IVelvet Revolution. Velvet linemibhikisho eMpumalanga Yurophu

Igama elithi "iVelvet Revolution" savela kuyi-1980 - 1990. It akubonisi uhlobo izenzakalo ezichazwe social sciences, igama elithi "yokuvukela". Leli gama lihlanganisa inkulumo njalo qualitative, ayisisekelo, izinguquko ezinkulu imikhakha yomphakathi, ezomnotho nezombusazwe, okuyizinto ezibangela ekuguquleni wonke umphakathi, ukushintsha isakhiwo imodeli emphakathini.

Kuyini lokhu?

"Velvet yokuvukela" - igama elivamile izinqubo ezenzeka emazweni naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga esikhathini esisukela ngasekupheleni 1980 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Ukuwa ngo-1989 Berlin Wall isibe uhlobo uphawu.

Igama elithi "iVelvet Revolution" lezi izinxushunxushu zombangazwe wathola ngoba uthi iningi uzibophezele ngaphandle kwegazi (ngaphandle Romania, lapho kwakukhona khona ukuvukela behlomile ubudlova okungagunyaziwe c uNicolae Ceauşescu, umashiqela wangaphambili nomkakhe). Imicimbi yonke indawo ngaphandle eYugoslavia, wathatha indawo kuqhathaniswa ngokushesha, acishe kweso. Uma uthi nhlá, ukufana zokubhala yabo futhi ukuqondana kwezinto ngesikhathi ayamangalisa. Nokho, ake sibheke izimbangela nesimo salezi linemibhikisho - futhi sibona ukuthi lezi zenzakalo akuzona ngephutha. Lesi sihloko uyonika definition ukuthini igama elithi "velvet yokuvukela" futhi uyobheka kafushane nezimbangela zayo.

Imicimbi kanye izinqubo ezenzeka eMpumalanga Yurophu ngawo-80s sekwephuzile futhi 90 zokuqala, Sinesithakazelo osopolitiki, ososayensi kanye nomphakathi jikelele. Ziyini izimbangela ngalezi zinguquko? Futhi iyini essence zabo? Ake sizame ukuba siphendule le mibuzo. I kuqala uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezifana nezombangazwe eYurophu isibe "velvet yokuvukela" eCzechoslovakia. Kusukela futhi uqale.

Imicimbi eCzechoslovakia

Ngo-November 1989, kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu eCzechoslovakia. "IVelvet Revolution" eCzechoslovakia kwaholela kokugumbuqelwa ngaphandle kwegazi umbuso zamaKhomanisi ngenxa kule mibhikisho. I ngiyibona juqu phathelana ihlelwe ku 17 Novemba ukubonakaliswa umfundi kumemori uJan Opletal, umfundi eCzech Republic, owabulawa ngesikhathi kuqhubeka umbhikisho engekho emthethweni ngenkathi yokubusa wamaNazi isimo. Ngenxa yalokho izenzakalo Kulimale abantu abangaphezu kuka-500 ku-17 Novemba.

Novemba 20, abafundi bangena esitelekeni nemiboniso mass Kwagqashuka emadolobheni amaningi. Nov. 24 ukwesula kanobhala wokuqala namanye abaholi beqembu lamaKhomanisi ezweni. Novemba 26, aphethwe rally grand maphakathi ePrague, elaqala amalungu wawo kungathi izinkulungwame 700. Novemba 29 ephalamende ochithiwe isihloko somthethosisekelo ubuholi Communist Party. Disemba 29, 1989 Aleksandr Dubchek wakhethwa Somlomo wePhalamende, futhi Vatslava Gavela akhethelwe ukuba nguMengameli yeCzechoslovakia. Izimbangela 'iVelvet Revolution "eCzechoslovakia nakwamanye amazwe uzobe kuchaziwe ngezansi. Futhi ukufunda imibono lochwepheshe ogunyaziwe.

