Bobani Goths (isizwe) futhi hlobo luni lwabantu?

Lesi sihloko Kuzoxoxwa ngani phezu Goth, kodwa hhayi mayelana abameleli ovamile namuhla intsha subculture, kusetshenziswa imibono yabo izakhamuzi ezigcina, nalabo namaqaba izizwe zasendulo lapho, wedlula ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu yonkana yonke iYurophu, eyasungulwa omunye isimo enamandla kakhulu medieval - Toledo umbuso. Goths (isizwe) wanyamalala ngesikhathi yobumnya- njengoba ngokuphelele futhi ayengakafiki engaqondakali njengoba ebonakala, kusale mlando ububanzi ububanzi ucwaningo kanye nokuxoxisana.

Europe ekhulwini lokuqala AD

Enkundleni ukuthi abantu bavele ngesikhathi lapho i-Yurophu ayedabula uhlobo isikhathi zesikhashana. impucuko Old lasendulo kuyinto into yesikhathi esidlule, futhi isimo esisha futhi isizwe babe kuphela esigabeni okwakhayo. Ngo expanses yakhe enkulu njalo zazulazula uquqaba olukhulu kubantu, eliqhutshwa izimo nasezidingweni ezishintshashintshayo zokuphila.

Sasiyini isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthuthelwa asebenzayo. Ngokusho ososayensi, lokhu kwaba nesandla izici ezimbili. Eyokuqala yalezi kuyinto yokugcwala yansukuzonke ezindaweni ngaphambili ugcwale abuye atfutfukiswe njalo. Futhi nje, bashiye amakhaya abo baphoqeleka ukuba avele ngezikhathi ezithile omakhelwane ezinamandla kakhudlwana futhi ngaba nolaka, kwadingeka okufanele zisuswe ngokushesha, ehlasela ngesikhathi esifanayo walabo abahlangabezana endleleni, futhi ayikwazanga ukunikeza wenqaba efanele.

Abangophakimpi Scandinavians ku bomkhathi Europe

Mayelana kanjani mina-II AD leminyaka phakathi nezinye izakhamuzi zaseMpumalanga Yurophu kwakungamadodana Goths - izizwe zamaJalimane lenkolo yabo namasiko wehlukile izakhamuzi zawo, umlobi wezenzakalo ekutshela ekhulwini VI, egama layo linguJehova Jordan. Uthi la madoda ezinzima darnel, zihambisana isilwane izikhumba futhi ukulungele nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuba untante izinkemba zabo, babe abomdabu of siqhingi okuyimfihlakalo ezivulekile Museum, okuyinto izincazelo asivumela ukuba bafunde kuwo kalula Peninsula zaseScandinavia.

Ngakho, washo Goths - izizwe zakwa-imvelaphi zaseScandinavia ukuthi wathuthela ngaphesheya Europe ohlangothini eningizimu. Ngo 258, kokuba afinyelele eCrimea, futhi ezinye zazo axazulule ke, njengoba sengike bafaka ayimizulane ukuze ukuphila okunethezekile. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo abasengxenyeni esempumalanga kule nhlonhlo ngalesosikhathi zijwayeza emindenini mayelana eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisihlanu. abacwaningi oluningana waveza ukuthi kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII kulezo zindawo aqhubeka uzwakale ulimi Gothic, wanyamalala ngokuphelele ngesikhathi kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.

Nokho, kwaba kwesenzakalo uJehova angenela kuso, futhi phakathi kwezinye abayimizulane European namanje omunye isikhundla okuholela elalihlala Goths (isizwe). Umlando wabantu bonke ngaleso sikhathi ugcwele engapheli izibhelu izakhamuzi zakhona ezabelwe, okuyinto ubeke indlela yabo. Umlobi womlando oshiwo ngenhla Jordan uthi ngenxa yalokhu, ngokoqobo azange abe ukulala kabili endaweni efanayo. Esizukulwaneni ngesizukulwane abazalwanga ekhula futhi wafa endleleni.

