Eyokuqala astronaut American Alan Shepard. Ukuthunywa "Mercury-Redstone 3" 5 Meyi 1961

Kwabaningi babantu edume kakhulu kutsi kwehlwaywe isikhala kukhona, Yuri Gagarin futhi uNeil Armstrong. Ummeleli we-Soviet Union lokuqala ngendiza Isikhala wabuya uyaphila, ne-United States - awelele enyangeni.

Nokho, Armstrong - hhayi-astronaut wokuqala American. Basuke kubhekwa umuntu ehluke ngokuphelele. Umlando wakhe, umsebenzi kanye mission kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni.

Ukulungiselela Ukukhetha zezinkanyezi

Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi amandla amabili ayengoMahaloni izimbangi main empikiswaneni ukuhlola umkhathi. E-US, inkinga abathintekayo maphakathi Ucwaningo Langley (Virginia). Nokho, ngaphezu wokuklama ngokubeka ukusebenza mkhathi, kwaba sekudingeka ukuba kubunjwe iqembu lamabutho zezinkanyezi.

Ukulungiselela lokhu kwaqala Novemba 1958. Iqembu lokuqala US izazi zezinkanyezi ukuba kukhethwe ngezigaba eziningana. Ekuqaleni sasifuna ukukhetha yikhulu ukhetho amahlanu kancane gqwa kuzo leli qembu labantu ngenxa ukuhlolwa kwezokwelashwa nengqondo, kanye ukuqeqeshwa IZINYANGA ezingu-. Ngenxa ukukhethwa kwakufanele angabi osomkhathi eziyisithupha.

ukuphazamiseka Obalulekile yokusesha for ukhetho kwaba isinqumo sikaMongameli Dwight Eisenhower, owabona kuphela ukhetho best phakathi pilot yesivivinyo. Kulezi khetha nensimbi.

ukukhetha zezinkanyezi

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1959 waqala ukukhethwa. Báqondiswa ochwepheshe ezilandelayo zindlela:

• ukuphakama - 180 cm;
• isimo ephelele emzimbeni;
• ubudala - kuze kube yiminyaka engamashumi amane;
• imfundo - lobuchwepheshe (Bachelor);
• imfundo ekhethekile - isivivinyo umshayeli;
• ulwazi lokushayela indiza - hhayi amahora angaphansi kuka neshumi nanhlanu.

Ngokusho nalezi zindlela, abameleli NASA ekhethiwe 110 ukhetho, lowo sikhethwe iqembu e nenani abantu 36 ukuba afeze ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe. On ukudlula ngihlolwa nezingokwengqondo ngokucophelela bavumelana ukhetho 32. Omunye wabo wayebizwa ukukhethwa, ngakho Centre Ucwaningo efika 31 umshayeli. Ukukhetha Ngaphezu kwalokho kwaba nzima kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ochwepheshe wakhetha hhayi ebesigibele kuzo, kodwa eziyisikhombisa abantu indiza.

Abashayeli ngokuthi osomkhathi, futhi amagama abo isimemezele ngokusemthethweni 09.04.1959 ngonyaka. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka futhi astronaut wokuqala American.

Eyokuqala eziyisikhombisa Alan Shepard

Zonke osomkhathi ayengabantu abangelusizo nomndeni imfundo ubunjiniyela, isesimweni esihle ngokomzimba. Iminyaka yabo zazisuka engu-32 no-37 ubudala.

Uhlu eziyisikhombisa zokuqala nge isikhundla kwezempi:

• Dzhon Glenn - uColonel.
• Gordon Cooper, Virgil Grissom, Donald Slayton - izinduna.
• Alan Shepard, uWalter Schirra - lieutenants abaphezulu.
• Scott Umbazi - uLieutenant.

Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka lowo waklonyeliswa isihloko "astronaut wokuqala American." Abesilisa waqala ukulungiselela indiza yokuqala ngesisekelo the Research Center Virginia, bese - e-Houston (Texas). omele Ngamunye Group of Seven has lunye lalo. I protagonist we sihloko wafunda umsebenzi wensindiso futhi ngomkhondo izinhlelo.

