Article 275 we Criminal Code. Ngugobe futhi necala lobugebengu ngoba

Nanoma yiluphi uhlobo ekurhelebheni wakwelinye izwe ukuqhuba imisebenzi ukuthi bangase balimaze nokuvikeleka angaphandle WaseRussia, ingabe umbuso. Wobugebengu Ikhodi izinhlawulo ubugebengu olunikezwa Article 275. Yini igcwele ukuhlanganyela kule midlalo? Hlobo luni isijeziso kungenzeka kuzona isephulamthetho? Futhi lokho izindawo ezikhathazayo izenzo ezinjalo?

okusho

Imiqondo ezifana amambuka futhi lobunhloli, khona iminyaka eyinkulungwane yokubusa kukaKristu. Indaba yakhe ihlobene, eqinisweni, umlando wezimpi. Ikakhulu, i-Brussels Declaration yokutholwa ngo-1897, uthi ngiyinhloli ungumuntu ngomgunyathi noma imfihlo indlela lokuqoqa ulwazi ukuze kuzuze kwelinye izwe.

Nokho, phakathi imiqondo ezifana "hlola 'futhi" umkhapheli, ", kunomehluko isici. Eyokuqala Kukhipha lwati kwelinye izwe. Esesibili - ezweni isizwe. Njengoba ojwayelekile, afeze icebo lobugebengu emvumela ukuba ihhovisi, okuyinto ethatha it nezizathu ezizwakalayo ngokuphelele futhi okunengqondo inolwazi obaluleke kakhulu ezweni. Ngu lokuvukela umbuso futhi kungafaka ukwedlulela indoda esitheni ngesikhathi sempi. Ngenxa yalokho, sethiwa igama elithi okukhulunywa ngayo kulesi sihloko, ke kuyinto yinye igama elithi "ukukhashelwa".

indaba

Umqondo okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko, ngezikhathi ezihlukene futhi emazweni ahlukahlukene zahumusha. Ngakho, ngaphansi kwakhe eNgilandi phakathi Renaissance eqonda noma iyiphi uhlobo ukwephulwa kwemithetho ekhethekile wasebukhosini. Namuhla, kuleli zwe nokucekela linencazelo iwumngcingo. Kuyaqondakala njengenhlangano kuhlaselwa mithi. E-United States kule isenzo sola zezakhamizi ezilwa isimo, ngokujoyina izinhlangano ezinenzondo ukubasiza. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuleli zwe ngoba okuvukela uMbuso akulahlwa kungekho muntu ngaphandle ubufakazi abantu okungenani ababili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu XX, asolwa ubugebengu kwaba umuntu oyedwa nje.

Ngugobe eU.SSR

Eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu yikhulu edlule, ezweni lethu leli gama lisho noma yimuphi umsebenzi akuhlobene ekilasini yekuphila. Kusukela ngo-1934, esihlokweni imisebenzi counterrevolutionary kwangena izenzo ezihlukahlukene, kanye nezinhlawulo ngabo. Phakathi kwabo sasitholakala nokuceba. Isijeziso ubugebengu enjalo, hhayi kuphela e-Soviet Union, kodwa futhi kwamanye amazwe kube kubi kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi wajeziswa, ngokuvamile ngokufa.

welithi "Ezweni" leligama lisho ukuthini igama elithi "umbuso" in the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. Isihloko ahlukene ngaleli cala yayingekho. Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu elidlule ngesisekelo ukumangalela isenzo esinjalo walahlwa inombolo ngokungabi nabulungisa enkulu izakhamuzi zaseSoviet. Namuhla kunesimo esithi asifane laligujwa eJalimane ngaleso sikhathi. Kusukela ngo-1960 eSoviet Criminal Code benziwa izinguquko ezimqoka. isenzo Treasonable Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liye yabelwe isihloko ehlukile 64th.

eRussia

Ngenxa yezenzo ekuvukeleni uMbuso isakhamuzi Russian unesibopho. Lobu bugebengu enikelwe sihloko 275. Isijeziso - ejele iminyaka eyishumi nambili noma ngaphezulu. elithi Maximum - engamashumi amabili. Ngo-2012, Duma yokutholwa izichibiyelo sihloko, owawuthi necala lobugebengu fumana ngisho nalabo izakhamuzi abahlinzeke impahla, usizo lwezimali noma yokubonisana ukuze inhlangano yangaphandle. Izenzo ezinjalo zihlukile ukungaqiniseki esisemthethweni. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi kwentelwa kutsi letichibiyelo entsha kwabangela igagasi ukugxekwa.

Ngobugebengu

amanothi Essential zihlanganisa Article 275. okuvukela uMbuso High - ubugebengu okuyiwona isijeziso lowo okonile kungenziwa ikhishwe uma isikhathi kugwema kungenzeka detriment onomqondo we Russian Federation. Okusho ukuthi, uma umuntu ngokuzithandela kubika neziphathimandla nangezenzo, ke ushwele necala lobugebengu.