Izimbangela "velvet yokuvukela"

Khona-ke, eshukunyiswa zizathu ikhefu ayisisekelo kanye ukuhleleka emphakathini? Izazi eziningi (isib, V. K. volkov) ngezizathu zangaphakathi umgomo for 1989 revolution kubonakala igebe phakathi amabutho ithele kanye nesimo phakathi kwabaqashi nabasebenzi. kwemibuso yobushiqela noma kobushiqela-bureaucratic babé into ethile ebiyisithiyo entuthukweni yezesayensi, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho zamazwe, behlisa ijubane inqubo ukuhlanganiswa ngisho ngaphakathi CMEA. Cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka nakho emazweni yaseNingizimu-EMpumalanga Yurophu Central selukhombisile ukuthi bakude ngemuva kwamazwe eziphambili isicebi, ngisho nakulabo kade ezingeni elifanayo. ECzechoslovakia futhi Hungary sifaniso ne-Austria, i-GDR - ne eJalimane, Bulgaria - Greece. GDR, okubenze bafinyelela CMEA, ngokusho Ukwaziswa UN, ngo-1987 i-GP lengenako zibalwa indawo th 17 kuphela emhlabeni, neCzechoslovakia - 25th indawo, iSoviet Union - 30. Elikhulayo igebe amazinga empilo, kwelizinga letemphilo, ukuphepha komphakathi, amasiko nezemfundo.

Isigaba waqala ukuthola ubunjalo ukuliyeka eMpumalanga Yurophu. Lawula ukusekela ngokulondoloza uhlelo nge ukuhlela eyodwa eqinile sverhmonopolizmom kangaka okuthiwa ukungasebenzi umyalo-zokuphatha uhlelo ezifuywa zokukhiqiza nokubuna yayo. Lokhu kwaba sobala ikakhulukazi-yalolucwaningo 50-80, lapho kula mazwe esalibele isigaba esisha revolution kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, owanikhipha ziye eNtshonalanga Yurophu okwesikhashana ne-United States elisha, "post-ezimbonini" ezingeni yentuthuko. Kancane kancane, ekupheleni 70s, yaqala mkhuba maqondana ekuguquleni emhlabeni sezenhlalo e secondary amandla setepolitiki, kwezomnotho enkundleni yomhlaba. Kuphela endaweni samasosha amasu ukuhlala beqinile, futhi lokho ikakhulukazi ngenxa ezingaba wezempi wase-USSR.

isici kazwelonke

Esinye isici esinamandla ngawo waqaphela "velvet yokuvukela" ngo-1989, kuye kwaba kazwelonke. isizwe esiziqhenya ngayo, njengoba kwakunjalo umthetho ukuthi kuphulwe umthetho ngenxa yokuthi umbuso kobushiqela-bureaucratic okusikhumbuza eSoviet. izenzo ikhono lokungacasuli kubaholi kweSoviet futhi abameleli zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kula mazwe, amaphutha abo ezepolitiki benzé luhamba luye ohlangothini olulodwa. Ngokufana ukuthi waphawula ngo-1948, ngemva ukudabuka of ubudlelwano phakathi eU.SSR eYugoslavia (okuholele ke "velvet yokuvukela" eYugoslavia), ngokuhamba zomthetho imodeli eMoscow ngakho ngaphambi kwempi, nokunye. D. Abaholi bamaqembu e amandla, esikhundleni salokho, bethatha isipiliyoni bagomele eSoviet Union, ukuba bafake isandla ushintsho imibuso endawo uhlobo Soviet. Konke lokhu emenza nomuzwa wokuthi isimiso esinjalo eziphoqelelwe kusuka ngaphandle. Lokhu lula kokungenela kubaholi zaseSoviet ezenzeka e-Hungary ngo-1956 futhi eCzechoslovakia ngo-1968 (kamuva wenza "velvet yokuvukela" e-Hungary neCzechoslovakia). Ezingqondweni zabantu ke kwaba fixed umqondo "uBrezhnev imfundiso", ie ubukhosi elinganiselwe. Iningi labantu, ngokuqhathanisa isimo somnotho wezwe lonke nge isikhundla omakhelwane bayo ku West waqala yezimo abhekene uxhumano nomsebenzisi ndawonye kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho. Ukwephula imizwa kazwelonke, ukungeneliseki emphakathini nakwezombangazwe has nomphumela walo ohlangothini olufanayo. Ngenxa yalokho sale ngozi waqala. Juni 17, 1953 kwaba nenkinga e-GDR, ngo-1956 - eHungary, ngo-1968 - eCzechoslovakia futhi ePoland Kwakuthi izikhathi eziningana '60s,' 70s kanye '80s. Bona, Nokho, akazange abe isinqumo esihle. Lezi zinhlekelele kuphela ezaba nomthelela ukujivaza tindlela etholakalayo, ekuqongeleleni okubizwa ngokuthi shift ngemibono, ngokuvamile sibandulele nezinguquko kwezombusazwe, ukudalwa ukuhlolwa negative amaqembu amakhulu.

