Bobani populists futhi uyini umsebenzi wabo?

Imibono ye Populists ezavela uMbuso Russian e 1860-1910-yalolucwaningo, wamelela ukwedlulela umphakathi ukuba "fair" ngokuqondile kusukela feudalism ukuba ndawonye, capitalism ukweqa. Umqondo kwahlongozwa futhi lakhiwa waseHerzen, Bakunin, Belinsky, Chernyshevsky. Thina wazithathela isinyathelo lezi Marxists. Zazithi ukuthi abasafufusa ohlelweni Russian kungaba zama-Capitalist.

Ngokuyisisekelo umsebenzi populists - uhlobo kwebhuloho kule nhlangano wamavukelambuso kusukela izikhulu (noma Decembrists) esiteji kuya kaMarx (ie, lena yesigaba sabasebenzi). Nokho, uquqaba kwakungafanele ukungenwa ze inguquko. Futhi uhulumeni ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu sekuqediwe lolu hlelo. Nokho, kwashiya isikhala umzila eliqhakazile uyakhumbula umlando Russia. Bobani populists nalokho zingabantu elidume? Sikhuluma ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe esihlokweni.

Ukuthola iqiniso abantu

Obani labo populists ngekhulu le-19? Lokhu nezazi, abavamile, ababefuna indawo yabo emphakathini. Basuke bahlushwe ukucabanga ukuthi Sekuyisikhathi eside ohlukanise abantu, ukuhlakanipha kwakhe iqiniso. Wathi ukuthi abalimi ngokokuziphatha kude phezulu bebodwa. Kuphela abafundile imbuya, uhlushwa nabulungisa. Futhi sidinga sasondelana nabo, ukuba uvule amehlo azo futhi ukuze afundise sisendleleni efanele. Kulesi - duty lezihlakaniphi kubantu. Kuyadingeka nokulinganisa wonke kwezakhi kwezenhlalo kanye komunye okungcono.

Singathonya nendlela esibheka yokugcina yosuku abavikeli zabantu abasebenza ngokusekelwe ngenkolelo ukuthi Russia - ungubani zwe. I engavamile umnotho walo - ukukhiqizwa kazwelonke. Ngoba has a unique, ezahlukene ezivela kwamanye amazwe, indlela yentuthuko. Populists wafuna ukuthuthukisa ayo imodeli kwezomnotho, okuyinto owawuzovumelana kokubili nezimboni kanye abalimi abavamile. WaseHerzen, isibonelo, wabhala mayelana luyingxenye "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni waseRussia". Lokhu kwaba uphawu sokuthatha isinyathelo.

Umsuka walo imfundiso

Ososayensi ukugcizelela umlando yehlukene kaningi okubalwa kwaba Russian. Futhi phakathi kwezinye ukunyakaza eziningi zezombusazwe okunabileko kuyinto umbuzo ngobani populists futhi yini ezweni emenza lesi simanga. Kungani abaphendula ngokunengqondo Uma unganakile, imizamo enamahlathi odongeni yokungaqondi?

Russia kuleyo minyaka - kwezolimo, emuva. I-capitalism igcwele ampofu. ukuphila ongumlimi eziqhutshwa umhlaba enkhundleni. abasebenzi ilungu layo possessed icebo ezivamile ezweni. Umphakathi isiqinisekiso kubo umsebenzi evamile nokuphila komkhaya, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo bonke, ukuvikela abantu bendawo ekucindezelweni kwabanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu, izikhulu.

Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho umphakathi waqala babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwezenhlalo, umphakathi uye abe ukubopha ekukhuleni amapulazi. Okwamanje, wayengumhlali iyunithi imodeli umphakathi Russian kanye nomqondo ka-Russian abantu kwadingeka indawo ekhethekile. Ngenxa yalesi futhi athatha abakhuthaza ukuhamba Populists.

