Kumiswa, Indaba

IMpi Yomshoshaphansi: neminyaka. Izwe phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Inqubomgomo Foreign ngesikhathi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi

Le mpi ephakathi kwala Union yase-Soviet Socialist Republics ne-United States of America eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-40 futhi wabizwa ngokuthi "iMpi Yomshoshaphansi". Iminyaka Engu ubude bayo balinganisela mlando ezahlukene ngezindlela ezahlukene. Nokho, singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi le ngxabano yaphela ngo-1991, lapho kuwa-USSR. IMpi Yomshoshaphansi washiya uphawu ongenakucimeka wokulingwa emlandweni wonke. Ukungqubuzana kwezinhloso nekhulu leminyaka elidlule (ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II) kubalulekile kubhekwe ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Kwakungekhona nje impi phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. Kwaba udweshu phakathi imibono amabili aphikisanayo, umzabalazo wokubusa emhlabeni wonke.

Izizathu eziyinhloko

Unyaka ka ekuqaleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi - 1946 th. Kwaba ngemva kokunqotshwa eJalimane lobuNazi lagubuzela imephu entsha zezwe kanye nezimbangi entsha ukubusa umhlaba. Ukunqoba phezu Third Reich nabasizi balo waya igazi omkhulu lonke elaseYurophu, futhi ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kweSoviet Union. ukungqubuzana Ikusasa ngaphezulu okuchaza engqungqutheleni Yalta ngo-1945. On kulo mhlangano odumile Stalin, Churchill kanye Roosevelt isinqumo isiphetho post-yimpi Europe. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-iRed Army wayeza Berlin, ngakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba aveze division lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi ayezozibusa. amabutho aseSoviet, ayoliswe ekulweni insimu yayo, eyenziwa yokukhululwa nezinye kwabantu baseYurophu. Emazweni eziye matasa Union, yasungula friendly imibuso sezenhlalo.

ayezozibusa

Enye yalezi yasungulwa ePoland. Kulokhu, uhulumeni wangaphambili Polish eLondon kubhekwe uqobo esisemthethweni. Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, asekelwe, kodwa abantu abakhethwe Polish Communist Party de empeleni waba leliya lizwe. Ngesikhathi lenkomfa Yalta, inkinga amaqembu ikakhulukazi acute kubhekwe. Futhi, izinkinga ezifanayo babonakala kwezinye izifunda. Akhululwa amaNazi abantu umsebenzi wadala ababo ohulumeni, ngokusekelwa-USSR. Ngakho-ke, ngemva uzowanqoba Third Reich ekugcineni elakhiwe ibalazwe ikusasa Europe.

Block main ayengaphansi oMfelandawonye waqala ngemva division of Germany. Engxenyeni esempumalanga yaleli amabutho aseSoviet matasa, German Democratic Republic ezamenyezelwa. Northwest Territories, okuyinto wathatha oMfelandawonye, ezaba yingxenye yemiBhalo iFederal Republic of Germany. Phakathi 'ohulumeni ababili ngokushesha waqala feuds. Ukuchitheka kwagcina kuholele ekubeni kuvalwe imingcele phakathi iNtshonalanga Jalimane. Waqala asihlola ngisho enkulu yokuhlaselwa.

US imperialism

Phakathi naso sonke 1945, anti-Hitler sokusebenzisana umbimbi bayaqhubeka besebenza eduze. Lawa kwakungamadodana izenzo ukudluliselwa iziboshwa zempi (okuyinto wathatha phezu amaNazi) nengcebo. Nokho, ngonyaka ozayo neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Iminyaka ye exacerbation lokuqala ncamashi ngemva kwempi. WAKHE OMFUSHANE Wakhonza njengombonisi ekuqaleni ongokomfanekiso yokukhuluma Churchill emzini wase-US Fulton. Khona-ke kukhona owayengungqongqoshe Britain, esho ukuthi isitha eyinhloko West ubukhomanisi eSoviet Union, yena umele. Winston Wanxusa ezizweni zonke lesiNgisi ukubhekana ne 'nenhlupho obomvu' ukuhlanganisa. Izinkulumo ezinjalo inkanuko ayikwazanga kodwa ezibangela impendulo eMoscow. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Iosif Stalin wanika nge-intaviyu iphephandaba "Pravda", lapho kuqhathaniswa inqubomgomo IsiZulu noHitler.

