Inhlangano yamaHussite: izizathu, ababambiqhaza, imiphumela, ukubaluleka

Czech yamaHussite ukunyakaza kwavela ekuseni xv leminyaka. Amalungu ayo wafuna ukuba baguqule isonto lobuKristu. Ugqozi esiyinhloko shintsho lwalulukhulu isazi semfundiso yenkolo Czech Yan uGus, phetho kwakhe kabuhlungu ephasini ebangela ukuvukela nempi-eside kwamashumi amabili.

Kufundziswa Yana Gusa

Yan uGus wazalelwa eningizimu eCzech Republic ngo-1369. Wathweswa iziqu waba uprofesa e-University of ePrague. Wabuye wathola ubupristi waba li we eBhetlehema Chapel ePrague. Yan uGus ngokushesha waba umshumayeli ethandwa phakathi izakhamuzi zakubo. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi waxhumana nabantu ngolimi Czech, kuyilapho wonke ngeSonto LamaRoma Katolika esetshenziswa Latin, akazi ukuthi uquqaba elula.

inhlangano yamaHussite kwamiswa nxazonke zalabo iziphakamiso, okuyinto kwaphoqa Yan uGus, ukuphikisana sobukhosi sobupapa efanele umpristi Christian. Czech umcabango wezinguquko ezingeke ethengisiwe izikhundla ukheshi kanye nokuzitika. Enye isitatimende umshumayeli impikiswano kwaba umqondo wakhe ukuthi Church akuyona enokwethenjelwa futhi kufanele egxekwa, esimweni ukukhubazeka kufihlwe ngaphakathi kuwo. Ngalezo zinsuku kwaba atlolwe ngokunzima khulu kakhulu, ngoba akekho umKristu ayikwazanga phikisana Pope kanye nabapristi. Abantu abanjalo baqaphela ngokuzenzakalela ngoba kuthiwa bayizihlubuki.

Noma kunjalo uGus ngenkathi ngokujabula kugwenywe isijeziso sibonga kwayo phakathi kwabantu. wezinguquko Isonto wayebuye abe uthisha. Wasikisela Ukuchitshiyelwa zamagama isiCzech ukuze lula inqubo kokukwazi zabantu.

Ukufa Huss

Ngo 1414 Yan uGus wabizelwa uMkhandlu Constance, owawusedolobheni edolobheni German ogwini Lake Constance. Ngokusemthethweni, inhloso yalo mhlangano kwaba ukuxoxa obumbi eSontweni LamaKatolika, lapho kwakukhona Uqhekeko Western. Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amane iminyaka, kwakukhona obaba ababili nje. Omunye wayeseRoma, elinye - eFrance. Isigamu lamazwe wasekela yamaKatolika, kanti enye ingxenye - yesibili.

Ngezinye uGus nganginesifiso ezingqubuzana iSonto, wawuzama ukwenza kuye evela emhlambini wezimvu, imisebenzi sinqatshiwe, kodwa sibonga lokulabhela Czech ethandwa umpristi wokuziphilisa baqhubeka entshumayelweni yakhe. Ukuya Constance, wafuna liqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke uthinte. Ke izithembiso zanikwa. Kodwa lapho uGus kwaba Ethempelini, waboshwa.

Pope wachaza leli iqiniso lokuthi yena ngokwakhe enganikanga zethembiso (futhi wabanika kuphela umbusi Sigismund). Ngu uGus yafuna ukuthi balahle imibono yakhe. Wenqaba. Kuthe abagcina esitokisini, izikhulu Czech wathumela uthuma eJalimane uphoqe ukukhululwa kwe iqhawe kazwelonke. Lezi iziyalo ababanga umphumela. 6 Julayi 1415 Yan uGus yayishiswa ngenxa yokuba imbuka. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-isizathu esiyinhloko kugqashuka impi e-Czech Republic.