WaseHerzen - ungumhambeli phambili populism - wabukela ngokudabukisayo iphela eYurophu nge inguquko ka 1848-1849. Walahlekelwa ukholo ndawonye Europe. Ukuqhathanisa ezweni lakhe futhi entshonalanga, wafika esiphethweni sokuthi lokwakuvamile Russia kumelwe kuqala abambe. Futhi akunzima kangako. Phela, umphakathi edolobhaneni - iseli ngomumo umphakathi sezenhlalo. Lona umnyombo oyinhloko impendulo yombuzo: abangababiziweyo populists?

Ukulingana noma ubulungisa?

Labo abafika ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo kwabahluphekayo, amangalelwe izisekelo zomphakathi ikusasa ubulungiswa. Futhi futhi kuyaqondakala. Ngokwesiko, lonke isiko Russian kusekelwe kuyo. "Musa Ngifuna kwenziwe ukulingana kanye nobulungiswa benhlalo!" - wababaza Alyosha Karamazov e inoveli Dostoevsky sika. Le timu njalo endaweni samuntu ethile, imisindo izincwadi bese ucindezela isikhathi iminyaka 1860-1910. Lapha, ube nombono ocacile ngobani populists emlandweni, ezahlukene okuningi okuphuma kulawa amanye amaqembu wamavukelambuso ngokomqondo. Ngakho, Marxists ungagxili phezu ukulingana kwabantu. Futhi awahlangabezananga nezifiso zabantu Russian. Phela, Marxists zazikude namaqiniso isiko Russian. Asizange neze ngokujulile.

Umumo abalimi

Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi ubani lo populists, kubalulekile ukuba sikhumbule waseHerzen 'nangempahla yakhe ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni waseRussia. " Wancika ukunakekela abalimi. Ngemva kokuba isisekelo ebanzi nomphakathi! Ngenxa yokuthi umgomo - ukuqeda ngokuphathelene namalungelo okusebenzisa umhlaba abaninimhlaba ukukhulula abantu bendawo ne iziza zabo (ngaphandle isinxephezelo) ukungena kuhulumeni.

Chernyshevsky wacabanga ukuthi umphakathi sokuqala esenziwa indima ngohlobo oluthile zokukhiqiza, kanye isicebi, bese kancane kancane esikhundleni salo.

Kusukela Abavukeli ukuze izidlamlilo

Kufanele wazi izinhlobo ukunyakaza ukuthi sicacise ukuthi ubani populists. Kwakukhona Amathrendi ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-wamavukelambuso noma olukhulu, ube nesandla esivulekile, noma ukusakaza inkolo ethile, futhi anarchist.

I Liberals ngaphansi kobuholi ideologue yayo P. Lavrov wayecabange ezinye ekhethekile, kodwa hhayi trajectory yentuthuko kosozimali eRussia. Yebo, nabo ngokuthi lokwenza ngcono izimpilo zabantu abavamile. Kodwa kanjani? Sokuqondisa izigwegwe. bo nxephezelo! - ukubhubhisa izinsalela uhlelo amakhosi asendulo, ukuqeda impahla enkulu lawela we kulendawo futhi benza konke abangakwenza ukuze "sisakubona capitalism" akuyona ukungena Russia. ithiyori kaMarx ababewazi kahle. Funda ngisho zihunyushelwe Russian wonke amavolumu ezintathu ezingabalwa njenge "Capital". Kodwa mina ngokwami wayekubheka kungamukeleki.

Yinoma yikuphi ukwesaba, ubudlova wasenqaba. Amandla phambili emlandweni - nezazi. Phela, amaziyo ukucabanga indlela ngalokujulile. Futhi abalimi awakulindele inguquko. Ngakho, kumelwe siqale ukulungiselela abagqugquzeli - nezazi. Futhi isizwe sihambe, tshela. Kodwa hhayi ukukhulisa uquqaba ukuba bavukele ngokushesha. Kungumsebenzi eside ochazayo ukuhola izakhamuzi ukuba ekuqaleni inguquko.

