Inqubomgomo sangaphakathi Russia eNorth Caucasus ngo-90s (kafushane)

North-Caucasus ndawo kakhulu ezithinta abantu bamasiko ahlukahlukene isimo Russian. izici ezinjalo ziholela ingozi isithunzi sendawo yezwe uma kwenzeka izingxabano inter-yobuzwe, inkolo nohlanga. Lokhu ayikwazanga kubonakala lapho kwakhiwa inqubomgomo yangaphakathi Russia eNorth Caucasus kule minyaka 90 Ekhulwini lama-21.

Ukwakheka kazwelonke North-Caucasus

North-Caucasus ingenye yezindawo ehola ngenani labantu umhlali insimu yalo. Ukuhlaziya izibalo ukubalwa kwabantu, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi isibalo abakhileyo eCaucasus liyakhula exponentially. Ngakho, ngo-2002 kwakukhona abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-6. Waboshwa ngo-2010 yokubala abantu bakufakazela gxuma omkhulu okwandayo lesi sibalo abantu abayizigidi ezingu-14.8.

Ukwakheka kazwelonke North eCaucasus wehlukile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amalungu aso Yayihlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu 7: Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia, Dagestan, Chechnya, Kabardino-Balkaria, laseStavropol, Karachayevo-Cherkessia. Kulesi labantu Dagestan imayelana 3 000000 abantu Chechnya - ezingaphezu kuka-1 000000 izakhamizi.

Ngezinye endaweni enjalo compact lokuhlushwa emazweni angaphezu kwangu-150, kwamaqembu ezinhlanga nabantu bomdabu. Isikhathi esining impela phakathi nabakhileyo esifundeni kukhona izingxabano ezinkulu senyukele izingxabano ezingahlangani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokuwa eU.SSR kwakukhona ukuthambekela kokuphikiswa emhlabeni Muslim kanye Orthodox, okwaholela i outflow yezakhamuzi Russian kusukela eCaucasus. Ngakho, inqubomgomo yangaphakathi Russia eNorth Caucasus 90 kwadingeka izizathu inhloso edinga umbani imvume.

Izizathu kokuphuma ngxabano eNorth Caucasus

Ngemva kokuwa eU.SSR North eCaucasus kwadingeka anhlobonhlobo nezindaba ezingakaxazululwa. Ngamanye amazwi, izinqubo yeningi eziye zehlela insimu yonke iRussia, bahlangabezana nezinkinga eziningi ekuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa esifundeni.

Okokuqala, inqubomgomo yangaphakathi Russia eNorth Caucasus kule minyaka 90 engakaze ngokugcwele ayicabangile. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abakhileyo esifundeni kwadingeka wonke amalungelo sabantu isiRashiya, iziphathimandla zakhona inkolelo ngokuqinile ukuthi abameleli yalezi zizwe akuzona abanekhono ukuze afeze inqubomgomo ensimini ka isihloko. Ngamanye amazwi, uhulumeni akazange athembele ngokugcwele iziphathimandla zendawo ohlala ekuqaleni eNorth Caucasus. Okuwukuphela kwendlela ukuxazulula lesi simo utholakale ngesimo nokuphathwa izikhulu Republic kusuka eMoscow.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi ukuphathwa Ukhulelwe izinqubomgomo basekhaya eNyakatho eCaucasus isibe yisikhubekiso ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho isihloko. Ukuthuthukiswa eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimboni yenzeka asalile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani labantu liphindeke abe ngumnikazi uhlelo agugile emvelweni, inqwaba yezinto zemvelo iyophangwa. It akazange ivelele, kanye nengqalasizinda yomphakathi yesifunda. Iningi lamadolobha amancane azange abe izikole kanye nezibhedlela, othinta inhlalakahle eziphilayo. Konke lokhu kwaba umphumela yokuthi izinqubomgomo yasekhaya eNorth Caucasus engakaze ngokugcwele saveza iziphathimandla sikahulumeni.

Okwesibili, endaweni enkulu yaleyo ndawo kwakukhona ezingaphelele ezihlobene izakhamuzi becindezela ngesikhathi WWII. Kwalona iziphathimandla federal noma zendawo, wathumela ezivela eMoscow, akazange azame ukuxazulula izigameko yokuthi sibhebhetheka isimo impikiswano kakade.

Okwesithathu, backwardness kwezomnotho yesifunda kakhulu abathintekayo enhlalakahleni sabantu. Yokungakhokhi inkokhelo, abangasebenzi waba etintfweni zokusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala, ubuhlongandlebe, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nezinye izinkinga zenhlalo.

Okwesine, baba yashubisa izinkinga indawo. Izizwe eziningi aseqalile ukufuna insimu eseduze ndawo yasekuqaleni. izimangalo abaningi baye baba abantu ihlukaniswe, ezifaka hlangana ukuhlahluba Ossetic omdabu, Lezgins, Nogais nabanye.