NamaQaba Emingceleni okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma

Okuhambayo ngale ndlela, ekuqaleni kwekhulu IV bafika emikhawulweni yonke indawo yoMbuso WaseRoma. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa okungcono ngesikhathi ibutho emhlabeni Ngezinye izikhathi akanamandla ukuhlasela ukumangala babeyizidlova zihambisana izikhumba, ubulala amabutho umyalelo ocacile, esishaya naphezu kwakho konke imithetho ekhona, bese iyanyamalala ekujuleni sehlozi ihlathi.

Esasesabeka, izinombolo zabo. Emngceleni isimo kwakungafanele amayunithi elahliwe futhi izinkulungwane eziningi zabantu nge ezinqoleni, abesifazane, izingane kanye nezinkomo. Uma ehlobo intuthuko yabo kwaba nzima nezinto ezithiya imizamo yokulungisa ezimbili yemvelo - elingaseMfuleni iDanube futhi iRhine ebusika, lapho embozwe iqhwa, kwavuleka indlela eya namaqaba.

Ngalesi sikhathi Empire, edwengulwe esibucayi ezinzima kubangelwa inkohlakalo nokukhwabanisa babe elite yayo yokubusa has ukumelana ngaphezulu kuya Goths, kodwa ngokuvamile sihlale ukukhuthazwa yabo ayisekho amandla. Ngonyaka 268, ngokuchofoza Goths iDanube ice - izizwe zamaJalimane, kulekelelwa ngenxa ivume ezithile nezinye amancane ezinhlanga nezizwe, aphange emngceleni esifundazweni Pannonia. Le ndawo, ehlanganisa ingxenye banamuhla Hungary neSerbia, kwaba indondo yokuqala ukulwa ngomumo kwababekhona ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma.

Ke kwabakho gumbi emindenini, ngubani wayephule ne Ukuzula angunaphakade kulabo abakhetha yokuhlala yesibili. Akha ezifundazweni Moesia futhi Dacia, manje kufakwe imingcele Bulgarian futhi Romanian. Ngokuvamile, le Goths - esizweni eyaqala sikhathi, ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, kwamqinisa kangaka ukuthi ngokushesha uMbusi waseRoma Valens kubhekwe ke ukuze kuzuze zamanxusa ukuphetha naye isivumelwano non-ubudlova.

Huns - isishayo kaNkulunkulu

Engxenyeni ekhulwini IV yesibili Europe wahlupheka amashwa esabekayo - kusukela empumalanga kuya ilinganiselwe yahlasela izindimbane ezingenakubalwa Huns eholwa Attila abadumile. Ngisho ngezindinganiso ngendlela enesihluku futhi ibanga kusuka zobuntu de khathi they wamangaza wonke umuntu nge ngesihluku kwakhe engalawulwa unya. Ingozi elihlobene ne ehlasela futhi wathinta ngokulinganayo futhi amaRoma futhi ukulungele. Shono bebizwa ngokuthi "isishayo kaNkulunkulu."

Kanyekanye ayehlasela Huns, le Goths - izizwe zasendulo ezenze ngowokuqala yisizwe sinye, ihlukaniswe amagatsha amabili ezimele, okuyinto elahlanganiswa umlando njengoba yamaVisigoth (Western) kanye Ostrogoths (empumalanga). Ngonyaka odlule 375 AbAhl yi Huns futhi inkosi yawo Ermanaric usizi nasehlazweni ukuzibulala. Labo kwadingeka ithuba lokusinda, zaphoqeleka ukuba alwe ohlangothini zezitha zakhe zesikhathi esidlule. Indaba le isizwe East German ilungele kwase kusemaphethelweni.

amaRoma Union

Ngemva kokushumayela lapho kufa kwamasosha akubo, futhi emesaba ukwabelana isiphetho sabo, yamaVisigoth waphenduka usizo ayibhalela abaseRoma kuka kuhle zabo ngawe. Banikwa ithuba kuxazululwe ngokukhululekile ezindaweni umngcele zombuso, ngombandela ukuthi babeyoba ukuvikela imingcele yayo. Ngenxa yalesi, ngaphansi imigomo yesivumelwano, iziphathimandla wathembisa uzozinakekela ukudla nezinye izidingo.

