Catherine A .: Umlando nesithombe

Catherine A. - Empress, waba omunye izibalo yisakhiwo sodumo umlando Russia XVIII leminyaka. Yaqala engu lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi abesifazane sobukhosi Russian. Kwakungekhona indoda yentando eqinile zezombusazwe noma umphakathi engqondweni, kodwa ngenxa izici siqu zashiya izibazi emlandweni we lawobaba. Kumayelana Catherine mina - senkosikazi kuqala, khona-ke umfazi kaPetru mina, futhi kamuva umbusi egcwele isimo Russian.

imfihlakalo kuqala. ebuntwaneni

Uma sikhuluma neminyaka yokuqala lokhu umuntu, khona-ke engazi bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi izimfihlakalo futhi ongaqinisekile encwadini yomlando yayo ezingaphezu kuka ulwazi lwangempela. Namanje asilwazi indawo yayo ngqo Lokudabuka futhi ubuzwe - ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-300 ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe, izazi-mlando azikwazi nimphendule ngqo.

Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, Ekaterina A. wazalwa Apreli 5, 1684 emkhayeni Lithuanian (futhi mhlawumbe Latvian) ongumlimi eduze Ķegums elalisemagcekeni endaweni mlando Widzew. Khona-ke lezi zindawo beniyingxenye onamandla kunayo isimo Swedish.

Enye inguqulo kusikisela izimpande zakhe Estonia. Likhuluma indaba okuthiwa yena wazalwa ngo idolobha lesimanje lase-Tartu ibizwa ngokuthi ekupheleni le XVII ekhulwini Dorpat. Kodwa wabuye wathi wayengenayo lokuzalwa okusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi bephuma phakathi abantukazana.

Eminyakeni yamuva, kukhona enye inguqulo. uyise Catherine nguSamuweli Skavronsky, wakhonza njengephayona Kazimierz Yanu Sapegi. Uma wabalekela Livonia, wahlala esifundeni neMarienburg, lapho uqale umndeni.

Kukhona eyodwa ehilelekile ngaphezulu. Catherine A. - inkosazana Russian - akazange abe negama okunjalo ngaphansi okuyinto wehla emlandweni. Igama lakhe langempela - Skavronskaya, igama lakhe nguMarta,, uyindodakazi uSamuweli. Kodwa ingowesifazane omubi elinegama elifanayo hlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, + ngakho wenza omusha "idatha ipasipoti" zabo futhi baba Mihaylova Ekaterina Alekseevna.

Imfihlakalo yesibili. ebufaneni

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani kuleyo minyaka yokuqala kwakuseyimpi isifo esiyingozi. Futhi umkhaya wakhe ngale ngozi akuzange kugwemeke. Ngenxa yalokho, ngonyaka lokuzalwa kaMarta kusukela "Black Death" wabulala abazali bakhe. Kube umalume wami kuphela, ongakwazanga lokucabanga ukubalekela imithwalo yemfanelo yokuba umzali, ngakho ngamnika intombazane emndenini Ernst Gluck, ngubani wayengumfundisi waseLuthela. By endleleni, yena translation odumile we zeBhayibheli olimini Latvian. Ngo 1700 waqala neMpi Northern, main amabutho aphikisana naye okwakukhona Sweden neRussia. Ngo-1702, amabutho Russian ahlasela inqaba ungenakunqotshwa neMarienburg. Ngemva kwalokho, u-Ernst Gluck Marta athunyelwa eMoscow eyisiboshwa. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngaphansi irisidi umfundisi Fagetsiya bazinza yendlu yakhe, Quarter-German. Wona Mashi - Catherine A. esizayo - azifundisiwe ukufunda nokubhala, futhi kwaba endlini wasendlini.

Le nguqulo eziqukethwe Brockhaus futhi Efron unika neminye imininingwane, lapho unina akafelanga wesifo, kodwa owashonelwa umyeni wakhe. Umfelokazi, waphoqeleka ukunikeza indodakazi yakhe emndenini we Gluck efanayo. Futhi le nguqulo uthi wafunda ukufunda nokubhala, kanye nemisebenzi yezandla ahlukahlukene.

