko yazo eminingi nokuthola imizamo yokwenza isimo sakhe waba namandla amakhulu. He qamba a lasolwandle eqinile, kabusha ibutho ngokwezindlela zesiLungu. Lapho wethula division esisha sokuphatha futhi indawo yezwe, waqala uchungechunge izinguquko eziye zehlela yonke imikhakha yempilo Russian.

izinguquko ezinkulu kanye nokuthuthukiswa isiyonke

Ngokukhethekile kuyinto umbusi wokuqala Russia wathumela ekuthuthukiseni isayensi. Waqasha ochwepheshe eziningana zakwamanye amazwe yokuqeqesha abantu babo zonke izinhlobo kwentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Igxile ekuthuthukiseni wezoHwebo, uye olwesimanje zamagama Russian, owethulwa likaJulius, futhi iphephandaba lokuqala Russian sidalwe uyisebenzisa.

Peter A. kwaba wemibono usomaqhinga okunekhono, ngubani kukhanselwe ifomu zakudala kahulumeni futhi osungulwe iSigele Ebusayo. Kwakuwusuku sakhiwo esiphezulu esithatha izinqumo amandla isimo, okuyinto ezilungisiwe wonke amagatsha yokuphathwa kanye nezixazululo nokufeza ezintsha kuleli inqubomgomo angaphandle yeRussia.

ezibonakalayo okusha indawo

Phakathi nokubusa Petra Velikogo State usezuze ezindaweni eziningi, ezifana-Estonia, eLatvia futhi Finland. Ngemva belwa Turkey, wayekwazi ukungena oLwandle Olumnyama. Futhi ngonyaka weshumi nambili ayinkulungwane namakhulu ayisikhombisa namashumi Poroshenko ethutha ikomkhulu edolobheni elisha ku uMfula iNeva - Petersburg, esunguliwe futhi okuyinto ngokushesha yaba "ifasitela eYurophu".

Ngokuhambisana nemithetho nezinye izinhlobo zayo ezihlukahlukene uPetru Russia isibe amandla emikhulu yaseYurophu. Futhi 1721, wamemezela umbuso, ngokulandelana, kuPetru Alekseevich wanikezwa isihloko Zonke-Russian Umbusi Elikhulu wobaba uyise.

UPetru wayengabuzi washada kabili futhi nginezingane nanye, abaningi babo bafa isakhasa. Koonyana bakaRubhen, owamazibulo ukuba ibuye emshadweni wayo wokuqala, u-Alex, ulahlwe yicala lokuvukela umbuso futhi abulawe ekusithekeni e 1718. Abafile Peter A. lesishiyagalombili ngo-February 1725 ngaphandle ukuqoka ukuthi bazoba nendlalifa.

Enye A. Peter

Ngokwemvelo, isimo Russian elawula hhayi kuphela bababusi Russia, ngabe sengithi kukhomba khona empresses ezine. Omunye wabo kwakungu-Catherine kuqala. Wahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemva Petra Velikogo. Ayeseza ngamandla, umzukulu, uPeter Omkhulu. Wazalwa ngo-nambili Okthoba 1715. Unina washona izinsuku eziyishumi ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu uyise balandela umama.

Ngo 1727, Menshikov ngokuthi uCatherine usayine kuqala intando esivuna uPetru. Futhi lapho iNdlovukazi wafa, uPetru II baqhubeka uhlu ababusi Russian.

Umthetho langempela woMkhandlu Ephakeme

Menshikov wabeka umfana ku kwakhe futhi baqala ukulawula izenzo zakhe. Little uPetru esaphila, ehlakaniphile, ingane enenkani unamakhono futhi kwaba sifana ukhokho wakhe. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu ukufana, kuba, ngokungafani kuya uPeter Omkhulu, wayengafuni ukufunda.

Ukuba uPetru usemncane kakhulu II asikwazanga abuse umbuso, futhi cishe akazange iqhaza imisebenzi yangasese Council. Lokhu yasheshe yaholela ukuhlukumeza kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo, njengoba izikhulu esatshwe izenzo unmotivated sikaPetru wayengafuni ukuba baqikelele yimuphi izinqumo ezibalulekile.

usuku wamashumi amathathu Novemba nye, anamakhulu asixhenxe, anamanci mabini lesishiyagalolunye, uPetru II umshado nesishiyagalombili ubuhle Ekaterina Alekseevna Dolgorukova. Kodwa ngonyaka olandelayo, owesithupha-January, wabamba umkhuhlane phakathi ukubuyekeza ezempi kanye ingxibongo. nesishiyagalolunye Abafile Januwari 1730.