Nokho, empeleni konke yayihluke kakhulu. Kakhulu elonakele izikhulu Latin wathatha ithuba lokufeza ukweba okukhulu lethusi. Appropriating lemali ukugcinwa ezindaweni Gothic, baqhubeka abavikeli babo nemindeni yabo balambile, ziswele izidingo eziyisisekelo. Goths - isizwe, ejwayele ngesikhathi Ukuzula ukuba zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga, kodwa kulokhu, kwakunengozi ukuhlazeka isithunzi sabo, nokuthi ngeke kulunge.

Revolt futhi bamba waseRoma

Izikhulu ziye njengenkulumo, ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi izolo namaqaba, eduze ngokuxhumana Latins, kwadingeka afunde eziningi imiqondo impucuko okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ngo-uqobo, njengoba babeyizidlova abangakwazi angajeziswa Rafting sobachinu ezicashe yengulube, kubhekwa ukuthuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Goths - izizwe zasendulo, kusukela kudala ejwayele inkemba ukuxazulula noma yiziphi izingxabano. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona isiphithiphithi. On ukucindezelwa yayo uhulumeni wathumela amasosha avamile, ngubani ngo-August 378 AbAhl empini Adrianople.

Ongakayeki namanje ngalesi, yamaVisigoth baphuthuma eRoma, futhi ngemva kokuvinjezelwa eside othi esebeké izakhamuzi sisonqenqemeni ukufa ekubulaweni yindlala futhi isifo, baye balufunda. A imininingwane curious: eneka edolobheni ukuze impango Imininingwane, bona, nokho, ekugcineni, musa ngomlilo, ngoba kwakuyinto evamile kuleyo ubudala, futhi akazange abangele umonakalo okuncane kokufuna amathempeli yakhe. Iqiniso ukuthi Goths (isizwe) - namaqaba atypical. Ngalesi sikhathi base amaKristu futhi, ngokusho komholi wabo-Alaric, ohlonishwa Pope labo ababa owalandela nabaPhostoli.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi izinyathelo ezinqala

Ukuthwebula izithombe eRoma, Goths abafaneleki kwalo amandla ezombusazwe. Babefuna yokuletha ubulungisa, ukuthola izikhulu kancane futhi, lapho kunokwenzeka, ukuqeda Ukuphinda okwengeziwe bobubi. Izinyathelo ezinjalo ezinqala ezithathwe nabo siqinise impi yokulwa nenkohlakalo, abe nomphumela ofiselekayo.

Njengoba isinxephezelo ngenxa iziphathimandla esidlule abahlinzeke ukuze zabo ezintsha, phansi ngcono kakhulu, eyayihlanganisa eGaul. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMbusi waseRoma Honorius Ukushada Gothic yinkosi Atualfa udadewabo lamaGalla Placidia, ngaleyo ndlela ekuqiniseni inyunyana zezombusazwe zalo izibopho zomkhaya.

Ukuvela ngomumo eSpain

Nokho, lokhu kwakumane nje kuyisiqalo izenzakalo eziholela indima okufanele ukudlala Goths (isizwe). Umlando wabantu omkhulu nje waqala ngempela mawuvuleke, futhi yafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngemva kokuba timidly ekuqaleni, bese, kanye nokuzimisela kwakhe evamile, waweyisa esifundazweni ezikude Roman, ngokuthi Spain.

Ngaleyo minyaka kwathiwa bekhohlakele yonke imingcele umbuso. bakhona bakhuluma singolunye, okubizwa ngokuthi oluyinhlamba Latin - ulimi Romanized ezivamile, ugxile izici lucebe wendawo. Wabusa izikhulu sifundazwe wathumela eseRoma, kodwa endabeni lempi abantu ingozi ubengase ancike emandleni abo - isimo, emi sisonqenqemeni kokuwa, kwakungeyona kuze izikhonzi zakhe.

Kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu V lapho iSpain ehlaselwa izakhamizi ngesikhathi esifanayo izindimbane zasendle izigangi, Alans futhi Suevi, uMbusi Honorius, okuyinto kakhulu abafuni ukulahlekelwa lokhu, njalo ukhokhe endaweni intela, kuphakanyiswa ukuletha yamaVisigoth ukuze wakhe.