Futhi yini ongayenza ngendlela ebonakalako? Bathi "inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izenzo ezincane." Ngokuvamile, izindlela ze-populists - a ukukhanyiselwa Cultural phakathi kwabantu.

Ngokuhamba kwakungamadodana omagazini, zonke izinhlobo izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezinhlangano, imihlangano kanye Zemstvo amabhodi, imizimba isb akhethwe wendawo ukuzibusa.

Ikakhulukazi (kudala njengoba 1880-1890) populists weza khumbulani theory okuthiwa wezenzo encane. Iphephandaba "Isonto" engenza umfundi ukuthi ndaba udumo nezihlakaniphi - ukusiza abantu bakulo muzi. Abanaso nginqobe ubunzima lapho avele yezinhlobo umnotho emakethe. Ungasiza abalimi ngenza imisebenzi Zemstvos.

Cindezela ukuvusela othisha, izazi zezolimo namahlathi, odokotela, "Dlula emzaneni kanye nomsebenzi siqu ukwenza ngcono izimpilo zabantu." Umagazini "ingcebo Russian" ngamandla kuxoxwa izindaba dolobhana. "Hlalani phansi phansi," le isikhulumi ngokuthi Engelhardt, umbhali uLeo Tolstoy nezinye ababephila ngesikhathi okukhulu. Besakhuluma ukuphakama sokuziphatha kwabantu abantu abafundile.

Siya enye indlela

Radical noma wamavukelambuso populists, munye inhlangano ngomshoshaphansi. Lalizibiza abalandeli Chernyshevsky. umbandela yabo wayengomunye - kokugumbuqelwa okusheshayo futhi ononya yenkosi futhi ushintsho ngokushesha socialism.

sibalo Bright phakathi kwabo - umzalwane kukaLenin Alexander Ulyanov. Wayengomunye abagqugquzeli nabaholi iqembu amaphekula "Yabantu Will". It Ulyanov Sr kwaba uhlelo ukulwa uhulumeni tsarist.

Ngonyaka owodwa nje wamavukelambuso populists usethe inethiwekhi yakhe imfihlo. Lokhu amaqembu 80. Cishe anamakhulu mahlanu izishoshovu - maphakathi kanye emhlabathini. Ngokuvamile, uhlanganisa iqembu labo abanamathela latinkhulungwane letinyentana. Volya senziwa imizamo emihlanu ku-Alexander II, wehlela emlandweni njengendlela "umkhululi" futhi "wezinguquko enkulu." Phela, wayehawukela ezaqedwa serfdom, kwadingeka kwekuhlela kabusha yezimali kanye neminye. Nokho, abashokobezi kuthiwa ezingelwa nzima ukuba alalele. Phakathi umzamo wokugcina 1 Mashi 1881 le kwakukhulekelwa umbusi kule ayelimele kabi.

Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: Alexander Ulyanov ithengiswe indondo yegolide yakhe wathola izifundo zakhe, futhi uthenge ne iziqhumane imali ibhomu.

amaphekula oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala uboshwe ngesikhathi ilungiselela ukubulala Alexander III futhi abulawe. Ngemva mphumela edabukisayo Lenin osemusha wathi: "Cha, sizohamba enye indlela! '

Khona-ke izwe kwalandelwa baboshwa ngobuningi of "abantu abawuhlupho", elikhulu show nokulingwa, nokubulawa. Eminyakeni emithathu nje (kusukela 1881 kuya 1884-th) abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi abangu becindezela. Ngakho lashabalala "Narodnaya Volya".

Ezihlubukini igazi

Izidlamlilo - egatsheni wesithathu populism. Abazange akacabanganga ukulamula izimbobo kunoma isiphi isimo, kodwa abazange babone ukuthi noma yisiphi sazo. P. Kropotkin futhi Mikhail Bakunin - ideologists Russian of anarchism - futhi wakholelwa ukuthi wonke amandla ukucindezela, ukugqilaza ubuntu. A Russian - evukelayo enhliziyweni, igazi. Abalimi aselungele revolution. Ngakho-ke, icala elincane - ukuhlela ukuvukela kazwelonke. Futhi ziyokhukhula lokhu isimo futhi ngeke avumele ukuba kudalwa elisha. Njalo-apharathasi isimo nge ncazelo kakade ngabangahlakaniphile kokubi.