ithonya Soviet

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, embula ukuthi kungani Imibuso kobushiqela-bureaucratic baye sengihluzekile - awase emnyangweni amaphoyisa, kuya "umphakathi sezenhlalo", ingcindezi evela ubuholi Soviet. Noma yimuphi nokugxeka ngokoqobo ekhona, noma imiphi imizamo yenze izinguquko ukuze ihlangabezane imfundiso yokuziphendukela Marxism ngokombono ukuqonda yokudala, ikhumbula Isimo samanje, kuthiwe "revisionism", "ukuketula ehlukile" nokunye. D. ukungabi kuleli bunyenti ongokomoya, ukufana isiko kanye imibono evamile kwaholela dvoyakomysliyu, zezombusazwe passivity zomphakathi, izindinganiso ezithile, ukuthi umuntu ngokokuziphatha onakalisayo. Nalokhu, yebo, ayikwazanga ukwamukela amandla engqondo nawokuxoxa zokudala ezithuthukayo.

Ukuba buthaka kwezindlela amaqembu ezombusazwe

Olwengeziwe waqala kuphakama isimo wamavukelambuso eMpumalanga Yurophu. Ukubuka kanjani kabusha e eSoviet Union, labantu kula mazwe ulindele izinguquko ezifanayo ekhaya. Nokho, okwamanje juqu kwembula ubuthakathaka isici subjective, okungukuthi ukuntuleka amaqembu ovuthiwe zezombusazwe onekhono ukuba afeze izinguquko ezinkulu. Iqembu elibusayo e isikhathi eside wokubusa kwakhe engalawuliwe ukuhlukanisa elahlekile yokudala, ikhono uthuthukise. Ukulahleka imvelo yabo kwezepolitiki, okwabe nje ukuqhutshekiselwa kwenchubokuphatsa isimo, kukhona ukuxhumana ngokuya wokulahlekelwa nabantu. Nezihlakaniphi, la amaqembu azange abathembe, intsha Nginakile kancane, asikwazanga ukuthola ulimi ezivamile naye. Inqubomgomo ukuzethemba umphakathi, ikakhulukazi ngemva benkampane ngokuya kwaluqeda inkohlakalo, sitfutfukise lwati kubafundzi siqu waqala bechuma, ukulahlekelwa ikhampasi ewukuziphatha. Kuyaphawuleka nokubacindezela ngokumelene ukukhononda, "abaphikisi bombuso" ababenomkhuba wokwenza eBulgaria, Romania, East eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe.

party ebonakala enamandla futhi monopolistic elibusayo, ehlukanisiwe apharathasi isimo, kancane kancane waqala liphuke. Waqala phikisana esidlule (ukuphikiswa Communist Party kubhekwe abonakalisa), zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi "abashisekeli bezinguquko" futhi "emthethweni 'ngaphakathi kuwo - konke ikhubazeke ngezinga elithile, imisebenzi yilezi zinkampani, kancane kancane balahlekelwa lokulwa umthamo wabo wokusebenza. Futhi ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, lapho umzabalazo zezombusazwe kakhulu, they nzonzobala wayethemba ukuthi abe okunguye yedwa amandla, kodwa miscalculated.

Kwakungenzeka yini ukugwema lezi zenzakalo?

Ingabe "velvet yokuvukela" akunakugwenywa? Omunye neze bakwazi ukugwema ke. Okokuqala, lokhu kungenxa yezizathu internal sekushiwo. Kwenzekeni eMpumalanga Yurophu, kakhulu umphumela imodeli eziphoqelelwe zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, ukuntuleka inkululeko wentuthuko.