Ngalesi sikhathi, phakathi kwamaRoma namaqaba izolo wakha ubuhlobo ngokwanele yezempi, futhi lokho wavumela amabutho jikelele ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele ibutho Huns ngoJuni 451 Battle of emasimini Catalaunian. Ngenxa yalokho, Attila nebutho lakhe kuze kube manje esinganqobeki wake ahamba yomlando emhlabeni, uMbusi idedelwa izandla zakhe ukuxazulula ezinye izinkinga ngokucindezela.

Abanikazi entsha e-Spain

Ngakho, ukubukeka yamaVisigoth eSpain kwaba umphumela ekugcwalisekeni isibopho sayo ally, kodwa uma kukhona, baqala ukuhlela izimo zabo benomfutho ngimthande nokuzimisela. Honorius ngeshwa ngempela oqonda ngobani Goths (isizwe) ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuwa yokugcina yoMbuso WaseRoma lapho inkohliso futhi ngobuqili wamphoqa ukuba ngisayine ubanika ukuzimela okugcwele outputting Spain kusukela kuhanjiswa yayo.

Ngemva kokusho lokhu, abanikazi abasha Spain, is ezidalwe zisuselwa esifundazweni ubudala, buthaka abese engaphansi kwezombusazwe, esinamandla futhi oludonsa Toledo uhulumeni (ngaphansi kwegama efanayo sekuyinto umlando) wenza uchungechunge ukunqoba indawo.

Ngesikhashana nje base lanqoba izwe nhlangothi zombili izintaba zasePyrenees, Provence, kanye isifundazwe olunzulu Tarrakonskuyu, elula kusuka Barcelona ukuze Cartagena. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Goths (isizwe) - bakhona e imvelaphi yabo, bakwazi ukwakha izinto onamandla kunayo ngesikhathi isimo eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Ukulwela amandla nokuchitha igazi kulandela

Nokho, maqondana nokuphathwa, Spain, lalibuswa yamaVisigoth, kwadingeka ukushiyeka okungathi sína. Kwakungeyona dolobha, kodwa ezintathu isikhungo ezinezivikelo eziqinile afaka isicelo sokungenela le indima - Sevilla, Merida futhi Tarragona. Ngo ngayinye yale mizi wahlala izikhulu, owayecabanga ukuthi, futhi akekho omunye umuntu unelungelo lokubamba ukubusa yedwa.

Yiqiniso, izingxabano zabo ngokuqeda izimpi zombango nokuchitheka kwegazi. Lapho ubheka ikusasa, singasho ukuthi kuwumshikashika igunya kuye abe imbangela yokufa esikhathini esizayo zalesi isimo. Nokho, umlando waleli zwe impela icala ejwayelekile.

izinkinga zomthetho

Njengoba sekungamakhulu ngamakhulu eminyaka zikhona ezintathu, umbuso Toledo kwaba njalo yesehlakalo iziza zezombusazwe ngokomzimba ukuqeda mithi. Esinye isizathu salokhu kwaba ukungabi khona umthetho ngokulandelana. Ngemva kokufa enye inkosi ukwazi wayengakulungisa phambili endaweni yayo noma iyiphi nasezincekwini zakhe, ngenkathi uziba izindlalifa oqondile salowo oshonile. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi lesi simo kuye kwavusa inhlokomo njalo.

Leli gebe zomthetho sesivalekile kanye Visigoth nkosi Leovigild. EsiHlalweni sobukhosi, wayengumuntu ngaphandle kwegazi, washada umfelokazi inkosi wangaphambili. Ukuba umbusi wezwe, isazi sezombangazwe ohlakaniphile waqala neqiniso lokuthi wagunyaza umthetho ngawo amandla udluliselwa indodana yakhe endala futhi kusaba ngemva kokufa kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Ngesikhathi wenza uchungechunge uzinzo intriguers enkantolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Leovigild abadumile njengenhlangano nomholi wezempi oluvelele, usomaqhinga ezicashile kanye umlawuli ngempumelelo. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili wokubusa kwakhe waba "yokuchuma" emlandweni isimo, lapho Goths (isizwe) - abantu, ngaphambi emi ezingeni elifanayo nabanye abantu abayimizulane semi olubi, yamemezela usezakhele igama njengomqambi lesishaya kwenqubomgomo European.