Kropotkin wakhuluma nendima evelele kwezixuku. Abakwazi ukwenza kabusha izwe. Umuntu kumelwe amane ukusungula ukuzimela we isigodi kanye lo mfelandawonye.

Okuningi ngeke nakancane sihambisane nakho

Iziphi izindlela ezisetshenziswa populists okwamanje? Ezweni lonke ezifuywa imibuthano mass emthethweni kanye lulwimi zomthetho. abanye kuphela zazimane benkulumo-ze, kuyilapho abanye - kwabozungu.

Student amakilabhu Ugcwalise Kharkiv, eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha. Iningi labantu abasha uncamela kokugumbuqelwa ohlanga ngu inguquko. Entsha kudivayisi - union yezifunda. Yiqiniso, federal, okuyinto iphethwe wokuba kukhethwe umkhandlu.

elikhulu e inhlokodolobha bajabulela "iZwe futhi Freedom" - umphakathi imfihlo. Futhi Petersburg, futhi iqembu "ukubhuqwa Yabantu" eMoscow. Amalungu ayo baqeqeshiwe lutho kodwa "ongumlimi yokuvukela".

izicukuthwane eziphenduke

Kwakukhona ngisho eminye imibuthano ngokuthi "ezicukuthwaneni ngalona ophendukayo." Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, bona ukunikezela ukuthi kute silungise ngekhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokukhishwa amadoda enecala ngokwami nokhokho bami.

Kafushane, ngandlela-thile, kodwa wonke umuntu wayefuna ukuvusa abantu babo "imizwelo engokwemvelo sezenhlalo. ' Konke lokhu kuye kwaba ethandwa kakhulu, ezintsha, ezinkulu. Ababhali kanye izintatheli ebhaliwe ngokucophelela ngalezi zindaba. Abaculi wadala imidwebo. Ngakho, ukuze bajabule Umdwebo IIya Repin sika "Ukuboshwa kwalo ze" kwathathwa.

Kodwa kancane kancane populism aqala ukuphelelwa udumo lwawo kanye nethonya emphakathini. Lapho ukuthi usevele baphakamisé ikhanda lakhe isigaba sabasebenzi.

Kwaba utopia

Peter Struve, oyisazi sezomnotho sezombusazwe, echaza ngokucacile ubani populists. Lokhu idealization futhi bezinga umnotho kanye ukulingana lasekuqaleni. Vele inikeza isakhiwo esiphelelwe kwezomnotho, elakhiwa ohlelweni kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe lonke. Eqinisweni - imibono ka nezazi, hhayi abantu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezo ziphakamiso avele emazweni ezolimo ezisekelwe. Futhi kwakuphakathi ushintsho yabo kwezimboni. Abalandeli yale mibono zihloselwe ukuthuthukisa imodeli yentuthuko kosozimali futhi kancane kancane labantu ukuzivumelanisa imithetho emnothweni olwesimanje. Kodwa akusebenzi, ngoba ngiyaphupha.

nokuncane omuhle

Inani le Populists eqinisweni lokuthi imfundiso yabo nemisebenzi kakhulu wasiza ukuhlanganisa isizwe - ngokusebenzisa ukuqedwa ngezigaba. Bona kwamiswa preconditions ukwakha isikhala zomthetho - elilodwa ngamunye kwezakhi zenhlabathi emphakathini.

futhi ngokucacile kwafakazela besimo ngenhloso alondoloze ipulazi elincane ekhulwini. Terror amacebo, futhi, akazange nemiphumela.

isizukulwane okusha ekhula, isilungele wokuzidela emzabalazweni kanye umbuso ubudala.