Ukuhlelwa kabusha kuqalile e-USSR, kwakubonakala, emenza sokuvuselela sezenhlalo. Kodwa abaholi abaningi emazweni aseMpumalanga Yurophu uhlulekile ukuqonda esiphuthumayo abadinga umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo ezinkulu yonke umphakathi, baye bahluleka amasignali ethunyelwe isikhathi ngokwaso. Abajwayele kuphela ukuthola imiyalelo evela Party uquqaba bazithola kulesi simo, neliphithene.

Kungani akazange angenele ubuholi yokubusa kweSoviet?

Kodwa kungani umbono izinguquko ezisheshayo eMpumalanga Yurophu, ubuholi wamaSoviet wawungafuni angenele isimo futhi axosha nabaholi, izenzo zabo olandelanayo kuphela baqinise Ukunganeliseki sabantu?

Okokuqala, kungaba khona inkulumo ka ingcindezi yombutho wezempi kula mazwe ngemva izenzakalo zango-April 1985, ukuhoxiswa Army Soviet kusukela e-Afghanistan kanye nezitatimende mayelana nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Kwakusobala phikisa kobuholi amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu. Omunye Empeleni esidumazayo is, omunye "Yeka ukuthi yesabeka kangakanani".

Okwesibili, ezingxoxweni kubasekeli kanye nokubambisana nhlangothi zombili imihlangano esikhathini kusukela ngo-1986 kuya ku-1989, ubuholi Soviet ishilo ngokuphindaphindiwe okubi yokujama tsi. Kodwa ukuthi kufanele asabele kanjani kulokhu? Iningi amakhanda sithi izenzo zabo akazanga isifiso sokuguqula, wakhetha ukuba sithwale kuphela ubuncane izinguquko ezidingekayo ukuthi musa kuthinte indlela jikelele linqoba kula mazwe, uhlelo lukahulumeni. Ngakho, kuphela amazwi wamukela yokwakha kabusha e-USSR, ubuholi BCP, uzama ezihlukahlukene peretryasok kuleli zwe ukuba silondoloze umbuso akhona amandla siqu. Inhloko HRC (M. Jakes) futhi-SED (Erich Honecker) wamelana ushintsho, efuna nomkhawulo amathemba abo lokuthi kabusha nezinsolo zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ongahluleka, umthelela isibonelo Soviet. Basaqhubeka wayenethemba lokuthi uma walondoloza ejwayelekile kuqhathaniswa ezinhle eziphilayo angakwenza ngaphandle kuze kwekuhlela kabusha sina.

Okokuqala ngefomethi ewumngcingo, bese iqhaza wonke amalungu Politburo we-SED, October 7, 1989 ekuphenduleni ama-agumenti esetshenziswa M. S. Gorbachevym ukuthi kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuba ngithathe isinyathelo kuqala ezandleni zabo, inhloko yabangamashumi German Democratic Republic kushiwo ukuthi akudingekile ukubafundisa ukuphila lapho ezitolo zase-USSR "akuyona ngisho usawoti." Abantu kusihlwa efanayo waya emgwaqweni, ukubeka off wokugoqa sase-GDR. UNicolae Ceauşescu eRomania namabala ngokwabo ngegazi, okwenza ukubheja ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Futhi lapho kwekuhlela kabusha ziye ekulondolozeni izakhiwo ubudala futhi akuvezi bunyenti, intando yeningi kanye emakethe real they yodwa nomthelela izinqubo nenza yokubola.

Kwacaca ukuthi akekho lempi kokungenela USSR, ngaphandle ukuphepha yayo net ohlangothini tindlela ekhona ukunikezela ukuzinza kwenzakala encane. Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele imizwa ngokwengqondo izakhamuzi, abadlala indima enkulu, ngoba abantu babefuna ukukhululeka ushintsho.

Emazweni aseNtshonalanga futhi babenesithakazelo yokuthi amabutho ukuphikiswa athatha izintambo. La mandla ayagcinwa e pre-ukhetho umkhankaso impahla.