Esifubeni iSonto LamaKatolika

Ngemva kokufa Leovigild empilweni zenkolo zoMbuso kwakuyingxenye isenzakalo esibalulekile - le nkosi nazo zonke izikhonzi zakhe, ikakhulu umlandeli Arian (omunye izinkolo yobuKristu, baqede eyaziwayo), bazithoba kuya uPapa, waya yamaKatolika. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko iqinisa mpo kwamandla kanye nekusungulwa yokwehlayo ecacile kokubili ukuphila okungokomoya futhi ayenemisebenzi yokuziphilisa.

Kuyindida kodwa Goths (isizwe) baye sangenza ngacabanga inkolelo yokungafi abakhileyo yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia of Spain sisonke lenkaba indivisible. eqinisa ubunye besizwe futhi nomthelela ukubukeka imizimba yabo yomthetho, okuyinto wabunjwa ngesikhathi esilandelayo amabili eminyaka. Kwaba kube nesisekelo esingokomthetho sokuthethelela wonke amaKristu of Spain ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini xv.

Ukuwa uthi yamaVisigoth

Kodwa umbuso Toledo - isimo ezinamandla, okuyinto eyavela a ewohlokayo esifundazweni saseRoma, ukhanda wadedelwa zihlala kuphela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amathathu. Owenza indlela ziningi futhi zaba nzima, yawa ngomzuzwana. It okwenzeka ekhulwini VIII, uma wawudla izindwali abanqobi ezimathonsi Arab. Toledtsy bengakwazanga ukuba simelane nawo, futhi izazi-mlando sibone lokhu ngenxa yezizathu eziningana.

Njengoba omunye wabo libizwa ukungavumi ukulwa abahlaseli yileyo ngxenye sabantu has, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene awanelisekile neziphathimandla ekhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi izwe umboze lesi sifo, futhi abavikeli abaningi baba yisisulu yayo. Kodwa ngokusho abacwaningi abaningi, isizathu esiyinhloko kwaba kwayibhebhethekisa kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu VIII ukushikashikeka ngenxa sobukhosi phakathi kwamaqembu ezinethonya kunazo. Naphezu ekhona iminyaka eminingi, umthetho ngokulandelana, okuyinto kwandulelwe ukuthunjwa Spain ama-Arabhu Kule minyaka eyisithupha edlule ku esihlalweni sayo sobukhosi bebelokhu mithi eziyisithupha. Leli qiniso liyazikhulumela.

Kunobufakazi bokuthi ngemva kokufa inkosi lokugcina Wittiza sobukhosi ngumthetho kwakungekaNkulunkulu indodana yakhe Agil, inkantolo, Esenze elinye icebo, wanika protege yakhe Rodrigo. Indlalifa, wacasula futhi angafuni abakwamukelayo ukwehlulwa, wenza isivumelwano imfihlo nama-Arabhu, owawuthi, yokusiza kuye, uyobanikela ophethe ingxenye enkulu yezwe. Lokhu ukukhashelwa ezingcolile futhi wasiza ama-Arabhu kalula ubambe Spain, lapho bagubha abusa ngemva kwalokhu iminyaka eyisithupha.

Ephetha ingxoxo mayelana nokuthi ubani lo Goths (isizwe) ku umlando European yenkulungwane yokuqala AD, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngokuvamile igama lisetshenziswa maqondana nezinye izizwe akudingeki ukuba enze kubo. Ngezinye izikhathi kuyenzeka amagama sifanangwaca. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulungele ngokuvamile kuba udidekile ne Huns okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko, futhi lokho kuyinto izitha zabo izifungo. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona ngokuphelele ezisungulwe fi, ezibangela, isibonelo, Slavic izizwe ngomumo.

Ngokuvamile, umlando walesi sizwe, igama okuyinto igcwele okuthile olubabazekayo Herculean uhlala kakhulu ongaqondakali kuze kube sekupheleni yayingaziwa nhlobo. Kusukela emakhasini zemihla lasendulo sokupeleta amagama umsindo - tulga, Wamba, Athanagild. Kodwa lokhu innuendo namanga ungamandla enozibuthe kusisondeza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba asinge ekujuleni okuyimfihlakalo eminyaka.