Isikali Geochronological nomlando ekuthuthukiseni izinto eziphilayo

Scale Stratigraphic (geochronological) - indinganiso lapho umlando elinganisiwe ngomhlaba nangazo Geological Inani lesikhashana. Lokhu isikali uhlobo ikhalenda ebala phansi ngezikhathi isikhathi emakhulwini ezinkulungwane ngisho ezigidi zeminyaka.

mayelana iplanethi

ukubukwa Modern ezivamile Emhlabeni zisekelwe idatha ezahlukene, owawuthi engu kuyiplanethi yethu mayelana emine yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane nengxenye ubudala. Ayikho amadwala noma namaminerali lalingase lisho kumiswa iplanethi yethu abakatholi iyiphi elingaphakathi, kungakhathaliseki phezulu. compounds Refractory ocebile calcium, i-aluminiyamu nezinye chondrites, okuyinto akhiwa esimisweni sonozungezilanga Cishe ngaphambilini kukhawulwe leminyaka eliphezulu womhlaba lezi zibalo. Scale Stratigraphic (geochronological) ikhombisa izikhathi umngcele kumiswa emhlabeni.

ezihlukahlukene emkhathini aye wafunda usebenzisa izindlela banamuhla ngokunenzuzo, kuhlanganise i-uranium-lead, futhi ngenxa yalokho ethulwa izilinganiso engu sonozungezilanga. Ngenxa yalokho, isikhathi langemva selokhu kwasekelwa izwe, wavuswa ihlukaniswe ngeziNkundla Slots ku izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu eMhlabeni. isikali Geochronological Kulula kakhulu ukugcina umkhondo isikhathi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Inkathi Phanerozoic, isibonelo, okuchaza izenzakalo ezinkulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezenzeka yokuqothulwa emhlabeni jikelele yezinto eziphilayo: i Paleozoic ukuba umngcele Mesozoic kwasho ngobukhulu emlandweni zilwane yokuqothulwa emhlabeni (Permian-Triassic), futhi ekupheleni Mesozoic Cenozoic uhlukane Cretaceous-Paleogene yokuqothulwa.

Umlando sokudalwa

Ukuze isigaba sabaphathi kanye ngesilwane esifuywayo yazo zonke ukwahlukana yesimanje geochronology ekhulwini ezibaluleke kakhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwenzakala: ungene ngesiwombe sesibili owawuse esimisweni IGC - International Geological Congress. Ngemva kwalokho, bethabathela kominyaka imashumi 1881 kuya 1900, babe isikali yesimanje stratigraphic.

Geochronological "ukugcwaliswa" walo esikhathini esizayo ngokuphindaphindiwe elicwengisiswe futhi washintsha njengoba idatha entsha zitholakala. Ngokuphelele izimpawu ezahlukene babe izihloko ebantfu esithile ngokuqondile, kodwa isici ezivamile - womhlaba.

amagama

Ngokwesibonelo, i-iCambrian, ibizwa kanjalo ngoba Cambria - kuyinto Wales ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma, kanye inkathi Devonian yaqanjwa esiFundeni Devonshire eNgilandi. Igama kwesikhathi Permian zazivela edolobheni lasePerm, wanika Jurassic Jura Izintaba igama. izizwe sidilizwa - Sorb (AmaJalimane wababiza Wendy) wakhonza ngokuthi inkathi VENDIAN, futhi inkumbulo AmaCeltic - izizwe ordovika futhi Silures - okuthiwa Silurian kanye nezikhathi Ordovician.

isikali Geochronological ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa igama ukwakheka Geological yamadwala: Coal uvele ngokuqondene inqwaba yamalahle ezivuzayo ngesikhathi kumbiwa, kanye Cretaceous - ngenxa nje yokuthi komlobi wokulinganisa ukusabalala emhlabeni.

ukwakhiwa isimiso

Ukuze ubone ukuthi isihlobo engu Geological yamadwala, ke kudingeka isikali okhethekile geochronological. AD, inkathi okungukuthi engu ukuthi kukalwa eminyakeni, akuyona into enkulu zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba. Zonke eziphilayo eplanethini yethu lahlukaniswa laba ingxenye ezimbili ezinkulu - Phanerozoic futhi kriptozoy (Precambrian), okuyinto delimited ukubukeka zamathambo kwamadwala sedimentary.