Lokuvukela umbuso - isenzo into okuyinto uba ukuphepha zangaphandle yezwe. Njengoba kungenzeka isihloko kubhekwe yiluphi ulwazi akha imfihlo isimo. Isisulu WaseRussia.

Futhi lokho okushiwo ngqo ubugebengu ezifana okuvukela uMbuso? Izenzo ezinjalo zihlanganisa ngokuyinhloko ubunhloli. Ukukhishwa izimfihlo isimo , futhi noma iyiphi nezinye izindlela zokusiza ibhizinisi angaphandle, ukusetshenziswa okuyinto luhambisana nomthwalo nemiphumela enqabayo ukulondeka Russia, futhi ukhulume nge-Iqiniso ubugebengu ebekiwe Art. 275 we Criminal Code.

ubunhloli

Lo msebenzi ubizwa ngokuthi nokuqoqwa, transmission, kanye isitoreji ngokweba ulwazi oluyimfihlo - kodwa hhayi zonke isenzo esinjalo lungena ngaphansi kwencazelo ka "ukuvukela umbuso". Ngokungafani asihlola okuvukela uMbuso okuyisihloko ukoniwa. Kuyini lokhu? Zibophezele ukuvukela umbuso kungaba isakhamuzi ezweni elithile, esimweni sethu - eRussia. I ubunhloli usolwa kuphela bamazwe angaphandle.

Njengoba sekushiwo, isihloko ubugebengu ngaphansi Art. 275 we Criminal Code kungaba yiluphi ulwazi lungekho yokuveza. Yikuphi izindawo zihlanganisa ulwazi olunje? Lokuvukela umbuso - isenzo okubandakanya Ukukhishwa ulwazi ehlobene nempi, kwezomnotho, ezesayensi, inqubomgomo angaphandle kanye intelligence imisebenzi WaseRussia. Ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi walolu hlobo uyakwazi ukubangela umonakalo omkhulu ukuze kuvikelwe izwe. Ngakho-ke, imibhalo, ukudluliswa kwe-okuyinto iphathwa njengoba okuvukela uMbuso (Criminal Code), ibhalwe ukuthi "oluthathwa" noma basonta uhlobo olukhethekile. Uma ukwaziswa okunjalo nalabo abamele esimweni sazo ithumela isakhamuzi babezizwe, sikhuluma ubunhloli - ubugebengu okulotshwe ngokuningiliziwe kakhulu esihlokweni. 176 we Criminal Code. Isijeziso cala - aboshwe isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyishumi kuya amabili.

Omunye umehluko ekuhloleni isimo ukungathembeki wukuthi esimweni sangaphambili ehlehlela ayewafundisa, ezifana imidwebo, imidwebo, amashadi, noma yimuphi umdwebo, kokuba imibhalo efanayo ngokomthetho. Isakhamuzi angaphandle unelungelo ukugcina lolu hlobo ulwazi. Futhi ngakho ukuze ilifa lalo, kamuva laba impahla yabantwana isimo, ke lucwaningo nokweba.

Ezinye izindlela ukunikeza usizo wamanye amazwe

Ngugobe (Article 275 we Criminal Code.) - ukuthi kuyicala ukuthi akuhileli nje kuphela ukudluliswa kolwazi labizwa ngokuthi "imfihlo phezulu." Lesi senzo kungafaka phakathi kweminye imisebenzi enesandla umgomo inkampani angaphandle, okuyinto bazibandakanya emsebenzini owodwa owenziwe enobungozi eRussia. Okuqukethwe usizo olunjalo kungaba ezihlukahlukene kakhulu.

Ekhuluma ewukuhlakanipha okwenziwe umsolwa lokuvukela umbuso kungaba kwakuthiwa enze isakhamuzi Russia, engesiyo bahileleke imisebenzi yenhlangano lobunhloli, kodwa has a kuzo ukusekelwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo.

Ubani kusondele Article 275?

Lokuvukela umbuso - ubugebengu lapho ongabeka izakhamuzi isiRashiya, faka agents for angaphandle namasevisi ukukhalipha, ukukhethwa kwezindlu ephephile kulabo izinhlangano efanayo ukusiza umsebenzi kwabasebenzi service. Uma ukuqaliswa zonke lezi izenzo eziphambene nomthetho uzibophezele ezinye izenzo zezombusazwe kanye abavamile imvelo lobugebengu, kumele kuthathwe njengeziphakamiso ngokuzimela.

Kulokhu okungenhla singathola waphetha kanje: ohlangothini inhloso umbuso libhekene izenzo ezifana lobunhloli, ukuvezwa izimfihlo wombuso kanye nezinye izindlela zokusiza nezinhlangano zasemazweni angaphandle ezingqubuzana nezinhloso WaseRussia.