Ukuqala kwavukelwa eCzech Republic

Yezinguquko yamaHussite ukunyakaza lasakazeka ezweni lonke ngokushesha. Gentry (gentry), abantu abahlala emadolobheni kanye Knights ayikuthandi ubudlova the Catholic Church phezu ukuvelela kwawo njengesizwe. Kwakukhona umehluko ukuzinikela ezinye rites yobuKristu.

Ngemva ekukhishweni Hus umgomo yamaHussite ukunyakaza ekugcineni sekukhona: wokuqeda Czech Republic kusuka amaKatolika namaJalimane. Okwesikhathi esithile ingxabano egqoka uhlamvu wendawo. Nokho, uPapa, akufanele izihlubuki ukudlulwa, wamemezela impi eMoravia. Okunjalo nomkhankaso wempi kwakuvame khona ngaleso sikhathi. Okokuqala Zokholo kwahlelwa ukuba baphinde babe amaSulumane of Palestine uvikeleke. Lapho eMpumalanga Ephakathi lalahleka ukuba baseYurophu, amasonto amehlo isiphendukela ngasetendeni izifunda lapho kwakukhona izihlubuki asebenzayo ehlukile noma amaqaba. Impumelelo kwaba umkhankaso emazweni aseBaltic, lapho ababili Kwamiswa oda samasosha wezindela kusukela insimu yalo. Manje kuba kufika ithuba lika-Czech Republic ukuze usinde ayehlasela Knights ngesiphambano phezu amabhanela.

Sigismund kanye Yan Zhizhka

Ngo esigabeni sokuqala induna yempi ka ibutho Crusaders baba uMbusi Ongcwele WaseRoma Sigismund. Uye ebucayini yena emehlweni amaCzech namaRomany lokho akumvimbanga Hus, lapho ukuthi wazama eMkhandlwini Constance. Manje lo mbusi baba okunenzondo nakakhulu abakhileyo Slavic.

inhlangano yamaHussite futhi wathola umholi yawo yezempi. Agcina eseyinto Yan Zhizhka. Kwakuwusuku wohlanga olukhulu Czech, okwakukhona kakade eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-60. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, wayegcwele amandla. Lokhu knight yayaziwa umsebenzi wakhe izihlakaniphi basezindlini zamakhosi ehlukene. Ngo 1410, wahlanganyela njengesisebenzi sokuzithandela ibutho Polish-Lithuanian, wawangquzula amabutho empi yenkolo German we zamaJalimane Order Battle of Grunwald. Empini walahlekelwa iso layo lesokunxele.

Ngisho eCzech Republic, ngesikhathi impi yokulwa Sigismund, Zizka izimpumputhe ngokuphelele, kodwa kwakusasele umholi yamaHussite. Uyalimaza ukwesaba izitha abanjengazo futhi unonya. Ngo 1420, kanye induna yempi 8000th babasiza kwabakhileyo ePrague, akaxoshanga Crusaders, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona ukuhlukana. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, isikhathi esithile, lonke Czech Republic lalibuswa yamaHussite.

Ezizivelelayo esesilinganisweni

Nokho, maduzane nje, kwaba khona omunye division oye ihlukaniswe inhlangano yamaHussite. Izizathu ukunyakaza sasihlanganisa yokwala ebuKatolikeni futhi umthetho German phezu Czech Republic. Kungakabiphi, waphinde wama phandle iphiko olukhulu, okwakubekelwa eliholwa Zizka. Abalandeli bakhe baphanga zezindela Katolika, asebenzelana ngayo izikhonzi angalungile. Laba bantu baye bahlela ekamu yabo eNtabeni iThabori, ngenxa yalokho ngokushesha ngokuthi Taborites.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nhlangano ngokulinganisela okwakukhona phakathi ayekade engamaHussite wawakholisa. Amalungu ayo babezimisele ukuyekethisa nalo iSonto lamaKatolika esenana nenye. Ngenxa ukungavumelani phakathi izihlubuki amandla ngokushesha esihlanganisiwe eCzech Republic abasekho. It wazama ukusizakala uMbusi Sigismund, owaqala ukuhlela impi yesibili ngokumelene yezihlubuki.