Inguqulo lwesithathu, emndenini Gluck sika yeza phezu ukufinyelela engu-12 ubudala. Ngaphambi Mashi Veselovskaya wayehlala-Anne-Marie, nomamekazi wakhe. Ngezinye 17 abesavele ashadile a Swede Ioganna Kruze phambi ekuhlaseleni amasosha Russian on enqabeni neMarienburg. Ngemva 1 noma 2 izinsuku ayenakho ukukhonza empini, lapho bebungekho.

Lezi izimfihlakalo lokuzalwa futhi ekuqaleni iminyaka wasibekela ubuntu bakhe Catherine A .. Biography engakutholi ku-100% kucace kusukela lapha kuqhubeke, le ntengo isazoba avele tinhlobo letehlukene namabala amhlophe.

Field Marshal Sheremetev empilweni Catherine

amabutho Russian ekuqaleni Elikhulu Northern neMpi e Livonia kwaholela Sheremetev. Wakwazi uthwebule kwenqaba eyinhloko neMarienburg, ngemva kwalokho amabutho eyinhloko abaseSweden baqhubekela. Okunqobayo kwezindaba onqenqemeni wadalula kwempango isigelekeqe esinonya. Wabika ukuthi Russian Tsar ngendlela elandelayo: "... wathumela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ukuze ashise futhi bamba, wonke akukho kwesokunxele kulabadvuna nalabasikati ekuthunjweni, zonke zonakale futhi ashiswa Ithathwe amahhashi ukusebenza nezinye izilwane inani 20 000, lonke oqoshiwe futhi waqala .. ".

Emboniselweni, Field Marshal athumba abantu 400. Isicelo isiphetho izakhamizi wafika Sheremetev umfundisi Ernst Gluck, bheka kwakungeyena (Sheremetev) kubonakala Catherine A., okwadingeka ke igama Marta Kruze. I Marshal oneminyaka engu-wathumela zonke izakhamuzi Gluck e Moscow, Mashi afanayo wathatha senkosikazi. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa eseneminyaka isancinza sakhe, bese ngesikhathi sokushisa kwemini ukuxabana Menshikov wathatha uMarta yakhe kusukela ukuphila kwakhe kuhlobene umholi omusha bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa, umlekeleli omkhulu kaPetru.

Inguqulo ngu-Peter Genri Bryusa

Ngo ngeminikelo ngaphezulu esihle Catherine luqobo kuye ezichazwe Umlando wakhe izenzakalo Scot Bruce. Ngokusho kwakhe, emva ukuthunjwa neMarienburg uMarta wathatha Baur - uColonel Dragoons, futhi bebonke esizayo.

Ufaka ke ekhaya, Baur wamyala ukuba benze umsebenzi wasekhaya. Njalo lo wayelodadewabo ilungelo abasebenzi ukulahlwa. Lakwentile ngempela bale midlalo, ngenxa yalokho wathola Ukuthandwa nokuhlonishwa yilabo abangaphansi kwakhe. Kamuva Jikelele wakhumbula ukuthi indlu yakhe phambi akuzange Lihle kangaka futhi icocekile, njengoba ngoMashi. Uma Prince Menshikov, Baur oseduze aphakeme, ubekade evakashile, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho intombazane yambona eseneminyaka Catherine A .. Izithombe kuleyo minyaka zazingekho kodwa ukuze uthwebule wakhe, kodwa Menshikov waveza izici wakhe ongavamile ebusweni kanye ukuziphathisa. Waba nesithakazelo ngoMashi futhi bebuzwa ngakho ngesikhathi Baur. Ikakhulukazi, uma yazi ukuthi ukupheka bese ugcine indlu. Wathola impendulo ngoyebo. Khona-ke Prince Menshikov ukuthi ikhaya lakhe muhle ngempela ngaphandle kwesiqondiso futhi uludinga kowesifazane efana Heroine yethu.

