Toyotomi noHideyoshi: izithombe, biography, izingcaphuno, imisebenzi

Toyotomi noHideyoshi - komholi weNkatha bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa of Japan ephakathi, ngubani wakwazi ukuphinde ahambe aphume phakathi abantukazana kuya phezulu kohlelo phezulu. kwekuhlela kabusha akhe angamalangabi ngesisekelo amadivaysi isimo Japanese futhi azizange zishintshe e khona iminyaka 300. igama Toyotomi ligubuzelwe eyimfihlakalo kanye zinganekwane, kuba ngisho elithile iwuphawu Japan yesimanje.

Ukuzalwa futhi intsha

Toyotomi noHideyoshi wazalwa Februwari 2, 1536, noma ngo-March 26, 1537, okuhambelana ngomnyaka wesihlanu noma lesithupha Tenbun, usuku oluqondile ayikaziwa. kudabuka kwakhe ngazalelwa edolobhaneni Nakamura elincane esifundazweni OWARI. Wazalwa ku emkhayeni ompofu, futhi uma ngineminyaka izinyane evamile, bese uya kuye emkhakheni ngaphambi kokuphela kwezinsuku zakhe. Nokho, noHideyoshi wayengeyena umuntu elula, futhi wakwazi ukufakazela kuwo wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nombusi. Nakuba, mhlawumbe, wayengesiye nabalimi abancane, njengoba eminye imithombo ithi yakhe imvelaphi Samurai, futhi iningi "black" ungqimba - ashigaru infantrymen. Lokhu imfihlakalo uhlala ezingaxazululeki ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engamakhulu amane ngemva kokufa Toyotomi noHideyoshi.

Umlando Omfushane kuye ligcwele amaqiniso amaningi izenzakalo ekuphileni bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa yezwe. Kodwa kukhona kungenzeka ukuthi, uma Uyise wayengamdabukisanga ushone ekuseni kangaka, Japan kanye umhlaba wonke ubuyoba indawo awukaze lelo gama. Into wukuthi unina washada ngemva kokufa kukayise Yaemona. Usingababa ukungathandi okusheshayo indodana lomkakhe, evame ukubuzwa izwi lakhe futhi ngokuvamile washaywa. Lokhu kwashukumisela umbusi wesikhathi esizayo ukuba abalekele endlini kayise. Waya esifundazweni Suruga, lapho imithetho Imagawa clan. T. noHideyoshi kwakuqashwa ukuba Matsushita Naganori ngegama elisha Kinoshita Tokitiro. Kusukela kulo mzuzwana iqala lapho esekhulile ekhaya uyise nasezweni lokuzalwa.

Oda Nobunagaepisode nokuqala ukukhula ohlelweni phezulu

1554 kwaphawulwa umhlangano Oda Nobunagaepisode noHideyoshi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Wasetshiya Imagawa futhi waqala ukuhamba ayokhonza okuyinhloko entsha. Yiqiniso, akazange ngokushesha Samurai, okokuqala kwaba obapha izimbadada Nobuna.

Toyotomi noHideyoshi wayehlukile phakathi kwenceku, wayengumuntu smart, baqaphe, kanye umsebenzi wayo washelela izifakazo zobunjiniyela. Iphuzu lokugcina iye yasiza ukushintsha isimo sengqondo umbusi wakhe. Uma kuwa yokuhlala ebiyelweyo Oda. Ezazidilikile bebelokhu abalulekile, kodwa uyakwazi ongumlimi Toyotomi ephethwe ukuze uziqede ubude ngezinsuku ezintathu nje. On Nobuna kwagxila obuhlala njalo, futhi yena, akazange ahlale onecala inceku yakhe. Ngokuphazima kweso, u-Oda yamenza umbusi womuzi Kiyoshi, eyayinecilongo isimo inqaba, ngaphezu, nokwahlulelwa sezindaba zezimali noHideyoshi BakaJehova baba uhlobo olufanele lidlule. Uma sicabangela iqiniso lokuthi Toyotomi wavelelwa isizinda ahlukile, kwaba okuhlukile zonke umthetho. Vikela izinga eliphezulu emphakathini, waphumelela e 1564, lapho-ke wenza isivumelwano somshado abasenze indodakazi ngaphansi kwesizwe eseduze Nobuna Asana Nagamasa.