Umphumela waba emhlabeni wonke eyodwa: ngokuhamba yokudlulisela okusekelwe ezivumelwaneni kwamandla (ePoland), ukukhathala we ukuthembeka zohlelo MSzMP kwekuhlela kabusha (eHungary), iziteleka kanye mass imiboniso (emazweni amaningi), noma lokho kuvukela ( "velvet yokuvukela" eRomania) amandla lidlule ezandleni amaqembu amasha kanye namabutho. Kwakuwusuku lokuphela kwenkathi ebikhona. Ngakho luphelele kulawo mazwe, "velvet kugumbuqelwa umbuso."

Ingqikithi yalo ushintsho umphumela

Kule ndaba, Yu. K. Knyazev icacisa amaphuzu amathathu umbono.

• Okokuqala. Emazweni ezine ( "velvet yokuvukela" e-GDR, Bulgaria, eCzechoslovakia futhi Romania) ekupheleni 1989 sekube revolution abantu ngentando yeningi, sibonga kwethulwa Yiqiniso elisha lezombusazwe. Izinguquko Yokuvukela 1989-1990 ePoland, eHungary eYugoslavia babe kwaqedwa okusheshayo izinqubo kwemvelo. ukuqhela Okufanayo futhi Albania usuqalile lifika ekupheleni 1990.
• Okwesibili. "Velvet linemibhikisho" eMpumalanga Yurophu - izinxushunxushu apical kuphela lapho liqala ukubusa, amandla okunye, ababengenawo uhlelo olucacile of kabusha komphakathi, futhi ngakho zazizimisele ukufuna awusona ukunqoba futhi ukuhamba ekuseni kusukela kwezepolitiki ezweni.
• Okwesithathu. Le micimbi esiphikisayo revolution, hhayi inguqula-mbuso, njengoba kwakunjalo anti-lamaKhomanisi ngokwemvelo, babeklanyelwe ukuba ususe amandla elibusayo Communist Party ne-abasebenzi hhayi ukusekela ukukhetha sezenhlalo.

I isiqondiso jikelele ukunyakaza

I isiqondiso jikelele ukunyakaza, kodwa-ke, uniplanar, ukwehluka ephambene futhi ngokucacile emazweni ahlukahlukene. Basakhuluma ukuyamelana kwemibuso yobushiqela kanye kobushiqela, ephule ngokuphelele inkululeko amalungelo ezakhamizi zibhekana nokungabi namthetho komphakathi ekhona emphakathini, inkohlakalo neziphathimandla, amalungelo emthethweni namazinga ongaphakeme eziphilayo.

Kwakumelwe ukwenqaba isimo iqembu elilodwa uhlelo zokuphatha-umyalo, vvergshey e inhlekelele enkulu, wonke amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu futhi wakwazi ukuthola isimo samanje indlela yokuphuma. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba revolution yeningi, hhayi we amasu okugumbuqela imibuso apical. Lokhu kuboniswa hhayi kuphela imibuthano eminingi nemiboniso, kodwa futhi imiphumela kamuva ngamunye amazwe ukhetho jikelele.

"Velvet linemibhikisho" eMpumalanga Yurophu nje kuphela "ngokumelene" kodwa "ngoba". Ukusungulwa inkululeko yangempela kanye nentando yeningi, ubulungiswa kwezenhlalo, bunyenti zezombusazwe, ngcono impilo engokomoya nengokwenyama sabantu, ukuqashelwa amagugu obuntu, ukuthuthukisa ngokuvumelana nemithetho umphakathi ophucukile kahle emnothweni.

IVelvet Revolution eYurophu: Imiphumela yezinguquko

CEE (naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga) sebeqala nokuguquguquka yekwakha kombuso wentando yabantu, maningi, bunyenti zezombusazwe. Ingabe ukwedlulela amandla izidumbu ekuphathweni isimo ezandleni apharathasi party. Iziphathimandla okusha zomphakathi esebenza kwi obusebenzayo kunokuba njalo imikhakha ekhona esifundazweni. Inikeza ukulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha ezahlukene, isimiso ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla.