I impi ngokumelene ayekade engamaHussite wawakholisa

Ngo 1421 ibutho yasebukhosini, nakho kufakwe amaqembu Knights Hungarian Polish wabuyela eCzech Republic. Injongo Sigismund okwakuseduze layo umuzi Zatec elalisemagcekeni Awukude sifundazwe German Saxony. Ukusiza inqaba walivimbezela ibutho Taborite, okwakubekelwa eliholwa Yan Zhizhka. City wakwazi ukuvikela futhi kusukela ngalolo suku kwakukhona impi ngempumelelo obuhlukahlukene zombili.

Ngokushesha amalungu inhlangano yamaHussite uthole ukwesekwa ally ezingalindelekile amabutho Orthodox zivela Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Kuleli zwe, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa olujulile nempi yangaphakathi ukuze kulondolozwe okholweni ubudala kanye nokwenqaba ithonya lamaKatolika ukuthi avela ePoland. Eminyakeni embalwa naseLithuania futhi Russian yabo sifakwe wasiza ayekade engamaHussite wawakholisa ukulwa kumbusi.

Ngo 1423 impumelelo yesikhathi esifushane Zizka mnike kanye nebutho kwenziwe kucace ngokuphelele ezweni labo, ngisho aqale ukuba angenele engumakhelwane Hungary. Ayekade engamaHussite wawakholisa ifinyelele lomfula iDanube, lapho kokuba belinde isikhathi ibutho bobukhosi wendawo. Zizka akazange liye empini, babuyela emuva ekhaya.

Ukwehluleka e-Hungary kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi abasanda ngensimbi ukuphikisana okuyinto ukuhlukanisa inhlangano yamaHussite. Izizathu ezinyakazayo sasizikhohlwa, kanye Taborites walwa esesilinganisweni (ababekwa futhi ngokuthi Chashniki noma Utraquists). Radicals wakwazi ukunqoba kokunqoba Juni 1424, ngemva kwalokho fishane khashana ubunye kwabuyiselwa. Nokho, lapho kuwa efanayo Yan Zhizhka nawo ayebulawa yilolu bhubhane. Uhambo ezindaweni sikhunjulwe inhlangano yamaHussite kumelwe nakanjani zihlanganisa edolobheni přibyslav, nalapho afike ashonela khona umholi odumile yamaHussite. Namuhla Zizka iyona iqhawe lesizwe we amaCzech namaRomany. Wathola inqwaba izikhumbuzo.

Ukuqhubeka impi

Zizka indawo njengoba umholi we Taborites wathatha Prokop Elikhulu. Yena wayengumpristi futhi bevela kunethonya ePrague uhlobo. Prokop kwaba Chashnikov kuqala, kodwa ekugcineni baba friendly ezizivelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumuntu umkhuzi ezinhle.

Ngo 1426 Prokop wahola ibutho abezempi Taborite futhi ePrague, ezindongeni emzini Ústí nad Labem, okuyinto lathunjwa abahlaseli Saxon. Umholi yamaHussite wabahola abantwana bakwaIsrayeli 25,000 ukuthi kwaba amandla esinzulu.

Isu kanye amaqhinga amavukelambuso

Empini ye Ústí nad Labem Prokop ngempumelelo wasebenzisa iqhinga, eyabonakala phakathi nesikhathi Yana Zhizhki. Ukuqala inhlangano yamaHussite ungachazwa ukuthi entsha ukulwa amayunithi izidlamlilo babe ongaqeqeshiwe futhi ongakulungele impi enempi professional imithetho yombusi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu ukuntula alungisa ngu ukuthutheleka Abamashi amaCzech namaRomany Knights.