Ngemva kokufa uPetru II esihlalweni sobukhosi ihlala kubangwa owesifazane, ngokusho - Anna Ivanovna. A ababusi okwalandela Russia - kwezikhathi libonisa eyishumi yokubusa kwakhe - alindele endaweni yabo emlandweni wombuso.

UMbusi-usana noma emzabalazweni

Ivan Eyesithupha wazalwa Petersburg ngo-August 1740 we nambili. Wayeyindodana ePrince Antona Braunshveyga-Wolfenbüttel futhi Anna Leopoldovna. kwezinsuku eziyishumi nambili ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, iNdlovukazi wamemezela Ivan izinyanga ezimbili ukuba angene esikhundleni sakhe. Futhi u-Ernst Johann Biron ayezoba ibamba intandane aze eba neminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa.

Kodwa unina ka-Ivan ngo-1740 egumbuqela Biron wamemezela yena ibamba. Ngemva konyaka, wayekade wagudluzwa Elizabeth, osekelwa grenadiers kanye nezikhonzi Preobrazhensky Regiment. Indodakazi Petra Velikogo, Anna nomndeni wonke kanye umbusi usana waboshwa emboniselweni eduze Riga. Khona-ke lo mbusi Ivan Eyesithupha wayiswa Kholmogory. Kukhona indlu umbhishobhi ezingenalutho sika yaguqulwa ejele. Elapho, umfana, wayephila esikhathini eyishumi nambili esilandelayo, engaboni muntu, ngaphandle umgcini wejele yakhe.

Ukufa okuyimfihlakalo isiboshwa, noma elinye kaKesari

Isiphetho ezinzima e amalungu amaningi asebukhosini, okuyibo okwakufanele ukuba angene esikhundleni sakhe sobukhosi. Futhi mhlawumbe kwaba esinye sezizathu ukuthi abanye ababusi Russian (Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo kubonisa amagama abo) ukuze ngokuzithandela badedele izikhundla esivuna othile nezihlobo.

Kodwa kwabe sekwenzekani kuya Ivan omdala Sesithupha? Amahlebezi kahle isikhathi ayevalelwe ngaso Kholmogory kuhlakazeka, futhi umbuso Elizaveta Petrovna ilihumusha ku Schlisselburg inqaba, nalapho efike waphelela khona wavalelwa yedwa. Ubunikazi kwesiboshwa wagcinwa ekusithekeni. Ngisho onogada babengacabangi ukuthi ubani ukuvikela. Ivan igcinwe kwezimo ezinyantisayo. Ukukhanya kuphela kwaba ikhandlela ngaye.

Onogada kubikwa ukuthi abafana intelligence babe alinamali, Ivan ilahlekelwe inkumbulo yakhe futhi akazange abe inkomba ebonisa ukuthi ungubani. Stuttering ke sasinamandla kangangokuthi ukuba baqonde lokho okufundiswa isiboshwa uthi, cishe akunakwenzeka, kodwa-ke, u-Ivan Sixth ukukhumbula igama lakhe langempela.

Umbusi wagudluzwa kwaba yingozi inkosazana isiJalimane, yabe isithatha isihlalo sobukhosi, futhi ibiyalela ukukuqapha ke ngokunakekela okukhulu, futhi esimweni ngomzamo ukukhulula isiboshwa - ukumbulala. Futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho ngobusuku yesine ku-5 Julayi 1764 i-Smolensk Infantry Regiment uLieutenant Vasily Mirovich kwaholela amavukela-mbuso bezama ukutakula Ivan kanye Prisoner ngokushesha ababulawa. Ngakho uhlu Emperors Russian ungeze elinye igama. Bengathokozile Ivan Sesithupha, ngubani wayengakwazi ukuthatha indawo yayo efanele.

Umzukulu ezimbili bababusi Russia nase Sweden

Zonke bababusi eRussia, ngo-oda ngokulandelana noma esigodlweni linemibhikisho ithatha isihlalo sobukhosi, ngandlela-thile wabonisa endaweni yokugcina yomlando. Futhi ngeke sikwazi ukusho lapha uPetru III, owabusa Russia izinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela. Wazalwa phezu amabili nanye Februwari nye, anamakhulu asixhenxe, anamanci mabini nesishiyagalombili unyaka enyakatho yeJalimane. Kwaba uwukuphela kwendodana Anna Petrovna noKarla Fridriha. Umzukulu ababusi ezimbili - Petra Velikogo noCharles nambili.