Kuthiwa umthetho lokuvukela umbuso yayivame abanye ukuhlelwa kule minyaka yamuva. Izenzo ezifana nalezi ezichazwe ngezansi akuzona njalo ubugebengu. Ngugobe noma lobunhloli, akunjalo kudala wakhonza njengephayona ukudluliswa ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo.

izisusa

isici subjective yalesi ubugebengu ngenhloso oqondile. izenzo Treasonable sibe nezisusa zezombusazwe noma sibe nobugovu. Ngo umkhuba zokwahlulela, kuba khona kushukunyiswe izenzo ezinjalo ezifana okuvukela uMbuso (Criminal Code Art. 275), isifiso ukuthola ubuzwe angaphandle.

Njengoba isibonelo, cabanga ngesimo esilandelayo yezinto. Ake ucabange ukuthi CEO omunye izinkampani ezikhiqiza izingxenye inkambu rocket-ngokwakha, ukusebenza izinjongo zakhe siqu (ngaphandle umvuzo wezinto ezibonakalayo ngoba "nokubambisana" enjalo, inhlangano yangaphandle wathembisa ukusiza isimo imbuka yokubhalisa yisakhamuzi), lidlule inani imfihlo phesheya. Ukuhamba njalo phesheya umqondisi nentshisekelo kwahulumeni. Nokho, isizathu emizameni yokuthuthukisa leli cala nesitatimende omunye wabasebenzi. Izenzo uzibophezele yinhloko izimpawu ubugebengu ngaphansi Article 275, uzobe ugwetshelwe okuyinto.

Ubani ongafaka enze izenzo treasonable?

Isihloko lesi senzo ubugebengu Russian kuphela attained engu-nesithupha. Ngokwe amacala ezibhekwa neze osolwa izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe noma abantu lizwe ababhekwa njengezakhamuzi zalo. Futhi ngeke ukwazi ukwenza ecaleni njengoba abasolwa ngokuqhuba nokugqugquzela. Lona ngokucacile, okuyinto has isihloko we Criminal Code. Lokuvukela umbuso - isenzo for ezingasetshenziswa bajeziswe kuphela isakhamuzi WaseRussia. Kanye, uthi, isihloko 106th ( "I Ukubulala umama osanda kuzalwa '), inkantolo liyakulahla kuphela unina wengane kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye umuntu. Ngakho, amambuka futhi ubunhloli - ubugebengu ngokuqinile ngezifiso. Izinhloli, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, uyakwazi nokuqalisa kuphela ngumuntu wakwelinye izwe.

Izingxabano phakathi abameli

Ochwepheshe iphambene ngokuqondene nokuthi ubani angase osolwa ngokuba imbuka: yena onolwazi esenziwa imisebenzi yabo, noma lowo wathola ulwazi ngokweba. Ezinye theorists kanye nodokotela bakholelwa ukuthi ngalesi sihloko lungase lwenze kube umuntu owayebizwa imibhalo akha imfihlo isimo omethembayo. Nokho, ukuqonda okunjalo akubhekwa ku namacala obugebengu. Yingakho angase bemangalelwa ukuvukela umbuso ikhishelwa ubani adalule imininingwane eyimfihlo.

izimo ukuze uyeke

necala lobugebengu ukuze nasiphambeko Kwezinye izimo asuswe okonile. Liphinde kushiwo esihlokweni. 275. Kodwa ngenxa yokukhululeka isijeziso kuyadingeka ukuze uqaphele le mibandela elandelayo:

1. Zokuzithandela futhi ifike ngesikhathi emizimbeni umyalezo egcwele amandla, ulwazi olunzulu. Izenzo ezinjalo uyasiza ukuvimbela imiphumela engemihle kwenqubomgomo wezangaPhandle, futhi ngaleyo ndlela asuse umthwalo. Kodwa uqaphele ukuthi i Isikhombisi esibalulekile ukuqashelwa Yileso yokuzithandela futhi ifike ngesikhathi.
2. Ukungabikho obunye ubugebengu, hhayi ezihlobene umbuso.

Uma omunye izimo wanelisekile, kodwa kuphela ingxenye, kungase kucatshangelwe ekuqhubeni njengoba isimo ezidinga ngibonelele.

wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo

Ulwazi alukwazi, has cishe njalo komthetho isikhulu. Uma isakhamuzi, ukuthatha amaphoyisa noma yiziphi ezinye ejensi kahulumeni isikhundla ebalulekile kule nkampani angaphandle ithumela ulwazi wathola ngenxa izinto zasemsebenzini, ibhekene izinhlawulo ezinzima kakhulu obugebengu.

Njengoba e namanye amacala afanayo, isisusa ongakhonza yezakhi zobugovu. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi umangalelwa nofana umangali eqinisweni izenzo zobugebengu enjalo iba ejele eside wombuso imbuka.

Ngo kwesigwebo, uzoyidlala indima ukunciphisa izimo. Ngemva ukwenza izenzo okudale emnothweni kanye nomgomo wezangaphandle Russia umonakalo ebalulekile, initsiiator nomsebenzi ongekho emthethweni, nokuba isakhamuzi we Russian Federation, akumananga lizotholakala ubuhlungu abalulekile ukujeziswa. Umuntu olahlwe yicala lokuzama ukuvukela uMbuso, zibancishe inkululeko isikhathi okungenani iminyaka engu-nambili.