Zemstvo: incazelo emfushane

Zemsky umkhandlu - kuyinto isigungu, obadalwa ngenxa izinguquko 1864, ngesikhathi kubusa u-Alexander II. Lezi zikhungo aye amiswa njengengxenye yochungechunge yezinguquko okuye kwenziwe engxenyeni yale nekhulu lesibili leminyaka.

Izici ubudala

Umfutho ngokushesha sokufeza kwekuhlela kabusha kuwo wonke amazinga emphakathini isiRashiya kwakuwulimi ukuqedwa serfdom. Lesi sinyathelo esibalulekile ifuna ushintsho ngokushesha nokuthi yayinjani inhlalo, zokuphatha, uhlelo lwezobulungiswa kanye emisha emkhakheni wemfundo namasiko. Ngakho-ke, ngokoqobo amashumi eminyaka uchungechunge izinyathelo ekuphathweni kanye izinguquko izinkantolo zokwahlulela owawuse. Ngo-1864, umbusi wakhipha isimemezelo ku ukusungulwa zemstvos ekhethekile. On the isampula esifanayo kamuva kwenziwa futhi kabusha ezisemadolobheni. entsha ovulekile charter inyuvesi lwaqala, okuyinto sivunyiwe okuzimela ezibanzi ukuze kulezi zikhungo. Ngakho, ukusungulwa wendawo ukuzibusa kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile emisebenzini izinguquko u-Alexander II.

prehistory

Zemstvo amabhodi ubengesuye owenza emisha: iphrojekthi wezinguquko abakulungiselweyo ekuqaleni kwekhulu. U-Alexander I ethunywe Speransky ukulungiselela izinguquko ukuze kuhlonyiswa kwetinhlangano neziphathimandla zendawo. Yasungulwa ngu leli cebo sikahulumeni wabiza ukudalwa amazinga amathathu amandla: yasemaphandleni umasipala, County kanye sifundazwe. Emhlanganweni ngamunye lamazinga enikeziwe ukusungulwa sembubhiso: lendawo gentry, bomhlaba kanye abalimi babe umasipala womkhandlu yasemakhaya, ngubani lazo likhethwa abanye County, lo somabhizinisi, esikhundleni salokho, kwakheka yesifundazwe kanye eyodwa - Russian State Duma. Le projekthi lonke igunya zokhetho, mhlawumbe, owawubaluleke kunayo yonke iphrojekthi Speransky, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi okhethweni kungukuthi abalimi ezizimele zingeniswe. Nokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu, kanti lolu hlelo ayifakiwe, futhi nge ushintsho olukhulu owawusekelwe izinguquko u-Alexander II.

eziyisisekelo

Zemstvo amabhodi babe ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu isistimu nokubusa. Ngokusho kwale mithetho, phansi wadala zokuphatha wesifundazwe kanye esifundeni zemstvo yesifunda, nakho akhethwe izidumbu esiphezulu - Imikhandlu. Labantu wathatha ingxenye kuphela Ukukhetha lomhlangano wesifunda. I abavoti lalinabashumayeli abaninimhlaba, labantu zasemadolobheni kanye abalimi. iqhaza labo baba kungagcini impahla neziqu. Iqembu lokuqala - impahla lawela ka okweshumi hhayi ngaphansi kuka-200, ingcebo akuyona ruble angaphansi kuka-15 eziyinkulungwane .. noma imali ethile yonyaka.

abavoti Urban kwadingeka ukuba ngumnikazi webhizinisi commercial noma zezimboni noma umcebo hhayi ngaphansi kuka eziyinkulungwane 6. Hlikihla. ukhetho ongumlimi babe ezimbili isigaba: emphakathini yasemakhaya futhi sifunda. Ngakho, kukhetha abaninimhlaba esikhulu onxiwankulu, kuyilapho amalungelo wonkana ziye kungagcini.

isakhiwo

Zemsky umkhandlu akhethwe wesifundazwe kanye esifundeni zemstvo yesifunda. Izicukuthwane oholwa abaholi kulemihlangano. Ngakho, lesi sigaba uthethe izikhundla ezinkulu kulezi emizimbeni zohulumeni basekhaya. Kodwa lezi zindikimba awunawo amandla ezombusazwe, kanye nemisebenzi yabo yayiba izidingo zendawo engadini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yabo zilawulwa neziphathimandla emaphakathi kanye lendawo. Ngakho, usihlalo we umkhandlu wesifunda wendawo esifundazweni esivunywe nguNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi. Ngezinye izikhathi eziningi ezimweni lapho imisebenzi lendawo ukuzibusa, ngisho kungagcini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazange babe siqu zifuna ukwandisa amanxusa azo ingajezisa nokuphoqelela futhi, uma kunesidingo, zaphoqeleka ukuba baphendukele amaphoyisa nokuphatha, Ngokwenza kanjalo, wayevuma ukuthi yencike kubo. Noma kunjalo, izinguquko ezaba nomthelela nalomsebenzi imisebenzi yomphakathi emkhakheni nezazi.

imisebenzi

Iqiniso ukuthi ubani evunyiwe chairmen zemstvo, kufakazela indlela iziphathimandla ababenesithakazelo ekusunguleni ukulawula lezi zindikimba. Inhloko uhulumeni County ukubeka ngemvume umbusi, ababemlandela imisebenzi kahulumeni wasekhaya. Umsebenzi we-iziphathimandla esisha sahlanganisa inhlangano ngokwazi ukuthi kukhona okufezayo nomphakathi: sawo babe ojantshi, izibhedlela, ukunikeza umphakathi imfundo, ukuthuthukisa amasu okulima kanye nokusiza ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo. Bakha isabelomali zabo ogxile yempahla, ne omningi abantukazana wawa. Noma kunjalo, ongqondongqondo abaningi bamukela kabusha ngomdlandla: odokotela abaningi abanamakhono, othisha, izisebenzi zosizo oluphuthumayo, onjiniyela wahamba wayosebenza endaweni neqhaza nentuthuko yezomnotho, ezenhlalo nezamasiko.

Inani

Kulesi simiso esisha Zemstvo amabhodi kwakungamadodana main esiphezulu iyunithi, ngoba abahileleke ngokuqondile izidingo zendawo. Wabe eseqokelwa iminyaka emithathu nezinyanga kwakuba usihlalo namalungu amathathu ngapha nangapha. Kodwa, naphezu izinguquko ezinhle sobala ukuthi kwadingeka kusimo enkulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nakho uhlelo Speransky, ehlinzekela ukudalwa kwaso sonke isimiso ukhetho, kusukela kwesincane kunazo zonke iyunithi kwezenhlalo, volost okucatshangwa isitho zonke-Russian we Duma State, ekhethweni wakhe ubuhanjelwe cishe yonke tigaba. Ngokusho izinguquko 1864, i-wesifundazwe kanye esifundeni zemstvo umkhandlu, kanye amaqoqo, eqinisweni, babe izidumbu kuphela ezimbili akhethwe ngaphandle kwesizathu, ezingeni elokishini kanye nomthelela Russian Duma.