Kriptozoy - isikhathi ezithakazelisayo, kufihlwe ngokuphelele kithi, njengoba eziphilayo othambile ke ekhona, Ushiye noluncane emadwaleni sedimentary. Izinkathi Geological isikhathi embulungeni ezifana Ediacaria futhi eCambria, bavele Phanerozoic ngu kwezazi ucwaningo abakuthola zohlobo ezihlukahlukene izimbaza kwezinhlobo eziningi nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Okwatholwa nezilwane ezimbiwa phansi nezimila baye bavumela ukuba uhlukanise kwezakhi ubanikeze amagama afanele.

zinkathi

Lesi sigaba sesibili ngobukhulu - ngomzamo ukuhlonza amabanga zomlando wokuphila eMhlabeni lapho eseqala ukuya esikhathini ezinkulu ezine ihlukaniswe isikali geochronological. Ithebula ubonisa kubo njengoba eyinhloko (Precambrian), yesibili (PALEOZOIC futhi Mezozoic), ephakeme (cishe zonke Cainozoe) kanye quaternary - inkathi, Ikhona yini indawo ekhethekile ngoba nakuba lifushane, kodwa igcwele ngentuthuko ushiye izibazi egqamile futhi kahle ukufunda.

Manje kube lula ngezinga geochronological Zomhlaba ihlukaniswe 4 AD futhi 11 nezikhathi. Kodwa ezimbili zokugcina zazo ehlukaniswa ngenye 7 izinhlelo (nezikhathi). Lokhu akusona isimanga. Ikakhulukazi ezithakazelisayo kumasegmenti zokugcina, ngoba kulesi sikhathi Geological oluhambisana nesikhathi nesenzakalo nokuthuthukiswa kwesintu.

INGQOPHA-MLANDO

Ukuze emine yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane nengxenye, imicimbi elandelayo ezenzeke emlandweni eMhlabeni:

• Kwakukhona pre-zenuzi eziphilayo (prokaryotes lokuqala) - iminyaka eziyizinkulungwane ezine edlule.
• Ikhono eziphilayo ukuze photosynthesis - sekuyiminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu emithathu edlule.
• amaseli abonakala nucleus (eukaryotes) - sekuyiminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu emibili eyedlule.
• Sikhanyisiwe eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi - iminyaka billion edlule.
• Kwakukhona izinambuzane okhokho: i eyisinambuzane lokuqala, arachnids, ezinamagobolondo, kanye namanye amaqembu - eminyakeni million 570 edlule.
• Itholakala kalula inhlanzi protoamfibii - sezineminyaka kwezigidi ezinhlanu, anamakhulu mane.
• Kwakukhona izitshalo eliwumhlaba futhi sijabule kakade eminyakeni million 475.
• Izinambuzane bahlaliswa ngenkani ezweni eminyakeni million, anamakhulu mane, nesitshalo e okufanayo isikhawu lathola imbewu.
• Amphibians abahlala kule planethi iminyaka abayizigidi ezingu-360.
• Awezinyoka (ezihuquzelayo) uvele iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi edlule.
• iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili eyikhulu edlule, ezincelisayo owaqala nokuguquguquka.
• Ziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi eyedlule - izinyoni lokuqala obuzama kahle esibhakabhakeni.
• Omunye namashumi amathathu ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi edlule iqhakazile izimbali (nezitshalo eziqhakazayo).
• iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu edlule Umhlaba siphinde izibankwakazi.
• iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili nengxenye ezidlule, kwakukhona indoda, (uhlobo lwe-Homo).
• babulawa ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu iminyaka kusukela anthropogenesis ekuqaleni, ukuze abantu ngiye ngazuza ukubukeka kwazo kwamanje.
• Wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kube ngokomuzi, alikho phezu AmaNeanderthal emhlabeni.