Umfana babonisa isithakazelo ubuciko, wayemthanda yamathanga ezempi kanye ngiphuphe ukuthi uma iba iqhawe edumile emhlabeni wonke. Lapho eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni eyishumi nane, walethwa Russia by-anti wakhe, eyayibusa Elizabeth. Amabili nanye ngo-August 1745, Peter washada inkosazana Anhalt-Tserbskoy, okwakuthatha igama uCatherine. umshado Political eyayihlelwe anti kaPetru, waba inhlekelele zisuka.

UMbusi ababemzonda isimo Russian futhi abantu bayo

Catherine wayengowesifazane intelligence okukhulu, futhi uPetru wasala nengane emzimbeni nomuntu wesilisa omdala. Baye kuzalwa indodana eyodwa - Paul, umbusi wesikhathi esizayo, futhi indodakazi ka-Anna, owafa eminyakeni yobungane. Zonke bababusi Russia, ukuze kungene sobukhosi nokulawula nguhulumeni, ikakhulu wazama lizwe inzuzo esiphezulu. Kodwa uPetru III kwaba ngaphandle. Wayeyizonda Russia. Angizange obakhathalelayo abantu isiRashiya, futhi akakwazanga ukubekezelela iSonto Lobu-Orthodox.

Ngemva kokuba uPetru III wathatha indawo yakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi, yena waqeda inqubomgomo angaphandle ka-anti wakhe, baletha eRussia kusukela iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa ', futhi lesi sinyathelo ababephila ngesikhathi kubhekwe njengendlela ukukhashelwa izisulu Russian empi. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ochwepheshe abanesithakazelo emlandweni Emperors isiRashiya, basikisela ukuthi mhlawumbe isinqumo kaPetru III wawuyingxenye uhlelo pragmatic umthelela isimo Russian kuya entshonalanga.

Reform noma amasevisi isimo

Nokho, uPetru III phakathi nokubusa ihlelwe uchungechunge yezinguquko zangaphakathi, okuyinto namuhla abonakala yeningi kakhulu. Zimenyezelwe inkululeko engokwenkolo, waqeda amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi yenqabela ukubulawa serfs zabanikazi. Futhi wadala ibhange likahulumeni kuqala.

Ibhodi ababusi abaningi eRussia yaphela eshone kabuhlungu. Futhi-ke okwenzeka kuPetru III. Kuningi ukuhlawumbisela okushiwoyo ngokuphathelene mayelana ngokufa kwakhe, kepha eqinisweni yena waba isisulu uzungu umkakhe Catherine, ababefuna ayibulale, ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi. Abangu-lwesishiyagalombili Juni 1762, Peter waboshwa futhi ngokushesha abulawe.

umthetho kaPawulu ezingomashiqela

Ezinye amagama ababusi Russian kungenzeki ukubalula ukubonga iqholo. Ngokwesibonelo, uPawulu I, owabusa lizwe iminyaka eyisihlanu ezingomashiqela, ngaphambi wabulawa. Wazalwa Petersburg ngo 1754. Abazali bakhe - Ngokuzayo uMbusi uPetru III futhi uCatherine II. Umama akazange abheke kuye umbusi esizayo nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi bahlala ifa Gatchina. Futhi endaweni kombusi esizayo Ekaterina lapho ilungiselela indodana yakhe u-Alexander.

Kodwa ngemva kokufa iNdlovukazi, uPawulu yabe isithatha isihlalo sobukhosi, futhi isinqumo sakhe sokuqala kwaba ukusungula ubuzibulo eziya esihlalweni sobukhosi, hhayi kukhethwa ngundlalifa Umbusi ngokwakhe. Uma ucabanga ukuthi iRussia idinga ohlanga ngokuphelele, waqala usike amandla namalungelo yezikhulu. Izimiso French Revolution akazange ukusakaza kuleli zwe, lapho ivalwa izincwadi angaphandle kanye travel ngaphandle isimo.

izinguquko eziningi e-yangaphakathi kanye nenqubomgomo zangaphandle uPawulu, kuhambisana salo sengqondo sokungafuni nesinyathelayo ukufutheka ukuhlaselwa, kubangelwa amahemuhemu mayelana unbalance sakhe sengqondo. Futhi amabili nantathu Mashi 1801, uPawulu lwesithathu wabulawa. Futhi esihlalweni sobukhosi indodana yakhe u-Alexander.