Amazwe e iMpi Yomshoshaphansi: amabhlogo amabili

Nokho, yize Churchill kwaba umuntu yangasese, kuphela imakwe inkambo ohulumeni Western. United States landa kakhulu ithonya lawo enkundleni yomhlaba. Lokhu kwenzeke kakhulu ngenxa yempi. Combat imisebenzi awazange kwenziwe enhlabathini American (ngaphandle Japanese ekuhlaseleni kugasela). Ngakho-ke, ku-isizinda States yaqothula elaseYurophu waba umnotho sasivumela eqinile nezempi. Esaba ekuqaleni revolution zabantu (angathathwa asekelwe yiSoviet Union) insimu yalo, ohulumeni kosozimali waqala rally emhlabeni United States. Kwaba ngo-1946 baqala ukuzwa umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi lempi NATO. Besabela kuleso simemo, abaseSoviet wadala iyunithi zabo - ATS. Kwathi ngisho yokuthi amaqembu baye isu esempini nomunye. Ngesiqondiso Churchill kwabe kuyisu impi kungenzeka neSoviet Union. izinhlelo afanayo ne-Soviet Union. Yaqala Amalungiselelo impi commercial futhi kusekelwe endleleni ethile yokucabanga.

izingalo uhlanga

I izingalo uhlanga phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili wayengomunye walaba imihlola ukwambulwa kakhulu ezaziletha neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Iminyaka yezimpi sezishiye ukudalwa izindlela eyingqayizivele zempi lapho zisasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Engxenyeni 40s yesibili US waba inzuzo enkulu - izikhali zenuzi. Amabhomu kuqala nge sezikhali zenuzi yasetshenziswa ngisho ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Bomber "Enola Gay" yajikijela amabhomu edolobheni Japanese Hiroshima, okuyinto cishe equalized kwaze kwaba phansi emhlabathini. Kulapho umhlaba wabona amandla okubhubhisa kwezikhali zenuzi. I-US waqala ngenkuthalo ukwandisa amasheya abo izikhali ezinjalo.

Ngo isimo laboratory ekhethekile imfihlo sidalwe eNew Mexico. Ngesisekelo izinzuzo enuzi kanye ukwakha izinhlelo zamasu ubudlelwane esizayo ne-USSR. Amathiphu, ziqala ukuba ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa noHlelo enuzi. BaseMelika babekholelwa khona amacala nge-uranium abasizakali, inzuzo enkulu. Ngakho-ke intelligence esegijima wakhipha yonke imibhalo kwi ukwakhiwa kwezikhali zenuzi kusukela Insimu eJalimane wanqoba ngo-1945. Imfihlo yasungulwa nje "Dropshot" uhlelo. Lena idokhumenti amasu, okuyinto Kucatshangwa isiteleka se enuzi eSoviet Union. Ngokusho izitatimende ezinye izazi-mlando, ukwahlukahlukana leli cebo Truman ethulwa izikhathi eziningana. yaphela Ngakho kwesikhathi sokuqala eminyakeni iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, okwakukhona kulo onezinkinga okungenani.

Union zenuzi

Ngo-1949, elase-USSR ngempumelelo kwenziwa uhlolo lokuqala ibhomu lenuzi at isayithi Semipalatinsk, yini ngokushesha wathi konke abezindaba Western. Dala RDS-1 (ibhomu lenuzi) Lwenziwe kakhulu sibonga izenzo intelligence laseSoviet lwangena kuhlanganise imfihlo nihlola phansi e-Los Alamosse.