imisebenzi yezempi ngaphansi kokuqondisa Nobuna

Oda Nobunagaepisode ungumuntu zomlando oseke wadlalela inqubo ebalulekile Japan Association. Njengomthetho, inhlangano kwakubangelwa ekunqotshweni izifundazwe ezingomakhelwane, ngakho-ke, ephelezelwa njalo internecine izimpi. indima ebalulekile kule nqubo kukhala ngu Toyotomi noHideyoshi. Biography umane elaligcwele nswi impumelelo wezempi ekulweni uhlobo kokuphakama Oda. Ngo-1566, impi yayisiphelile idedelwa ukuba uhlobo lwe Saito. Isikhubekiso kwaba esifundazweni Mino. NoHideyoshi wakwazi ukwakha nje nasekuqiniseni ixhaphozi, baba zithuthukisa ekunyusweni amabutho Nobuna ngobusuku obubodwa. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe amakhono akhe zamanxusa, ngoba ukumelana lokuzalwa ezimbili Japanese ukuthi bamazwe baya ohlangothini Saito yakhe ojenene abanethonya futhi wakuthola. Ngemva kwalokho, lapho kwakushintsha empini, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili kwaphela ODE ukunqoba.

1568 kwaba ebalulekile kwezombusazwe ka noHideyoshi Toyotomi. Ngemva ukuthunjwa Kyoto, wamiswa omunye osebenza ababusi yenhloko-dolobha.

Kusukela ojenene upstart e

Ngemva kweminyaka emibili ngokuthatha Kyoto Nobuna saqoqa ibutho ukumasha esifundazweni Etidzen lapho obusa Asakura clan. Lo mkhankaso wazala ukulahlekelwa ezingalindelekile futhi ukunqotshwa okuphelele kwezinhloko zamaviyo Oda. Kakade ngesikhathi somkhankaso Nobuna oyifundile mayelana noshintsho omunye umbimbi enethonya kunazo, nabo isitha kungathatha ibutho endaweni Vise futhi uyozibhidliza nakanjani. Oda enawulungiselelwa ukubaleka esiphuthumayo, futhi njengoba cover kwesokunxele labaqaphi elingemuva eholwa noHideyoshi. Wonke umuntu uyaqonda ukuthi lena lokufa. Nokho, naphezu kwazo zonke lezi ubandlululo Toyotomi ephethwe dudula nakho konke ukuhlaselwa lesitha, abuyele Kyoto, amabutho main Ezingakanqotshwa. Lesi senzo wayengabhekiseli nje ukumboza amabutho abase bebaleka wombusi, uye washintsha ukubukwa Samurai Oda. Ngaphambili, babekholelwa ukuthi noHideyoshi kuyinto upstart civil elula, kodwa manje ngaqala ukubona umkhuzi onekhono.

Ngo 1573 lachithwa uhlanga Azai clan, nge insimu yalo esifundazweni Omagh kanye Ilokhi Nagamaha umbusi Toyotomi noHideyoshi wamiswa njengephayona elivamile. Izithombe abakulawo mazwe abanalo ezisekhona, kodwa iqiniso ukuthi umfuyi wangaphambili yasetshenziswa uthango lempi, lukhulu.

Ngo-1576, noHideyoshi waqokwa umsizi jikelele wezempi Kazuo Shibata, ukubonakalisa ukuhlaselwa ukulwa amabutho Kenshin. Phakathi nengxoxo amasu impi kwadingeka ukuxabana, ngenxa okuyinto iqhawe sethu sasichitha wanyamalala - kwesokunxele endlunkulu. Umphumela waba ukunqotshwa okuphelele amabutho Nobuna. Ekuqaleni, kwanqunywa ukuba akhiphe Toyotomi, kodwa inikezwe amakhono zawo ezimangalisayo, inkosi Mayiphile, ukuze sikhuthazele isixwayiso esiqinile.

Ukuhlawulelwa

Imisebenzi Toyotomi noHideyoshi sihlehlela Engxenyeni yabantwana ngekhulu XVI yesibili. Lena hawu umzabalazo okukhulu ngaphakathi isimo phakathi abamele ngabanye zomsebenzi, yisikhathi engapheli izimpi. Futhi ngakho indlela engcono kakhulu ukuze uthole ukuthethelelwa umbusi kwaba feat lempi. Toyotomi akudingekanga balinde isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi njengoba ithuba elula ukwenza kanjalo wayala uqobo. Wamiswa webutho ka Nobuna ekulweni uhlobo elikhulayo Mori. Eminyakeni emibili, noHideyoshi ephethwe ukuze nginqobe yakhe amandla ezintathu izinhlobo - kuzishumeki, Akamatsu futhi Besso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wadala reference iphuzu, maphakathi owawungumnyaka Himeji Castle. Ngo 1579 kwathi ukuyengela Ukita, Mori ngaphansi kwesizwe ngakuye.

