I nokwahlukana eCzechoslovakia: umlando, izimbangela kanye nemiphumela. Unyaka ka kuqedwa eCzechoslovakia

Lo mcimbi enkulu emlandweni eYurophu namuhla, ukuchitheka eCzechoslovakia. Izizathu zalokhu yilezi njengoba policheskoy, ezempi kanye isimo sezomnotho ezweni. Kusasele amashumi eminyaka ukwehlukanisa eCzech Republic naseSlovakia kusukela ngosuku uqhekeko. Kodwa manje inkinga isihloko ucwaningo olujulile mlando, ososayensi zezombusazwe nabanye ochwepheshe.

.: 1968 Ngokuwa preconditions

I nokwahlukana eCzechoslovakia kwenzeka ngo-1993. Nokho, kuqhamuka khona lo mcimbi babekwa ngisemncane kakhulu. Bango-Agasti 20-21, 1968 uxhumano Soviet Arima, eMpumalanga Jalimane, eBulgaria, eHungary nasePoland, ngenombolo ingqikithi ayizinkulungwane 650. Amasosha, yahlasela eCzechoslovakia futhi alithatha izwe. ukuboshwa isakhiwo ebusayo wezwe (Dubcek, Cernik futhi Freedom) Yenziwa. Abaholi bahlale wonkana wenqaba ngokubambisana. Abazihlelele wazama ukubonisa ukumelana, mayelana 25 kwafa amasosha nezakhamuzi phakathi imiboniso emelene ngempela namaSoviet. ubuholi Soviet wafuna ukudala ensimini ka eCzechoslovakia, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange-wasekela. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, kukhuphuke ukuzimela Slovakia ngaphakathi kwemingcele isimo esisha sikahulumeni, okuyinto ezamenyezelwa lapho kuqala 1969.

Revolution eCzechoslovakia ngo-1989

Ekupheleni kuka-1980. ECzechoslovakia anda ukungeneliseki komphakathi autocracy iqembu lamaKhomanisi. Ngo-1989 ePrague kusukela ngo-January kuya ku-September, sekube imibhikisho eminingi abahlakazekile ngamaphoyisa. Amandla main ukubhikisha abafundi. Septhemba 17, 1989 iningi isisindo sakhe hit ezitaladini, futhi abaningi bashaywa ngamaphoyisa, amayunivesithi kulesi sikhathi isivaliwe. Lesi senzakalo sasingeyona umfutho ukwenza. Nezihlakaniphi nabafundi bangenele isiteleka. Union of konke ukuphikisa - "Civic Forum" - Novemba 20 ngaphansi kokuqondisa Vatslava Gavely (isithombe ngezansi) ngokuthi imibhikisho mass. Ekupheleni kwenyanga, umumo wawo kungathi izinkulungwame 750. Of ababhikishi abhikisha emigwaqweni lasePrague zabuzwa ukwesula uhulumeni. Umgomo yafinyelelwa: ayikwazi ukuthi singamelana nokucindezela, umongameli eshiye Gustav Husak wesulile esikhundleni sakhe, izikhulu eziningi. Imicimbi ushintsho obunokuthula kobuholi eCzechoslovakia sabizwa ngokuthi "velvet yokuvukela". Izenzakalo 1989 kusengaphambili indlela nokwahlukana eCzechoslovakia.

Ukukhethwa 1989-1990.

izigwili Post-lamaKhomanisi kwakhiwa izingxenye isimo zizikhethele inkambo wempilo ezimele. Ngo-1989, ekupheleni kukaDisemba, uMkhandlu Federal ukukhetha umengameli yeCzechoslovakia Vatslava Gavela, usihlalo - Dubcheka Aleksandra. Benhlangano lalingamathalenta umzimba omele ekubukeni Zuma we inqwaba co-optation nezombusazwe nokuhamba amaKhomanisi "Civic Forum" futhi "Public Against Udlame."

Gavel Vatslav ngo-February 1990, kwafika eMoscow futhi wathola axolise kuhulumeni waseSoviet izenzakalo kuka-1968, lapho amabutho aseSoviet eyenziwa kwakuwukuhlasela ahlomile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waqinisekiswa ukuthi amabutho empi eU.SSR zizokhishwa ekupheleni Julayi 1991 baseCzechoslovakia.

Entwasahlobo ka-1990, uMkhandlu Federal lidlule eziningi imithetho ukuthi ivumele inhlangano izinkampani ezizimele, futhi bebonke ivumile ukuba sifeze azimele wamabhizinisi zezimboni, eziphethwe uhulumeni. Ekuqaleni kuka-June, baba imihlangano ukhetho, lapho kuba 96% inani eliphelele abavoti. Nge inzuzo enkulu odezhali uwine zezombangazwe ikhandidethi "Civic Forum" futhi "Public Against Udlame." Bamukela engaphezu kuka-46% wamavoti, kanti iningi Assembly Federal. Inombolo yesibili esiphezulu samavoti bangamaKhomanisi owakhetha lo 14% izakhamuzi. indawo Okwesithathu sathathwa umfelandawonye ehlanganisa Democratic imibango yobuKristu. Julayi 5, 1990 ku isikhathi esiyiminyaka emibili-ehhovisi entsha Federal Assembly kabusha akhethwe Gavela Vatslava futhi Dubcheka Aleksandra (ngezansi) -, ngokulandelana, yokuma usihlalo.

ukunyakaza Split "Umphakathi Against Udlame"

I nokwahlukana eCzechoslovakia, owasungulwa ngo-March 1991, lapho kwakukhona uqhekeko kuleli enhlangano yezombusazwe "Public Against Udlame", futhi umphumela waba ukuthi amaqembu amaningi ahlukaniswa lisungulwa "Movement for a Democratic Slovakia". Ngokushesha kwaba ukuhlukana phakathi kwababusi "Civil Forum" kumiswa amaqembu amathathu, omunye owawungumnyaka "Civic Democratic Party." Eziqhubeka phakathi neSlovakia Czech Republic zuqaliswe kabusha ngo-June 1991. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubuholi "le Civic Democratic Party" kufikile esiphethweni sokuthi umhlangano ngeke nemiphumela emihle, ngakho ake sicabangele simo "Velvet Isehlukaniso".