Lokhu ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha kwezikhali zenuzi Kwaba yinto yangempela ye-United States. Kusukela manje izikhali zenuzi kwaba isivikelo eyinhloko oqondile empini phakathi kwala makamu amabili. Zibe e Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki wabonisa izwe amandla elethusayo labase-ngebhomu le-athomu. Kodwa kulokho mnyaka iMpi Yomshoshaphansi iyona ezibuhlungu?

I-Cuban Missile crisis

Kuyo yonke leyo minyaka, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kakhulu inhliziyo-nokugabavula futhi isimo kwaba ngo-1961. Ingxabano phakathi kweSoviet Union ne-United States wehlela emlandweni njengoba "-Cuban Missile Crisis". lomuzi wakhe zazizinde ngaphambi kwalokhu. Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi kufakwa US zenuzi ezicitshwayo eTurkey. Amacala "Jupiter" Kwahlelwa ukuze sikwazi cindezela noma target engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye Russia (kuhlanganise naseMoscow). Lokhu ingozi ayikwazanga ayiphendulwa.

Ngeminyaka embalwa nje ngaphambi eCuba waqala revolution ethandwa eholwa Fidel Castro. Okokuqala, i-USSR wangabona amathemba nokuvukela. Nokho, abantu-Cuban kuphumelele lokushintsha le Batista umbuso. Ngemva kwalokho, iziphathimandla US ushilo Njengesizwe sasingeke sikubekezelele uhulumeni omusha e-Cuba. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, phakathi eMoscow Liberty Isiqhingi esungulwe eduze enobudlelwane nawo. Cuba Soviet amayunithi empi ihambile.

Ukuqala ukungqubuzana

Ngemva ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali zenuzi Turkey, the Kremlin wanquma ukuthatha izinyathelo esiphuthumayo ngenhloso yokunqanda, kusukela kulesi sikhathi, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba afeze kwethulwa zenuzi ezicitshwayo ngesikhathi i-United States kusukela Insimu Union.

Ngakho-ke ngokushesha athuthukile operation imfihlo "Anadyr". Wempi u wajuba ukuletha ezicitshwayo yesikhathi eside e-Cuba. Ngo-October, imikhumbi yokuqala safinyelela Havana. Yaqala obandayo pads. Ngalesi sikhathi US hlola indiza wenza indiza phezu ogwini. BaseMelika wakwazi ukuthola isibhamu ambalwa izigaba Tactical, ogama izikhali bathunyelwa Florida.

Ukwenyuka kwesibalo

Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, US amabutho ahlomile zihanjiswe Kuqashwe. Kennedy labetibambile umhlangano ophuthumayo. izikhulu ezimbalwa abaphezulu wanxusa umengameli ngokushesha saqala ukuhlasela kwesikhonyane Cuba. Esimeni sokuchuma okunjalo, Red Army ngabe ngokushesha umkhankaso isiteleka missile-enuzi kokwehla. Lokhu kungase iholele global impi yenuzi. Ngakho-ke, zombili waqala ukufuna ukuyekethisa kungenzeka. Phela, bonke abantu bazi ngemiphumela enjalo neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Iminyaka Engu-zenuzi ebusika kwakungenjalo neze ithemba kakhulu.

Isimo sishubile kakhulu, kwakungase ngokoqobo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ngokusho izincwadi zomlando, abantu kulesi sikhathi, Kennedy zaze zalala ngisho ehhovisi lakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, i-America ukubeka phambili ugwayi katiki - ukususa zikhali zaseSoviet kusuka eCuba. Okulandelayo waqala imikhumbi yayivimbile kunokuthula kulesi siqhingi.

Khrushchev futhi saba nomhlangano ezifanayo eMoscow. ojenene eziningana Soviet futhi waphikelela ukuba lokho okufunwa Washington, futhi kuleso simo baseMelika dudula. Babekezelela-Union kungaba hhayi e-Cuba, kodwa e-Berlin ukuthi wayeqonda kahle-White House.