Okwesihlanu, ukwanda abangasebenzi, okwabangela ekwandeni kobugebengu nokwesizwe kanye nobuphekula. Yaba nenkinga kokubili ezingeni lendawo nokazwelonke. Ukufisa ukubukeka amaqembu enkolo futhi kazwelonke, yona eyaqala ukwenza i nethonya ngqo izikhulu, ukuzifunela ukuxhaswa kombono izifiso zabo.

Zonke lezi amaqiniso ziyadingeka ukuze ukushintsha inqubomgomo yangaphakathi Russia eNorth Caucasus. Izizathu akuzona okubaliwe oluphelele ohlwini, njengoba kwaphinde kwaba nokungezwani kwezigodi anda unyaka ngamunye.

A black ikhasi emlandweni Chechnya

Inqubomgomo sangaphakathi Russia eNorth Caucasus ayiphelele ngaphandle uhlaziyo izenzakalo zenzeka esikhathini 90-yalolucwaningo e Chechnya. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi yokwanda kokungabi ubudlelwane esifundeni okwenzeka phakathi nokubusa Dudayev, lapho inqubomgomo kohlanga sabantu isiRashiya, abangamaJuda nabangama-Armenian abahlala ensimini yaleli. Kusukela ukwephula amalungelo abantu kungukuphula eqondile ngendlela ehlazisayo yomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kanye isiRashiya, inqubomgomo ukuhlukunyezwa kungaveli ku ezingeni olusemthethweni, kodwa hhayi esibekele amagunya akhona futhi abomthetho.

Ukuhlanza abakhuluma isi-Russian bekulokhu esibanzi enhlokodolobha yase esifundeni - emzini Grozny. Umkhaya liphangwa, wabahlasela. Kuba ukubulala kuyinsakavukela. Lokhu kwaba yisisekelo for ukuvuza abantu abafundile, ayakha umgogodla ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho, isayensi kanye namasiko tesifundvo. Ngakho, phakathi nokubusa Dudayev kubhekwe njengento ikhasi omnyama emlandweni North eCaucasus.

Revolution e Chechnya, noma izinyathelo zokuqala ekuxazululeni izingxabano North-Caucasus

inqubomgomo Radical Dudayev akakwazanga ukuhlala ngaphandle impendulo zamabutho ukuphikiswa, okuyinto ukwandisa ithonya labo. Entwasahlobo ka ukuphikiswa ngomumo ukuba livotele kuzo zonke izimpikiswano ezibalulekile ezihlobene lokuphila okuzayo Chechnya. Nokho Dudayev watimisela kuya izindlela zobudlova emzabalazweni kanye abasezinhlanganweni, labo ababebanga ukuba izisulu eziningi phakathi kwabantu.

Dudayev inqubo enamandla luhlose ukwakha amaphoyisa agcina amarekhodi inhlolovo esizayo. Kwabonakala izimoto ezinkulu zamasosha wabhubhisa isakhiwo. Abasebenzi abezempi abulawa. Kwakuwusuku iphuzu lokugcina, okufakazela ekupheleni inqubo yokuthula ezindaweni esifundeni.

Inqubomgomo sangaphakathi Russia eNorth Caucasus uye wathuthela endaweni isiqondiso nolaka. Aphikisayo yazuza ukusekela Kremlin. Iyunithi yokuqala eziphathelene nezempi Russian efika esifundeni, wakhulelwa umkhankaso ngokumelene dolobha Chechen. Nokho, wahlulwa ngokuphelele. Dudayev wayekulungele dudula emandleni amabutho ukuphikiswa. amabutho Ukuphikiswa wahlupheka ezinkulukazi ukulahlekelwa lobuchwepheshe kanye womuntu. Army umoya uyaphela amandla.

Eyokuqala Chechen impi

Ngemva kokwehluleka kwe-operation e Chechnya kuyinto inqubomgomo Russian yangaphakathi lashintsha eNorth Caucasus, izizathu lapho abadlali kushintsha njalo. A indima eyinhloko egatsheni elisha ingxabano aseqalile ukudlala amasosha Russian okwakufanele faka endaweni esabekayo njengoba ibutho yokugcinwa kokuthula. Kodwa lokhu akwenzekanga.