Baur waba ngokuqinile nakanjani isikhulu, futhi ngemva kwala mazwi, okuthiwa uMarta, wathi Menshikov wakhe - umnikazi walo omusha. Waqinisekisa lo Prince ukuthi kuyoba a support okuhle kuye endlini kanye nezinye, ungathembela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohlonishwa kakhulu uMarta Baur, ukuvimbela "ikhono ukuthola isabelo nodumo inhlanhla." Alo Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, Catherine mina Alekseevna wayohlala endlini Prince Menshikov. Kwaba 1703.

Umhlangano wokuqala nge Catherine Peter

Ngo ukuhambela kwakhe njalo Menshikov Tsar uPetru mina wahlangana, wayesephendulela endlovukazini yakhe, uMarta. It kwesokunxele ubufakazi ebhaliwe kokuhlangana kwabo kokuqala.

Menshikov wahlala Petersburg (ke - Nienschanz). UPetru waya Livonia, kodwa babefuna ukuhlala nomngane wakhe Menshikov. Ngabo lobo busuku izingane waqale wabona isithandwa sakhe. Waba Catherine A. - umfazi (esikhathini esizayo) Petra Velikogo. Ngalobo busuku walinda etafuleni. Inkosi yambuza lona Menshikov, ungubani, kanjani futhi lapho ayengathola uyithenga. Khona-ke uPetru wabheka eside futhi kanzima Catherine kulokho ekugcineni Entela wathi oye wamlethela ikhandlela ngaphambi kokulala. Nokho, lokhu kwaba ihlaya ngomyalo, okuyinto babengeke benqabe. Ngalobo busuku bachitha ndawonye. Peter washiya ekuseni, ukwazisa, washiya yakhe 1 Ducat, wamasosha ngokubeka isandla sakhe kaMarta at sokuvalelisa.

Kwaba umhlangano wokuqala nenkosi, intombazane eyinceku ngubani wayemiselwe ukuba ube Empress. Lo mhlangano kwakubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba uma azikaze, UPetru wayengasoze wazile ngezingcindezi khona kwentombazane obungajwayelekile.

Ngo 1710, ngesikhathi ukunqoba Battle of Poltava odwendweni lokunqoba Kwahlelwa eMoscow. Ngu ndawo, uthunjwe ibutho IsiSwidi. Imithombo bathi phakathi kwawo kwakukhona umyeni Catherine Iogann Kruze. Wathi intombazane sizala ingane ngemva kwenye inkosi, ngumkakhe. Umphumela kulamagama baba ekudingisweni eSiberia, lapho afela khona ngo 1721.

UyiNkosikazi Petra Velikogo

Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngemva komhlangano wokuqala nenkosi Catherine mina Alekseevna ingane yakhe yokuqala, owayebizwa ngokuthi uPetru, ngemva konyaka kwadingeka ingane yesibili - UPaul. ngokushesha bafa. Inkosi wambiza Marta Vasilevskaya, cishe ngo-anti umndeni wakhe. Ngo-1705 wanquma ukumthatha naye ubeke endlini udadewabo Natalie ku isimo. Mashi lapho ngafunda ukufunda nokubhala isiRashiya, nabangane nomkhaya Menshikov.

Ngo 1707 noma 1708 Mashi Skavronskaya iguqulwe ukuze Lobu-Orthodox. Ngemva kokubhapathizwa, wathola igama elisha - Ekaterina Alekseevna Mihaylova. Igama eliphakathi ethola ngegama ibhapathizwa yakhe ayizalayo wazibonakalisa Tsarevich Aleksey, isibongo wanikezwa uPetru, ukuze ahlale-incognito.