"Black ngoMgqibelo"

Usongo esikhulu kunazo zonke iziteleka zenuzi emhlabeni ngesikhathi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yabekwa ngo-Okthoba 27, ngoMgqibelo. Ngalolu suku, indiza American U-2 kwesimo endaweni wandizela phezu Cuba wadutshulwa phansi Soviet anti-aircraft Gunners. Phakathi namahora angu-sigameko waziwa e-Washington.

Congress belulekwa umongameli ukuba bahlasele ngokushesha. UMongameli wanquma ukubhala incwadi ukuze Khrushchev, lapho okuphindaphindiwe ekufunayo. Khrushchev uphendule le ncwadi ngesikhathi esisodwa, uvumela kubo, esenana US isibambiso hhayi ukuba bahlasele Cuba kanye ukususa ezicitshwayo ezivela eTurkey. Ukuze umyalezo safinyelela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka - isicelo senziwa ngomsakazo. Kuleli missile crisis-Cuban iphelile. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukushuba isimo siqala ukuba kancane kancane ukunqaba.

ngxabano ngemibono

Inqubomgomo Foreign ngesikhathi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi kokubili amayunithi besihambisana nesiminyaminya hhayi kuphela ukubangisana for ukulawula izindawo, kodwa kanzima Imininingwane impi. izinhlelo ezimbili ezehlukene obuzama ukukhombisa izwe bokuphakama yabo. E-United States ukuthi lwenziwe Yihhovisi edumile "Radio Liberty", okwakubekelwa ukusakaza phezu eSoviet Union nakwezinye amazwe sezenhlalo. Injongo ejensi izindaba kwaba umzabalazo wokulwa Bolshevism kanye nobukhomanisi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi "Radio Liberty" lisekhona futhi usebenza emazweni amaningi. ISoviet Union ngesikhathi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi futhi idale isiteshi efanayo, okuyinto osakaza ensimini emazweni zama-Capitalist.

Njalo isenzakalo esibalulekile ngoba ubuntu Engxenyeni leminyaka elidlule sesibili kubhekwe ngokomongo iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, indiza isikhala Yuri Gagarin, kodwa inhliziyo yayibukhuni prepodneson umhlaba njengeluchungechunge yokunqoba Socialist Labour. Amazwe ukuchitha imithombo omkhulu inkulumo-ze. Ngaphezu uxhaso nozime isiko, kwakukhona inethiwekhi ebanzi ejenti.

Spy umdlalo

Espionage izingobe iMpi Yomshoshaphansi ziye kabanzi kubonakala ubuciko. Secret Service waya ezihlukahlukene tricks ukuba isinyathelo esisodwa ngaphambi izimbangi zakhe. Elinye lamacala kunazo yesiteleka - ukusebenza "Ukuvuma," okuyinto njenge-spyware umphenyi indaba.

Ngisho ngesikhathi sempi, usosayensi Soviet Leo eside wadala Lidlulisela ehlukile akudingi lingatshajwa noma umthombo wamandla. Kwakuyisikhathi uhlobo esiphakade ezinyakazayo umshini. kudivayisi Listening liye labizwa ngokuthi "Chrysostom". I-KGB ngemiyalo siqu Beria wanquma ukusungula "Chrysostom" laseMeliaka. Ngenxa yale njongo idaliwe uyisihlangu lokhuni ne elingenamikhono izingalo-United States. Phakathi nalokhu kuvakasha kwakhe, inxusa US impilo yezingane ekamu "Artek" umugqa onesizotha Kwahlelwa. Ekupheleni amaphayona wahlabelela ingoma US kazwelonke, bese bethinta le Ambassador kubaqoqi ijazi lokhuni. Noma zokusola iqhinga, uyifakile ku-akhawunti yakho. Ngenxa yalesi eminyakeni-KGB 7 ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nazo zonke emva ingxoxo. Ezimweni ezinjalo ivulekele umphakathi futhi imfihlo, kwaba iqoqo elikhulu.