"Ihayifeni impi"

Ukuqothulwa kwezindlovu umbuso zamaKhomanisi ngo-1989 iye yashesha izenzakalo lokho kwaqala wokugoqa yeCzechoslovakia. Abaholi kusukela Czech Republic ufisa ukuba sisho ukuthini igama elibhalwe njengoba izwi elilodwa, kuyilapho opponetov zabo - Slovakia - waphikelela lokubhala defisnom. Ekhokha intela kwabase-imizwa kazwelonke abantu Slovak, ngo-April 1990 Assembly Federal evunyiwe igama elisha esemthethweni eCzechoslovakia: Czech and isiSlovak iFederal Republic (CSFR). Amaqembu bakwazi ukufika ukusilela, njengoba Slovak igama ulimi kaHulumeni angafika noma zibhalwe nge ikhonco, njengoba e Czech - ndawonye.

"I eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia Ihlathi"

On kuqedwa eCzechoslovakia futhi bathonya umphumela izingxoxo of ondunankulu ohulumeni kazwelonke ka neSlovakia Czech Republic - Vladimir Meciar futhi Vatslava Klausa. Kwabuthanelwa e Brno ngesikhathi Villa Tugendhat ngo-1992. Ngokwe-Umlando we umhlanganyeli Miroslav Matzek Vaclav Klaus wathatha ibhodi kashoki labetibambile umuda ojame rwe, okubonisa ukuthi phezulu iwumbuso mpo, futhi ezansi - ngokuhlukana. Wawunamafutha therebetween ezibanzi okwakuhlanganisa inhlangano futhi ukuhlanganyela. Lokhu kunganeliseki kwavela ngemva umbuzo ngokuqondene nalokho ingxenye esikalini futhi lokhu kuye kwenzeka ukuhlangabezana? Futhi le ndawo kwakungu esibi kunazo zonke, kusho "isehlukaniso". Ingxoxo akugcini kuze Vaclav Klaus akazange sebefike esiphethweni sokuthi izimiso mahle kutebuncusa ngoba Slovaks neze kubhekwe esamukelekayo amaCzech namaRomany. I nokwahlukana eCzechoslovakia Kwakusobala. Villa Tugendhat kwaba leyo State Svoge uhlobo Belovezhskaya Pushcha. izingxoxo Eminye ungazange besiba ukulondolozwa lo mfelandawonye. Ukulandela imiphumela umhlangano zamanxusa isenzo ngokomthethosisekelo sasayinwa, okuyinto fixed elingokomthetho ukuze uthumele imibuso eyinhloko ezingama-republic.

"Velvet Isehlukaniso"

Unyaka esondela nokonakala yeCzechoslovakia. lukazwelonke yayiqhutshelwa lizwe ngo-June 1992. "Movement for a Democratic Slovakia" iye yazuza amavoti amaningi e-Slovakia futhi "Civic Democratic Party" - in the Czech Republic. Kukhona isiphakamiso ukwakha konferederatsiyu, kodwa sasingawohloki asekelwa "le Civic Democratic Party."

Sovereignty of Slovakia ezamenyezelwa Julayi 17, 1992 i-Slovak National Council. Isizathu sokwesula kwakhe kaMengameli Gavel Vatslav. In autumn 1992, ingxenye enkulu igunya lomphakathi ophiwe Republic. I-Federal Assembly ekupheleni Novemba 1992 ngamavoti amathathu ezisanda kuvunyelwa umthetho, okuyinto provoglashal ukuqothulwa kwezindlovu eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia mfelandawonye. Naphezu umbango kwi ingxenye iningi Slovaks futhi amaCzech namaRomany, phakathi kobusuku-December 31, 1992, zombili izinhlangothi wafika isinqumo sokuchitha lo mfelandawonye. I nokwahlukana eCzechoslovakia ezenzeka emkhathini ngonyaka, owawungumnyaka yokuqalisa emlandweni kwamazwe amabili okudalwe - the isiSlovak Republic kanye Czech Republic.

emva yokuhlukanisa

State ngokuthula waqhekeka waba izingxenye ezimele ezimbili. I nokwahlukana eCzechoslovakia ku eCzech Republic naseSlovakia imiphumela eziphikisa ku ukuqhubeka kwala mazwe womabili. Esikhathini esifushane eCzech Republic wakwazi waqalisa kwekuhlela kabusha ezinkulu emnothweni kanye nokwakha emakethe umnotho ngempumelelo. Lokhu kwaba lunqume ukuthi avunyelwe isimo esisha ukuba abe ilungu le-European Union. Ngo-1999, Czech Republic zahlangana eNyakatho ye-Atlantic lempi Bloc. Uguquko kwezomnotho e-Slovakia kwakukhona eziyinkimbinkimbi kancane, umbuzo ka-yayo kwi-European Union nesibindi ukuze izinkinga ezingase zivele. Futhi kuphela ngo-2004-ke wangena isimo sawo futhi waba ilungu NATO.