isikali Geochronological nomlando ekuthuthukiseni izinto eziphilayo, ehlanganisiwe, siqala kancane schematically futhi ngokuvamile, a datings kunalokho eseduze, kodwa umqondo ukuthuthukisa ukuphila emhlabeni ukunikela ongaboni.

zokulala rocks

I uqweqwe ikakhulukazi wakubo (lapho kwakungekho ukwephulwa izingqimba ngenxa ukuzamazama komhlaba). Ubude isikali geochronological iyawakha ngokulandelana ngokufanele kwezakhi zenhlabathi amatshe, okuyinto ebonisa ngokucacile ukuthi kunciphe ubudala babo kusukela phansi kuya phezulu.

Fossils futhi ishintshe njengoba awamukele ziba eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphezulu oyiyo, abanye ababhekene izinguquko eziphawulekayo kusukela isendlalelo ukuze ungqimba. Kungaba kumelwe kugujwe, ngaphandle ngokuvakashela Museum kwezazi zemivubukulo kanye nje wehlele kaMasipala - ku egwadle namatshe amhlophe amaningi ebhekene kwesokunxele imprints wabo osezintabeni kakhulu enkathini yethu.

Anthropogen

Isikhathi lokugcina Cenozoic inkathi - esigabeni yesimanje komlando womhlaba, kuhlanganise Pleistocene futhi Holocene. Yini akwenzekanga kulezi izigidi sesiyaluyalu iminyaka (izazi zikholelwa namanje ngezindlela eziningi: kusukela ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisithupha kuya kwemithathu eziyisigidi nesigamu). It liphindwe ushintsho Ukupholisa nokufudumala kwembulunga, omkhulu glaciation Continental, lapho eningizimu nadvinuvshihsya izinguzunga zeqhwa sezulu moisturize, uvele njengoba namanzi okubhukuda kanye okunosawoti. Izinguzunga Zeqhwa Zase-ugxile engxenyeni Umhlaba Ocean, okuyinto kwehlisa lizinga amamitha ayikhulu noma ngaphezulu, ngenxa okuyinto zezakhi zomhlaba.

Ngakho, exchange flora iphutha, isib, phakathi kwe-Asia naseNyakatho Melika, lapho kwebhuloho kwakhiwa esikhundleni iBering Strait. ama-mammoth, ubhejane enoboya, reindeer, must izinkabi, izimpungushe, onongwaja intendele polar: Eduze zamaqhwa izilwane abandayo-onothando izinyoni ixazululwe. Basakaza kude kakhulu eningizimu - eCaucasus kanye eCrimea, eningizimu Yurophu. Ngokuhamba zamaqhwa Namanje walondoloza esifuze emahlathini: uphayini, ngesihlahla sonwele fir. It is kuphela kude kusukela bakhula ihlathi lezihlahla, ehlanganisa izihlahla ezifana oki, hornbeam, Maple, beech.

Pleistocene futhi Holocene

Lena inkathi ngemva kweminyaka engu-ice - ayikakaqedi hhayi wakufeza ngokugcwele ingxenye yomlando iplanethi yethu, elimelela isikali geochronological ngamazwe. isikhathi yabantu - the Holocene, ibalwa kulezi zinyanga glaciation yezwekazi (enyakatho yeYurophu). Yingaleso sikhathi lapho leli zwe futhi izilwandle wathola ukuma yesimanje, futhi athuthukiswe futhi zonke izindawo ezindawo Zomhlaba yesimanje. Eyandulela we Holocene - Pleistocene okuqinisekile kuyinto isikhathi sokuqala ezenziwe umuntu. Ukubandisa waqala emhlabeni uyaqhubeka - ingxenye eyinhloko wathi inkathi (Pleistocene) kwaphawulwa ukubanda kakhulu kunalokho yesimanje.