An emisha thi okwakubaluleke ngokufanayo yamaHussite supply isitimela. Ngakho ngokuthi izinqaba, elakhiwa kusukela izinqola ukuvikela indawo ekahle ezibalulekile empini. Kwaba empini Czech eYurophu baqala ukusebenzisa izibhamu, kodwa kwaba namanje esimweni kunalokho bakudala ayikwazanga kuthinte kakhulu umphumela impi. A indima ebalulekile kukhala amabutho akhwele amahhashi, okuyiwona isitimela ukunikezela babe isithiyo sina.

At-WHO yabeka isibhamu ukuthi esingu isitha Ungamvumeli ifohle izinqaba. Supply isitimela ezakhiwa simise elingunxande. Kwakukhona kaningi lapho ngadonsa ezinqoleni emhlabeni nomsele, elaba inzuzo eyengeziwe ngenxa ayekade engamaHussite wawakholisa. Ngo isitimela supply engalingana abantu 20, isigamu ababengasekho umcibisholo ushaya mabutho esondela kude.

Ngenxa namaqhinga Tactical, ibutho Prokop Naked waphinda waxosha amaJalimane. Ngemva kwempi ngesikhathi Ústí nad Labem, abezempi Czech iminyaka emithathu Nokho yahlasela izikhathi eziningana e-Austria futhi Saxony ngisho ovinjezelwe Vienna kanye eNuremberg, kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi ayekade engamaHussite wawakholisa waqala basekela abameleli yezikhulu basePoland Knights balelizwe, naphezu iziphathimandla zawo. Lobu buhlobo zingatholakala incazelo elula. I nabasePoland, efana amaCzech namaRomany, ngokuba lwamaSlav esatshwe sokuqinisa ithonya aseJalimane ezweni labo. Ngakho-ke, inhlangano yamaHussite, ngamafuphi, uJesu akabanga nje umuntu othanda inkolo, kodwa wazuza ukunambitheka kazwelonke.

Izinkulumo namaKatolika

Ngo-1431, uPapa Martin V ngokuthi Basel Cathedral (okuthiwa ngoba indawo umhlangano), eklanyelwe ukuxazulula ezingqubuzana amaCzech namaRomany ngokusebenzisa zezombusazwe. Bakusebenzisa lokhu sipho, abahlanganyeli kanye nabaholi inhlangano yamaHussite. ithimba usumisiwe, okuyinto wahamba waya eBasel. It eyayiholwa Prokop Elikhulu. Izinkulumo, yena wachitha kuhlanganwe namaKatolika, kushabalele. Asayinde ukungqubuzana zehlulekile ukufinyelela ukusilela. embassy yamaHussite wabuyela ekhaya.

Ukwehluleka amathimba yaholela kwenye eyaholela ukuhlukaniswa phakathi amavukelambuso. Iningi Czech izikhulu zanquma uzame futhi ukuxoxisana kuhlanganwe namaKatolika, kodwa hhayi sokunaka izithakazelo Taborites. Kwakuwusuku ukudabuka zokugcina futhi kwesibhamu, lapho yabhubhisa khona inhlangano yamaHussite. Ithebula ubonisa izenzakalo main ezihlobene kwavukelwa Czech eliholwa wema Chashniki futhi Taborites.

Yokugcina ayekade engamaHussite wawakholisa yokuhlukanisa

Taborite lapho kwaziwa ukuthi ayekade engamaHussite wawakholisa ngokulinganisela futhi uzama ukuthola ebucayini kuhlanganwe namaKatolika, baya Plzen, lapho wanqoba ikota lamaKatolika. Lesi siqephu kwaba isizathu sokugcina sokuba iningi Czech noMbusi wababusi ngubani ekugcineni bafika isivumelwano uPapa. Aristocrats bakhathele impi okwakukade kwenzekani iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. Czech Republic lalingamanxiwa, kanye nomnotho walo, okuyinto kwakuxhomeke inhlalakahle okuzikhulula ngeke ibuyiselwe kuze kuze kukhona ukuthula.