Ezemfundo Shepard

Alan wazalwa ngo 18.11.1923 emzini Derry. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-36, waba omunye zezinkanyezi eziyisikhombisa ezikhethwe ngu-NASA ngoba andize isikhala. Ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu kwaba nesandla imfundo azitholile.

astronaut Ikusasa Alan Shepard ngesikhathi sakhe iziqu Academy College Admiral Farragut, ngokuthi i-Naval Academy nge ngezinga elithile Bachelor of Science, Naval College.

Umsebenzi iflaya

Ngemva kokuthola idigri impohlo, Alan Shepard baba isikhulu sebutho Navy. Ngalesi sikhathi, namanje-ke baqhubeka seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, ngakho wabelwa ngumbhubhisi, futhi wathumela ePacific Ocean.

Ngo-1947 wakhushulelwa umshayeli ngabelwa isigaba emathafeni-kubabulali. Ngo-1950 wangena umshayeli ukuhlolwa esikoleni. Emva kokuqeda i-ukuqeqeshwa, wahlanganyela uvivinyo indiza, kuhlanganise ucwaningo sokuthuthukiswa refueling uhlelo emoyeni. Phakathi nezinyanga ezinhlanu, le Cosmonaut esizayo kwaba umfundisi test pilot.

Ngaphambi kokuba ube-astronaut, Shepard landizela amahora angaphezu kuka 8.000, zazo 3700 ziye eyenziwa indiza jet.

Umsebenzi astronaut

I-astronaut wokuqala American phakathi ukhetho eziyisikhombisa ngubani akhethiwe nge NASA ngo-1959. Besalungisa uhlelo lobunikazi "Mercury". bomsebenzi kwaKhe nezimfanelo zakhe kwamenza ngowokuqala abamele United States ukufinyelela Isikhala undize uye enyangeni.

indiza yakhe yokuqala wenza 1961. Lolu hambo sasisifushane, kodwa kudingeka ukuze i-United States of America. Umkhumbi capsule wabizwa ngokuthi "Freedom 7".

Kamuva, osomkhathi ulungisiwe njengomlobokazi i understudy G. Cooper elizimisele "Atlas 9". Ngo-1963, lapho obekumele ukuya "Atlas 10". Flight bekumele Sichitha izinsuku ezintathu, kodwa sahoxiswa. Ngemva kwalokho, sikhetha umshayeli astronaut yokuqala umkhumbi "Gemini". Ukuba ukuqeqeshwa uqalise, wabhekana lapho ngihlolwa, ngenxa kwalokho kwatholakala isifo indlebe, kwaphazamisa imisebenzi apharathasi vestibular. Ngenxa nesifo i-Meniere sika umisiwe flying iminyaka embalwa.

Ukuze ubuyele ukulungiselela indiza, Shepard kwadingeka ahlinzwe phezu indlebe ingaphakathi. Kwaba yimpumelelo, futhi izazi zezinkanyezi wabuyela emsebenzini asebenzayo.

Ukuba sorokasemiletnim umshayeli, omdala ngaleso sikhathi, NASA astronaut Alan wenza ukuphila kwakhe kwesibili indiza emkhathini. Wamiswa induna "Apollo 14". Wenza lwesithathu yimpumelelo US mission inyanga. Kwasekusithi esikhathini kusukela ngoJanuwari 31 kuya ku-February 9, 1971.

"Mercury-Redstone" Alan Shepard

Ngokusho kohlelo "Mercury" indiza ka-Alan Shepard waba kokuqala ngempumelelo a mkhathi bavimba imigwaqo. Wayelethwa ezifuywa yenethiwekhi rocket "Redstone-3." Capsule ungase ekhuphukela endaweni engamamitha 186 km wawa emanzini wase-United States i-Atlantic landfill. Le ndawo, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi at ibanga 486 km kusuka yasekuqaleni yekucala.

Ngokungafani indiza Yuriya gagarina, ngubani wakwazi circumnavigate Umhlaba nomjikelezo wawo, Meyi 5, 1961, u-Alan Shepard safinyelela isikhala kuphela ngemva acitse sikhatsi lesingemaminithi la elengeziwe kunokuqala nanhlanu zindiza. Waba umuntu wesibili emhlabeni ofinyelele phezulu.

imigomo indiza

The main umgomo US noma sokuba phambili ukuhlola umkhathi kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi eSoviet Union. "Mercury" Uhlelo kuhilela ukuqaliswa ukulungela inhloso ethize. Kuphumelele kwaba ukwethulwa kohlelo, "Mercury-Redstone 3", lapho Shepard kwaba.