Lo mfundi Catherine ugogo

Alexander wazalwa Petersburg ngo-December 1777 we nambili. Wakhuliswa njengomFarisi ngu uCatherine Omkhulu, ababengamthandi indodana yakhe, uPawulu akazange acabange ukuthi nguye olamandla ukwahlulela kuleli zwe. Umbusi esizayo ebona umzukulu wakhe. Wayelethwa kahle isiko European, umlando kanye nezombusazwe, futhi wakhuliswa umoya abathanda ifilosofi egcekeni iNdlovukazi.

Kodwa inzondo phakathi kukaPawulu Catherine wamenza indima ezimbili ezihlukene. Lapho ugogo wakhe, yena enamathela ezimisweni kwamalungelo wobuntu kwenkululeko civil ukujabulela opera nefilosofi. Eceleni uyise wayengumGreki esiqinile isiyalo ezempi nokuqeqeshwa engapheli. Ngokushesha, u-Alexander isibe chameleon zemvelo, baba zengqondo nezimfihlo futhi washintsha kalula ngokushiyana kuye ngezimo.

Ngo 1801, ngesikhathi eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nantathu, u-Alexander egcotshwa. umbusi amahle ebukekayo bekulokhu ethandwa kakhulu. Ngokuvumelana kwezifiso zakhe ovulekile lesikole, wathatha uhambo uchungechunge yezinguquko kwezenhlalo. It wawuvinjelwe sokuhlushwa, kanti umthetho omusha avunyelwe abalimi ukuze ahlenge ngokwabo kusukela serfdom. Kulandele zokuphatha, ezezimali kanye zemfundo ushintsho.

Ukudlondlobala le nkosi enkulu

Phakathi nokubusa ababusi Russian kwadingeka izimpi eziningi ezahlukene kanye izimpi. Kodwa ngelinye lamavesi abaluleke kunawo wonke, ngisho okubizwa ngokuthi iMpi Patriotic, kwakukhona impi nge Napoleon. Ukuze u-Alexander kwaba mission saphezulu, okungaphezu nje impi phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. Kwaba impi phakathi kokuhle lokubi. Futhi lapho u-Alexander ngemuva kokuwina ukhwele ekuqaleni kwazo amabutho akhe e-Paris, waba omunye ababusi baleli zwe bakhipha enamandla kakhulu. Kwaba ukunqoba wokubusa kwakhe.

Eminyakeni yamuva, nokubusa koMbusi Ngabuswa kakhulu nge kukaNkulunkulu nobuKristu. Kuthe nesishiyagalolunye washona ngenyanga kaNovemba 1825, kwaba ukuhamba eziningi amahemuhemu ukuthi inkosi asiyeke ngasese baba indela. Yini ababusi Russian ayenziwe nalokho imicabango wavakashela izingqondo zabo ezinkulu, abaphefumulelwe babengayazi indaba.

Ebuntwaneni kanye nokubusa Nicholas

Nicholas Ngangiyingane ingane wesishiyagalolunye uPawulu Mina noMaria Feodorovna. Ngazalwa ngosuku lwamashumi amabili nanhlanu Juni eyodwa, 1796. Ngiseyingane, wayengumuntu luhlaza lokho futhi abanonya. Bafunde ekuqaleni ovela umzanyana Scottish, bese - Jikelele Gustav Lambsdorff. Njengoba ingenayo ingqondo ezibanzi nokukhathalela yonke into eziyibonayo, uNicholas akakuthandanga ukufunda. Isikhulu abasha phathelana animated kuphela uma izifundo yabhujiswa futhi wayevunyelwa ukugqoka umfaniswano kanye ukubamba iqhaza imidlalo wezempi.

Nicholas alingeniswanga njengomnikelo umbusi esizayo, futhi ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe, wayebhekene umcimbi washaqeka naye. Lokhu ukuvukela kwezinceku Decembrists. Abaholi ezinhlanu babulawa futhi cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amabili badingiselwa eSiberia. Eqaphela lesi sidingo setingucuko, inkosi nokho wesaba ukuthi izinguquko bayonikina izisekelo umbuso, yena kwadingeka zishintshele inzalo. Kwakukhona nezinye izithiyo kabusha - siyeza lezihlobo koMbusi, ogama ukubukwa kunethonya elikhulu ngezenzo zakhe.