Emazweni CEE ekugcineni uhlaliseke uhlelo wephalamende. Akekho kubo umise amandla eqinile kamongameli, kwakungekho republic kamongameli. Elite zezombusazwe nomuzwa wokuthi ngemva kwesikhathi amandla wobushiqela enjalo kungaba ukubambezela yonke intuthuko yenqubo yentando yeningi. V. Havel eCzechoslovakia, L. Walesa ePoland, zh Zhelev Bulgaria wazama ukuqinisa amandla kamongameli, kodwa umbono weningi futhi amaphalamende kuqhathaniswa lokhu. UMongameli neze kunqunywa imigomo yezomnotho hhayi ozobe kusebenta kwaso, okungukuthi, wayengesiye esiphezulu.

amandla aphelele iyona ephalamende, amandla esiphezulu athweswe noHulumeni. Ukwakheka iPhalamende zokugcina avumela futhi uqaphe imisebenzi yayo futhi ubamukela umthetho isabelomali isimo. Mahhala ukhetho lobumengameli zaziwukubonakaliswa intando yeningi.

Imaphi amandla liqala ukubusa?

Cishe kuwo wonke amazwe CEE (ngaphandle Czech Republic), amandla lidlule ngokushelela esandleni eyodwa kuya kwenye. EPoland, kwenzeka ngo-1993, "velvet yokuvukela" eBulgaria uye wabangela ukudluliswa kwamandla ngo-1994, futhi ngo Romania - ngo-1996.

EPoland, Bulgaria futhi Hungary liqala ukubusa, kwesokunxele-wing amabutho e Romania - kwesokudla. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, njengoba kwenziwa "velvet yokuvukela" ePoland, ngo ukhetho ePhalamende ngo-1993, wanqoba i-Union centrist ka Kwesokunxele Amandla, futhi ngo-1995 u-Alexander Kwasniewski, umholi wayo, wathandwa ngokhetho. Ngo-June 1994, wanqoba Hungarian Socialist Party okhethweni ePhalamende, D. Uphondo, umholi wayo, wahola uhulumeni omusha zenhlalo-ovulekile. Socialist Bulgarian ngasekupheleni 1994 ithole izihlalo 125 aphume 240 ephalamende ekhethweni.

Ngo-November 1996, iziphathimandla Romanian kuhanjiswe ku isikhungo kwesokudla. E. Constantinescu abe ngumengameli. Ngo 1992-1996 e-Albania, amandla kwaba e-Democratic Party.

Isimo sezombusazwe 1990 ngasekupheleni,

Nokho, maduzane nje, isimo sesishintshile. Okhethweni kuya Sejm iPoland ilungelo-wing party iwine ngo-September 1997, "izenzo sokhetho ubumbano." EBulgaria, ngo-Ephreli ngawo lowo nyaka e ukhetho lwephalamende iwine futhi kwesokudla-wing amabutho. Ngo-Slovakia, ngo-May 1999, okhethweni lokuqala kamongameli, iwine R. Schuster, umkhulumeli sokusebenzisana Democratic. ERomania, ngemuva kokhetho ngo-December 2000 njengoba umongameli wabuya Ion Iliescu, umholi we Socialist Party.

V. Havel kuyinto umongameli we-Czech Republic. Ngo-1996, ngesikhathi ukhetho ePhalamende, abantu Czech bancishwa V Klaus, ukwesekwa uNdunankulu sika. Walahlekelwa post yakhe ekupheleni 1997.

Ukwakheka isakhiwo esisha umphakathi, abasizwa ama-inkululeko yezombangazwe, izimakethe abasafufusa, umsebenzi omkhulu wesibalo sabantu. Reality iba bunyenti zezombusazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Poland ngalesi sikhathi kwakunoFakazi abacishe babe ngu-300 amaqembu ezombusazwe kanti izinhlangano ezehlukene - social yeningi, ube nesandla esivulekile, Christian yeningi. Savuka abanye amaqembu pre-impi ezifana party National tsaranistskaya ezazikhona eRomania.

Nokho, nakuba kwaba yeningi, kusenabantu kuwukubonakaliswa 'authoritarianism ezifihliwe' ukuthi siyibonakalisa izinqubomgomo okusezingeni eliphezulu ngesakho, isitayela uhulumeni. Indlela anda kwamanye amazwe (isib Bulgaria) monarchist inhliziyo. Owabe King Mihai yisakhamuzi eyabuyiswa ekuseni 1997.