Unkosikazi Petra Velikogo

Catherine kwaba owesifazane othandwa uPetru, kuba uthando zokuphila kwakhe. Yebo, waba nezimpikiswano eziningi enkulu amanoveli kanye izingobe, kodwa wayemthanda umuntu oyedwa kuphela - uMarta. Wabheka ke. Peter mina, njengoba wazi kusukela Umlando wabantu ababephila, wahlupheka zekhanda ezinamandla. Akekho omunye ongaba nazo. Catherine A. kwaba "analgesic" yakhe. Lapho inkosi yaqala okunye ukuhlasela yena ehlezi eceleni kwakhe, bangana naye futhi stroked ikhanda lakhe imizuzu embalwa, okwathi ngemva kwalokho walala zwí. Lapho evuka, wazizwa fresh, bejabule, isilungele nezinselele ezintsha.

Entwasahlobo ka-1711, kusukela kulo mkhankaso Prut, uPetru bahlangana eduze ku isimo, waletha phambi kwabo abakhethiwe yakhe elinye lathi ukuthi kusukela manje kuqhubeke kumelwe bonke kubhekwe unkosikazi semthethweni nendlovukazi. Futhi, wathi, uma wafa ngaphambi kokuba ashade, khona-ke kufanele zonke kubhekwe indlalifa esisemthethweni yesihlalo sobukhosi Russian.

Umshado kwenzeke kuphela 1712, ngo-February 19, esontweni Isaakiya Dalmatskogo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Catherine A. - unkosikazi uPetru wehlelwe yini. Izithandani ngokuqinile exhunywe nomunye, ikakhulukazi uPetru. Wayefuna ukubona it yonke indawo: ekwehleleni emkhunjini, ukubuyekezwa lempi, ngamaholide.

Izingane sikaPetru Catherine

Katerinushka njengoba inkosi yabiza wakhe, wazala izingane 10 Nokho, uPetru, iningi layo lafela isakhasa (bheka. Ithebula).

Kuphela namadodakazi akhe amabili ixhunyaniswe umlando lifeze izinhloso zalo zezombusazwe we Romanov lwamakhosi. indodakazi Catherine Elizabeth Alekseevna leliya lizwe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20, futhi inzalo ka-Anna wabusa eRussia kusukela 1762 kuya ekwindla ka-kwamakhosi ngo-1917.

Lokunyuka yesihlalo sobukhosi

Njengoba wazi, uPetru ukhunjulwa ngokuthi inkosi-wezinguquko. Mayelana nenqubo ngokulandelana, akazange ukugwema umbuzo. Ngo-1722 kule ndawo kwenziwa kabusha ku lapho indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi akazange abe ngowokuqala kuleli besilisa umugqa ozalweni, futhi lowo oqokwe esebenza umbusi. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mbusi kungaba yisiphi isihloko.

Novemba 15, 1723 Peter wakhipha Manifesto ku Okuthwesa umqhele uCatherine. kakhulu wokugcotshwa senzeka ngoMeyi 7, 1724.

Amaviki bokugcina bokuphila kwakhe, uPetru wayegula kakhulu. Futhi lapho Catherine waqaphela ukuthi ngeke isheshe ilulame ekuguleni, wabiza Prince Menshikov futhi Bala UTolstoy yokuthi baye ukusebenza ukuheha labo abanegunya phezu ngaseceleni kwalo, kungathi uPetru wayengakuqondi kushiya intando.

Januwari 28, 1725 ngokusekelwa Labaqaphi futhi iningi izicukuthwane Catherine ezamenyezelwa Empress, indlalifa Petra Velikogo.

Velikaya Ekaterina Alekseevna yesihlalo sobukhosi Russian

Russian kungani umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla phakathi nokubusa Catherine wayengekho autocratic. Cishe ngamandla kwaba ezandleni yangasese Council, kodwa wagomela ukuthi lilonke has Senate eyayiphansi uCatherine Omkhulu uqambe iSigele. amandla Unlimited ukuthi onikwe Prince Menshikov, lowo wathatha uMarta Skavronskaya Count Sheremetev.

