Cai Lun. Umlando nesenzakalo lephepha

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaShayina babekholelwa zonke ophilayo eduze kwabo omakhelwane ngowezizwe. Babonakala ivikelwe nezwe, futhi cishe akazange mbeni abantu kusukela ngaphandle. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ukuba nesizungu abalobi Chinese izimbongi bakwazi ukwakha eliyingqayizivele isiko, abaqambi nososayensi njengoba kungukuthi emuva.

Izinga ukuthuthukiswa China endulo

Ngalezo zinsuku, lapho izwe waba ngukumkani Endulo, isiShayina baye basebenzisa ubhuqu ubhale ephepheni. Umlando nesenzakalo iphepha lide kakhulu ngempela ezithakazelisayo. Okokuqala, isiShayina esetshenziswa ufudu amagobolondo ngokubhala izinhlamvu. Basaqhubeka akhona futhi sangomhla II yeminyaka BC. Basuke sabe sesidlulela imiqulu kasilika, izicezu amaphilisi bamboo nobumba ngokubhala.

Ekuqaleni AD II ekhulwini phakathi nokubusa amaShayina Han Dynasty nomhlonishwa ongaphakeme isikhundla iphepha yasungulwa. Ngokwenkolelo wangaleyo nkathi, ephepheni elenziwe ngesitshalo kasilika. Nokho Cai Lun basebehamba ngendlela efanayo, wengeza umlotha ukhuni Hemp. Le nto has amandla athe xaxa, sibonga omiswe yayo elangeni amatshe bushelelezi. Ukuze lokhu okusungulile Cai Lun etholakele kuKesari esiphakeme futhi wathatha isikhundla ebalulekile emphakathini Chinese.

Uma sicabanga kabanzi ukukhiqizwa ubuchwepheshe iphepha, yasungulwa Lun, singakwazi uqaphele ukuthi esenqume babeka izingcezu ezincane kasilika ku-grid, abese okwakuthandelene futhi oswakanyiswe amanzi. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, usilika Imicu yotshani kwaba phansi, waphula nge izando, unezela impela kancane amanzi. Lokhu kwenza izinto lokugcina ziyaqothuka futhi obukhulu ngokwanele ngokubhala. Uyinki ephepheni kusulwe masinyane kangaka, futhi izincwadi ngokwabo kanye zemihla waphendukela uthuli. Lesi simiso ngesisekelo ukukhiqizwa iphepha futhi ezinsukwini zethu.

Enye inzuzo Cai Lun yilokhu Wakhuphuka indlela ukudala iphepha imicu ehlukene. Ngemva ukwethulwa isamba okunjalo isimiso imfucuza izinsalela hhayi ngaphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli phephandaba Cai Lun wayengekho kangcono kuphela, kodwa futhi eshibhile ukukhiqiza, kwakubalulekile kokubili manje ngalezo zinsuku.

Umsunguli wendlela iphepha

Ubuntu le umsunguli omkhulu Sekuyinto ezithakazelisayo. Cai Lun wazalwa ngo Ngomnyaka wamashumi omahlanu ka enkathini yethu. Mayelana esengumntwana lutho alwaziwa. Lo muntu okukhulunywa kuphela 65 BC: njengoba nanhlanu izinsizwa, Cai Lun saqala ukukhonza esigodlweni yasebukhosini. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe onzima, nokukhuthala umthwalo, wenyukela isitebhisi isikhathi ngasinye lapho umbusi owayekhonze, futhi kwakukhona amaningi njengoba ezinhlanu. Bonke ababusi abone ikhono elimangalisayo lo muntu, futhi kuye basakaza khona amahemuhemu okuthi njengendlela lobuchwepheshe esiyingqayizivele. Njengoba zikhula Cai Lun omethembayo induna arsenal yasebukhosini. Kwakulapho ukuthi uJehova waqale wabonisa intshiseko yakhe evelele, ukuziqambela izikhali ezintsha ezimbalwa futhi ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yokubandula akhona.

Iphepha ngaphandle China

Kodwa umlando okuvela iphepha akugcini lapho. Inqubo nokwenza kwaba njalo. Ikakhulukazi amaShayina wabona ngentshiseko ke ukuthi imfihlo yabo abakutholanga ezandleni yimuphi omunye State. Kodwa namanje phakathi VII leminyaka, iphepha imfihlo waziwa engaphandle China. Baqala ukusebenzisa eJapane naseNdiya. Khona-ke, ngekhulu le-IX iphepha Chinese wawela ezandleni ama-Arabhu, bese adluliselwe Europe.

inqubo ngcono

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa iphepha uye washintsha abalulekile. trendsetter kulokhu kwaba eNetherlands ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu umthamo wayo ukukhiqiza nezinga enkulu ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. Ekhulwini XVII, Dutch bakwazi ukuthuthukisa zonke izigaba inqubo, sibonga ukwethulwa ezintsha ezihlukahlukene yezobuchwepheshe. Nakuba ekuqaleni ekhulwini XII, ukukhiqizwa iphepha siqale eFrance nase-Italy.

Iphepha eRussia

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa iphepha ifinyelele neRussia. Eminyakeni 30 kwekhulu XVII, esigayweni lokuqala ukwenziwa iphepha sase sibekiwe. Kakade ngesikhathi uPetru mina ezindaweni eMoscow Petersburg, eyasungulwa Mills eziningana kanye nezimboni ezinkulu. Kwaphela isikhathi eside uMbuso Russian ayikwazanga ukunikeza ngokwabo nge eliphezulu iphepha, kwadingeka uyithenga waseHolland. Nokho, njengoba nezinguquko ezimbonini kaPetru mina, izwe lethu liye lakwazi ukusungula umkhakha ephepheni.

Ukusungulwa Cai Lun avunyelwe isintu ukufinyelela ezingeni entsha yentuthuko. Paper ukuthi kungaba wonke iminyaka eminingi, kakhulu wasiza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo kanye nomlando. Izinto eziningi ngawo-China, indlela yokuphila nemikhuba Abantu bangaleso sikhathi, thina ngabe nimazile ngaphandle lokhu leminyaka. Leli phephandaba unolwazi kuya subsequent zukulwane imibono ongqondongqondo ezinkulu Chinese ezifana Lao Tzu, uConfucius, Chuang tzu nabanye. Ngaphandle kwayo, konke umsebenzi abahlakaniphileyo angeke kuphindze ku maelstrom sempi noma ngaphansi kwethonya isikhathi.