Nenkabazwe sibhekene glaciation zokugcina - izikhathi nantathu aphakeme ebusweni zamaqhwa isihambile imfundo ngisho ngezikhathi interglacial. Pleistocene otshalayo eziseduze zesimanje, kodwa eqinisweni zafakwa ngokuhlukile kancane ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi glaciation. izizukulwane Ezihlukahlukene nezinhlobo zezilwane ingashintshwa ukuze sisinde ifomu Arctic zokuphila. Nenkabazwe alimazanga kwanda omkhulu, ngakho izitshalo nezilwane ezihlukahlukene we Pleistocene namanje abakhona kubonakala ngezindlela eziningi. Yenzeka ngesikhathi Pleistocene ukuvela Homo uhlobo lwe - kusukela ka-Homo habilis (archanthropines) Homo sapiens (neanthropines).

Lapho kwakukhona kwezintaba nolwandle?

Inkathi Cenozoic inkathi yesibili - Neogen futhi esasisandulele - the Paleogene, kuhlanganise Pliocene futhi Miocene abangaba yizigidi ezimbili edlule, yathatha engaba ngamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu million. I Neogene igcwaliswe kumiswa cishe zonke izintaba: the Carpathians, izintaba zase-Alps, aseBalkan, eCaucasus, Atlas, Cordillera, zaseHimalaya, nokunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo bobunjwa ehlukahlukene osayizi bonke ezilwandle, kunjengokungathi kakhulu nkinga. Yingaleso sikhathi-Antarctica ezineqhwa nezindawo eziningi ezisezintabeni.

Izakhamuzi Marine (ezingenamgogodla) babé eduze izindlela zanamuhla, futhi liqhube imisebenzi yezolimo ubuswa ezincelisayo - amabhere, amakati, obhejane, izimpisi, izindlulamithi, izinyamazane. Izinkawu nokuguquguquka ukuze kamuva (Pliocene) ayengase avele australopithecines. Emazwekazini, ezincelisayo wahlala ngaphandle, ngoba kwakungekho isixhumanisi phakathi kwabo, kodwa Miocene Late of Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika nezilwane namanje benana, futhi ekupheleni nezilwane Neogene North American bathuthela le South. Labe kwakheka Ezindaweni esenyakatho emathafeni futhi ehlathini.

Inkathi Paleozoic futhi Mesozoic

Mesozoic kwandulelwe Cenozoic inkathi futhi yathatha iminyaka engu kwezigidi ezingu-165, kuhlanganise Cretaceous, Jurassic nezikhathi Triassic ngokwabo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, entabeni okukhulu kwakhiwa ngesikhathi peripheries Indian, Atlantic nePacific. Awezinyoka waqala ukubusa kwabo ezweni emanzini futhi emoyeni. Kwakukhona, ezincelisayo kuqala namanje bakudala kakhulu.

Paleozoic esisogwini isikali phambi Mesozoic. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa mayelana amathathu namashumi amahlanu ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi. Lena isikhathi asebenzayo entabeni wokwakha, kanye kwemvelo enzima kakhulu zonke izitshalo ephakeme. ezingenamgogodla Cishe zonke ezaziwayo kanye yezilwane ezinomgogodla izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye amakilasi kwamiswa ngesikhathi, kodwa ayizilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni wayengekho.

Proterozoic futhi Archean

Proterozoic Era wathatha cishe izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili eminyakeni. Ngalesi sikhathi babe izinqubo esebenzayo ye sedimentation. Evuthiwe ulwelwe oluluhlaza. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana kulezi zikhathi akude, ithuba ayetfulwanga.

Archaea - kakhulu enkathini yasendulo emlandweni kule planethi yethu. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa ezingaba yizigidi iminyaka. Ngenxa mlilo kwakungamadodana eziphilayo ngqa ophilayo.