Okuvamile nezikhulu baphishekela izifiso zabo. I-Russian zamabutho empi Uthole kokubili abalandeli bakhe nabaphikisi kanzima. Phakathi ibutho kwaqinisa kwesiqubulo esithi "Russian ngokumelene Chechens," okuyinto nephutha enkulu amasosha abavamile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuphikiswa, okusekelwa Russia, bathuthela ohlangothini Dudayev. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, amandla zezinombolo nakwezempi amabutho isiRashiya kwakuwulimi izikhathi eziningana namandla.

iziteleka eziningi ku Grozny, bula kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukumenyezelwa ekuphathweni wezempi e Chechnya, okuyinto wathatha ukulawulwa. Ukungasondelani okunjalo kwaba disadvantageous kuya ezibiyele, njengoba kwakunesidingo ingozi okwandisa amandla Junta lempi. Inqubomgomo sangaphakathi Russia eNorth Caucasus ngo-90s, ngamafuphi, waphenduka kwenye indawo. amabutho Basayev sika lasungula okuhlaselayo ukuthi uyimbangela ekulahlekeni kuka-amabutho isiRashiya, ngenxa yalokho, kube isiphelo sesimiso izivumelwano Khasavyurt.

Imiphumela Chechen impi yokuqala

Yiqiniso, empini Chechen akubanga yize. Ukuguqulwa bekulokhu umxhwele kakhulu. Okokuqala, kwakukhona rearrangement amabutho zezombusazwe ezikule ndawo. Amabutho yeningi baphelelwa ukusekelwa Chechnya. Wonke la manani eliphikisayo, noma abulawa phakathi zinqobe noma babalekela eMoscow. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuwa umbono yezinguquko yeningi kuleli zwe ngoludala, lapho wagijima amaqembu enkolo.

Okwesibili, kwakungekho ubunye phakathi kwamaqembu ubuzwe futhi Islamist. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi igatsha elikhulu-ukusakaza olukhulu Islam - Wahhabism. abameleli bakhe limenyezelwe Inqubomgomo Chechnya of jihad. I umsekeli ardent baba Basayev, okuyinto yathinteka intsha kakhulu ngokomqondo.

Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi inqubomgomo yangaphakathi Russia eNorth Caucasus iminyaka 1990-2011 ulilethele izinguquko eziphawulekayo ekuphileni yesifunda.

Ngobusuku obandulela impi entsha e Chechnya

Ekuqaleni ngekhulu xxi, isimo Chechnya iye yaqhubeka iwohloka. igunya Ukwandisa waqala ukuthola yokwenza iqembu Basayev. Grozny isibe ayizidleke abashokobezi. Usongo imzuzele esibanzi. Ngakho, inqubomgomo yangaphakathi Russia eNorth Caucasus, ngamafuphi, kwaba ukuhlangabezana nezinselele ezintsha futhi izinsongo.

Isizathu sokugcina, eye kwaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu, kwaba ayehlasela Dagestan. Intensified amabutho olandelanayo esifundeni, okwakubekelwa eliholwa Kadyrov. Yayikwazi uhlaziye umqondo isimo sezwe, Chechnya, ukunqunywa imibono yokungabi nandaba bamanga Wahhabism kanye nenqubomgomo jihad.

Eyesibili Chechen impi

amabutho okulondoloza e Chechnya, nakuba ibukeka, bakwazi uhlaziye ukwakha umfelandawonye Russia. ibutho eqinile, wadingida amaqhinga empini abe usizo olukhulu ekulweni ezizivelelayo. Kadyrov Abasekeli ngokuthobeka badela endaweni yayo wezempi Russian, ngalokho lunikeze usizo oluphelele kuya izimpi ezilwiwa ngezikhali. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, CRI waba ngaphansi kokuqondiswa ibutho lezempi Russian. Maskhadov - Umholi republic sika - eyeke kuya Wahhabis esenyukele ngomshoshaphansi. Ngo-2005, u-iqedwe.

Imiphumela empini Chechen

Ngenxa yalokho impi Chechnya liqala ukubusa , Akhmad Kadyrov. Ngo-2003, ngenxa ukukhethwa ngokwentando yeningi, umholi ezamenyezelwa umongameli we Chechen republic. Vala ngokubambisana neNhlangano Russia akuniké zako. Yaqala kabusha ingqalasizinda esifundeni. Lezakhamuzi oye wakwazi ukuthola amasevisi zenhlalo ngokugcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona ukuhlanganiswa amandla. , Amaqembu Democratic olandelanayo abathole zifana, okuyinto yibhange kutepolitiki e Chechnya.

La imiphumela emibi empini Chechen

Chechnya imakwe ekuqaleni kumiswa isimo kobushiqela. ubuntu lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa umholi republic eyakhelwe e. Musa anqunywe futhi kunamaqembu ezigebengu. North-Caucasus namanje okubhekwa 'imbiza' zobuphekula. ngamabhomu okuphazamisayo okubangelwa izisulu eziningi phakathi kwabantu.

Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi inqubomgomo sangaphakathi Russian Federation eNorth Caucasus kakhulu zishintshe. Nokho, izinkinga ezikhona namuhla. Kuphela azinake ngale ndaba kuyokusiza usimamise isimo esifundeni Russian elixube.