Nicholas iziqubulo babe ubu-Orthodox Autocracy futhi ubuzwe. Ukubusa kwakhe kwaphawula usadlondlobele yokubusa kwamakhosi ngokuphelele eRussia. Ushonele nesishiyagalombili Februwari eyodwa namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amahlanu nanhlanu unyaka i-pneumonia. Futhi ekugcineni, umbusi wokugcina yeRussia. Uma kubalwa izikhathi kusuke amanothi wokubusa. Kwaba u-Alexander II no-Aleksandru III futhi uNicholas II. Indaba iphela sababusi Russian.

indodana Nicholas Board

U-Alexander II, izibulo Nicholas, nesikhombisa ngo-Ephreli 1818 wazalwa. Wathola imfundo enhle. Wayazi izilimi eziningana, wafunda ikhono impi, ezezimali kanye nawo. Kusukela esemncane wahamba.

Ngemuva kokuba umbusi, u-Alexander wakhipha umthetho ngesikhathi kukhishwa abalimi. I inqaba ithole ukuphila manje okuhloniphekile. Futhi njengoba baba izakhamuzi khulula, kwakudingekile ukuba baguqule lonke uhlelo yokubusa ezingeni lendawo. Phakathi nokubusa kuka-Alexander lwebulungisa iye ngilunge, zonke izigaba zokuphila baba abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho. Imingcele ingcindezi yaba ngcono, futhi abantu baqala manje inkululeko ethe xaxa yokukhuluma.

Naphezu kwezinguquko eziningi ukwenza ngcono izimpilo zabantu isiRashiya, u-Alexander II baba yizisulu ze-mbuso. Ilungu iqembu amaphekula abulala umbusi 1881.

Samuntu nebhere Russian

Alexander III wazalelwa omabini anamithandathu ka-February 1845 kuphela. Strong, esabekayo, Patriot yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba, wayengumuntu samuntu edume bear Russian. Weza amandla ngesikhathi esibucayi lo mbuso. Omunye uhhafu omphakathi ukuthi awanelisekile ne lonwabu yezinguquko, wesibili wamesaba ushintsho. Umnotho uyalulama kusuka impi nge Turkey. ukwesaba Yande olwaludedelwe wabaholi, zaholela ekwakhekeni leqembu esiphikisayo mbuso ka monarchists.

UMbusi akakuthandanga okwabezizwe, bakhuthalela inqubomgomo Russification. Lokhu kuye kwaholela isibhadalala ubuzwe Russian kanye ezimpini abangamaJuda. Wayekholelwa ngokuqinile isimiso 'eRussia Russian' nokuqiniswa amandla ekuphathweni. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Romanov wabulawa nephritis ngo-1894. Futhi weza amandla Russian zokugcina uMbusi uNicholas II.

Ukuphela kwezinto okubuhlungu asebukhosini

Eqinisweni abathandwayo! Of zokwakheka ezintathu ezahlukene kwesakhiwo aqukethe izihloko wasebukhosini. UMbusi Russian isihloko Ubuye amafomu ayo, enye yazo - egcwele. Futhi nangu isihloko Russian uMbusi uNicholas II lalinabashumayeli amazwi engamakhulu nantathu.

UNicholas II wazalwa ngo-1868. Ngo-1894, u-Nicholas waba umbusi. Naphezu imfundo lwakhe olujulile, enomuzwa wokuthi akukhona isilungele umthwalo esiye ekuzo. Futhi abaningi ayephila nabo waphawula ukuthi wabheka elididekile neliphithene.

Eminyakeni eminingi wokubusa kwakhe ilandelwa inqubomgomo kayise. Wayengumuntu enenkani kancane kakhulu basibona isidingo sokushintsha ngokuqondene izenzakalo 1901. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amandla ayo anqunyelwe steel, uMbusi lokugcina Russia ubezama sengathi naye namanje autocrat. Nicholas babefuna ukubuyela emuva ngesikhathi futhi abuyisele amandla wawoyise.

Ngemva KwamaBolshevik inguquko ka 1917 isikhundla asebukhosini isibe iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi ngemva konyaka ekuseni Julayi nesikhombisa, uNicholas II, umkakhe nezingane zakhe zabulawa. Yaphela kanjalo-ke kubusa emakhosi eRussia, futhi emlandweni wezwe waqala elinye iphuzu reference.