Injongo eyinhloko ye-flight:

• Ukulungiselela isipiliyoni inabasebenzi mkhathi ngesikhathi kwethulwa, indiza inikwa amandla yi, isimo isisindo, nokungena umkhathi kokwehla.
• Ukuhlolwa amathuba umshayeli ukulawula mkhathi, ukuxhumana ngezwi emoyeni lapho zindiza.
• Ucwaningo Ukusabela komuntu ukuba indiza emkhathini ngokuyinhloko bokuphila.
• Kungenzeka kokufika usomkhathi nemikhumbi-mkhathi.

Impilo ka-yi-career-astronaut ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu

Ekupheleni ezindizayo umsebenzi wakhe, u-Alan Shepard, ogama biography kubhekwa esihlokweni, wahlanganyela emisebenzini yomphakathi. Ngo-1971 waba zokudlulisela UN General Assembly. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wathola iziqu zobudokotela e natural sciences kanye humanities.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kanye izintatheli ezimbili, astronaut abadumile ishicilele incwadi "Flight to the Moon." Lapho echaza wakhe ngokushesha wadala uchungechunge ithelevishini.

Shepard, washona mhlaka 21.07.1998 eneminyaka engu engamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu. I imbangela yokufa ayikazeki nokunwetshiwe ukugula - wegazi. Ngemva kwamasonto amahlanu wayesefa, nomkakhe noLouise. Izidumbu zabo lapho sebefile nomlotha ahlakazekile ngasemlonyeni ulwandle.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo astronaut futhi indiza

Le phrojekthi, wakhe ubuhanjelwe Alan, yabizwa ngokuthi "i-Mercury". Igama wakhethwa yokudumisa isidalwa Roman basezinganekwaneni, uyisithunywa onkulunkulu nomvikeli ukuhweba. E-Washington, igama le phrojekthi yokutholwa 12.10.1958 ngonyaka.

ukhetho ekhethiwe indiza emkhathini ukubizwa ngokuthi osomkhathi. Bakhethe igama elibonisa by Isifaniso ne Argonauts e zamaGreki owahamba ngomkhumbi i- "Golden Fleece" futhi aeronaut, okusho balloonists.

Ngaphambi indiza, Alan waqokwa Ukudla okuqinile. Walungisa umpheki siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, ibhulakufesi lalinabashumayeli orange juice, semolina, amaqanda, strawberry ujamu kanye ikhofi noshukela. Uhlu izitsha nhlobonhlobo. Chef eyodwa ukulungiselela ukukhonza ngenxa astronaut, futhi ngosuku lwesibili igcinwe esiqandisini uma izinkinga ngaphezu ipheshana wokugaya ukudla.

Ngolunye usuku ngaphambi kwendiza yekhofi kusuka kwimenyu isusiwe ngenxa umphumela wawo isisu futhi zishukumise.

Ngaphambi kokuqala astronaut ngazitshela: "Musa ukuyihlanganisa up, Shepard." Imithombo yezindaba iye ungeze kancane ke, kokukhuluma izwi likaNkulunkulu. efana "umthandazo" walizwakalisa pilot eminingi kusukela manje.

Umshayeli Itholakala capsule imoto e amahora 5 imizuzu engu-15, kodwa indiza kwaba amahora amabili nengxenye kuphela. Izizathu ukubambezeleka babe esebophela lobuchwepheshe kanti uvele liguqubele ngenxa ezazingathandi uthole izithombe ezinhle Umhlaba ukusuka endaweni. Umkhumbi waqala at amahora 9 futhi imizuzu 34. Kuye wabukela ezingu-45 ababukeli e-United States.

Imizamo yokuqala ukufinyelela yonke akuzange kuphumelele njalo. Nikeza yonke imininingwane kunzima kakhulu. Ngakho, i-NASA, ukukhetha abazobhapathizwa efaneleka kakhulu yokwenza indiza, akazange abheke izidingo zabo ezivamile bokuphila. Okungukuthi, e-mkhathi ayikwazanga dambisa ngokwabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, Shepard kwakudingeka sikwenze isudu ngesikhathi indiza.