Njengomthetho, nkosi ngamunye izinduna ibutho lakhe siqu amancane, ehlanganisa Knights squad. Lapho amapani Union zazibandakanya ephinde bajoyine amaKatolika, izidlamlilo lasePrague, amabutho amasha babe yizinkulungwane 13 ochwepheshe ayehlome eyizingovolo. Ehola ibutho wema Utraquists izinduna Diviš Bořek. Futhi impi abe esehlanganyela naye Ngokuzayo Czech King of Podebrady George.

Battle of Lipan

Taborite isekela 16 emadolobheni Czech, kuhlanganise yena iThabori Zatec, Nymburk nokunye. D. Army ezizivelelayo namanje eholwa Prokop Elikhulu, osandla sakhe sokunene lalingesinye umkhuzi Prokop Amancane. Taborite ngaphambi impi nesitha wakwazi ukuthatha isikhundla ukhululekile ukuvikela eqadi kombundu. Prokop yayifisa ukuba aphumelele amacebo akhe zakudala ukuthi yayihlanganisa nokusebenzisa isitimela ukuthengisela, kanye egqoke phansi isitha balwe juqu.

May 30, 1434 kwamabutho amabili isitha phezulu impi yokugcina Lipan. Prokop uhlelo waqalwa ngempumelelo kuze siqephu esiphikisayo lihlaselwa nalapho Taborites waqaphela ukuthi Utraquists waqala ukuhoxa lobuzenzisi, ukubayisa sesimweni ukhululekile.

Pana ngosuku olwandulela impi kwesokunxele langemuva emuva abakhwele amahhashi ayehlome eyizingovolo. La mabutho wayelindele isignali ukuhlasela okungazelelwe njengoba nje Taborites babengenabo isikhundla abangakwazi ukuzilwela. Ekugcineni, fresh futhi egcwele amandla Knights sokuhlasela isitha, futhi ezizivelelayo babuyela ekamu yakhe yasekuqaleni. Ngokushesha wawa isitimela supply. Ekumeleleni lezi zaba yizincithakalo izinqaba babe abaholi wabulala Taborite - Prokop Elikhulu Prokop Amancane. Utraquists inqobe juqu, okuyinto kwasho ukuphela izimpi yamaHussite.

izimfundiso Meaning yamaHussite

Ngemva kokunqotshwa Battle of Lipan iphiko olukhulu kangaka ekugcineni wanqoba. Taborites yayisalokhu, kodwa ngemva 1434, baye bakwazi ukuhlela zabhikisha esikalini efana empini odlule. ECzech Republic kusungulwa ebucayini nokuhlalisana amaKatolika Utraquists. Utraquists izinguquko ezahlukene elincane wohlelo isevisi, kanye nenkumbulo enhle ukuba UJan Hus.

Ngokwengxenye enkulu, umphakathi Czech usebuyele isimo, eyaqala phambi kuvukela. Ngakho-ke, izimpi yamaHussite ayimlethelanga ezinye izinguquko ezinkulu ekuphileni wezwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, impi ezimelene nezihlubuki yabangela umonakalo omkhulu ukuze umnotho Czech Republic. Central Europe emashumini eminyaka ambalwa ephulukisa amanxeba empi.

Imiphumela obengeziwe inhlangano yamaHussite zacaca kuphela kamuva, lapho kwaba ngekhulu XVI, kulo lonke elaseYurophu waqala inqubo beziNguquko. Kube yamaLuthela futhi lenkolo kaCalvin. Ngemva iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu 'e 1618-1648 GG. iningi yeYurophu wafika inkululeko engokwenkolo. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu impumelelo futhi inani le yamaHussite ukunyakaza, owawungumnyaka okwandulela eNkathini Yezinguquko.

Ngo kwavukelwa Czech ingenye izimpawu ngezinhlanga nokuqhosha ngohlanga. Ezweni lonke, ungathola ukuthi ukuvakasha, okuyokwenza izivakashi ukuvakashela nezikhumbuzo of inhlangano yamaHussite. ECzech Republic ezijabulisayo kuye namaqhawe akhe.