Catherine A. - Empress ngaphandle nezindaba zomphakathi. Wayengalithandi esimweni, ukubeka yonke ukukhathazeka ku Menshikov, Tolstoy, futhi wadala e 1726 yangasese Council. Inzalo ayenakho kuphela inqubomgomo angaphandle, futhi ikakhulukazi ngoxhaxha, okuyinto yadluliselwa kumyeni wakhe. ISigele eminyakeni liye laphelelwa ithonya layo juqu. Wonke amadokhumenti akhiwa yangasese Council, futhi iNdlovukazi kwaba umsebenzi okulula amasignisha yabo.

Long iminyaka wokubusa uPetru mina bebelokhu izimpi njalo, umthwalo okuyinto ngokuphelele wabeka emahlombe abantu abavamile. Kuyinto kusukela kule ukhathele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo waba isivuno siba simbi kwezolimo, intengo isinkwa avuke. Izwe idale isimo esishubile. Ukuze ngandlela-thile ukudambisa ke, Catherine kwehliswe intela yokuvota kusuka amasenti 74 kuya 70. Wazalelwa Mashi Skavronskaya, ngeshwa, akazange ihluke ngezici zabo ashisekela izinguquko, esanikwa isikhulu namesake yayo - 2 Catherine A., nomsebenzi walo obala kwakuqondiswe kungagcini izimo eziyize. Njengoba izwe lonke wangcwatshwa ngokukhwabanisa futhi nangobudlova emhlabathini.

imfundo ephansi kanye non-iqhaza ezindabeni zomphakathi, kepha kungabi njengokuba ukungaboniswa uthando abantu bakhe sika - yena ungcwatshwa ke. Catherine wayesiza ungowosizi, nje abantu ecela usizo, abanye bafuna ukubona ummeli wesifazane wakhe. Njengomthetho, akakaze wenqaba futhi godson elilandelayo wanikeza ducats ambalwa.

1 Ekaterina Alekseevna kwaba ngamandla iminyaka emibili kuphela - kusukela 1725 kuze 1727-th. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwasivulela Academy of Sciences, uhlelekile futhi ezivezwa uhambo Bering sika, kanye Order of St Aleksandra Nevskogo kwethulwa.

Ukufa

Ngemva kokufa kaPetru, ukuphila Catherine waqala kayiphothi; masquerades, amabhola, imikhosi, kubukela kakhulu impilo yakhe. Ngo-April 1727, i-10th, iNdlovukazi wagula, ukukhwehlela yanda, izibonakaliso umonakalo wamaphaphu. Catherine mina ukufa kwaba Kuxhomeke isikhathi. Phila kwaba esingaphansi kwenyanga.

Meyi 6, 1727, kusihlwa, at 9 enhloko, Catherine wafa. Wayeneminyaka engu-43 ubudala. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ukuthi isivumelwano esibhaliwe ukuthi iNdlovukazi ayikwazanga ngemvume, ngakho-ke sasingekho isignesha endodakazini yakhe u-Elisabethe. Ngokusho intando sobukhosi wayengumuntu ukuthatha Peter A., umzukulu koMbusi uPetru I.

Catherine A. noPetru Kwadingeka pair omuhle. Basekelana izimpilo nomunye. Catherine isinyathelo ngomlingo, akhuthaza ngayo, uPetru, esikhundleni salokho, constrains amandla layo langaphakathi. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, uCatherine isikhathi esisele wachitha emikhosini nokuphuza izikhathi. ofakazi abaningi amangalelwe ukuthi ngifuna ukukhohlwa, abanye bekhuluma Ukuphoshoza wakhe nemvelo. Kunoma yikuphi, abantu eyayimthanda, amadoda ayekwazi ukuthi kutihlela futhi Empress wasala engasenabo bamandla wangempela ezandleni zabo. 1 Ekaterina Alekseevna ekuqaleni kwenkathi wokubusa abesifazane eMbusweni Russian, awasalayo oshayelayo kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, ngilokhu kweminyaka eminingi.