Kodwa ngonyaka olandelayo kwaba kodwa ayikhanyi kakhulu ngakho. Ngesikhathi misa, kwavela uhlobo lwe Bass. NoHideyoshi ayikwazanga zokumelana lapho ezingemuva udlubulunda, ngakho owaletha amabutho akhe ayodambisa ukuvukela. Ukuze uthathe inqaba ababevukela, ke kwadingeka achithe unyaka njengoba kungenzeka ukuba wenze azibulale kuphela. Ngemva nje kwalokho, Toyotomi linqotshiwe Tajima esifundeni, ingeyamakhosi Yámana. Izinsalela wenceku Yámana, eqaphela ukunganeli suzerain yakhe, axoshwe kuye futhi bagxila Tottori inqaba ngokuya isiqondiso Mori. Kodwa akazange abasindise: ngo-1581 Toyotomi ezungezwe enqabeni, wathenga up wonke amalungiselelo endaweni wamthatha yilapho zizithoba kuye.

Ngo-1582, kuyafana owedlule, Fortune uyamamatheka ku hero yethu Toyotomi noHideyoshi. Photo ukunqoba kwakhe, yebo, alikho, kodwa uma bathunjwa, uyoshaywa ngu okwakhe yayo besikhathi begodu izizukulwane ezizayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Toyotomi baqhubeka uchungechunge yakhe enqobayo ahlaselayo phansi isifundazwe Beatty, waqala ukuvinjezelwa inqaba Takamatsu. Kwasiza-behlomile castle ungenakunqotshwa. Isigodi kulo elise, esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe ezintabeni, futhi langapha babe emifuleni emibili. NoHideyoshi futhi yakhetha ubunjiniyela, ukwakha amadamu ngendlela yokuthi wonke esigodini, kanye nemvula engapheli selande laze laba echibini elikhulu, futhi le nqaba ngokwayo kwenzakala like isiqhingi. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa i inqaba ungenakunqotshwa wawa.

Indawo zezombusazwe

Phakathi nokubusa Oda Nobunagaepisode akakwazi ngokuthi uzinze futhi uchume. Sabantu uhlushwa njalo engapheli izimpi. Lapho amandla akhe wakwazi wasithatha izifundazwe 33 e azenzayo izenzo zonya ezingachazeki. Konke lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuvukeleni Nobuna. Abavukeli, eholwa Akechi Mitsuhide nebutho lakhe 10-eqinile, Nobuna waphoqeleka ukuba enze seppuku.

Ngalesi sikhathi, Toyotomi wayematasa Storming enqabeni Takamatsu, kodwa ukuzwa izindaba ezethusayo kunoma ubani-ke akashongo ngesikhathi esifushane wenza kuthula kanye Mori waya enhlokodolobha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenye sizana Nobuna - Tokugawa Ieyasu waya Kyoto. Kodwa noHideyoshi amshaya izinsuku ezintathu, asibekela eyibanga elingaphezudlwana angamakhulu amaningana. Ngo-May, izinsuku ezingu-12 ngo-1582 izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane namakhulu amabutho ibutho wahlulwa Toyotomi Mitsuhide at Yamazaki. isihlubuki eyabulawa ngesikhathi kunesigameko sokuphanga abalimi elula ukudla amahhashi.

Toyotomi noHideyoshi, okuyinto izingcaphuno chithi saka ezibonakalayo wangaphambili Nobuna, kahle ngokwaso njengoba umphindiseli, okuholela ekwandeni usithonye imvelo yamakhosi abanethonya futhi Samurai. Lapho enza isinqumo ngokuphathelene ukulandelana amandla Toyotomi Kwakungenzima acele ukusekela ojenene. Abazama njengoba nathi ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi - indodana Nobuna, Nobutaka - waphoqwa ukuzibulala. Ngemva kwalokho noHideyoshi wathola iningi yifa uhlobo Ode to ekubeni ibamba-umeluleki nohlobo olusha zenkosi u-Oda Sanbosi (iminyaka engu-3 ubudala). ukunganeliseki esidlangalaleni okhethiwe eside abaphikisi Kazuo Shibata.

Ukuhlanganiswa izwe ngokusebenzisa zokuchitha igazi

Toyotomi noHideyoshi (1582-1598 GG.) Asitholanga nokuzola emva isimemezelo yayo de empeleni waba owalandela kwamandla Nobuna sika. Ngalesi sikhathi, Umphikisi eside futhi abaphikisi noHideyoshi Shibata lakhipha mpi eyamelana naye. Ngo impi ewumnqamula-juqu lesitha wahlulwa futhi baphoqwa ukuba siphumele esifundazweni sakubo Etidzen. Iningi umbimbi Shibata ekugcineni waba ngaphansi banner Toyotomi. Ukuthatha itshe okwamanje, noHideyoshi bagqekeza ezweni isitha futhi ezungezwe inqaba Kitanoso. Shibata nomkakhe wamukela ukufa by seppuku, enqabeni lacela umaluju kwelase. Ngenxa yalokho, bonke bezwe wangaphambili kulawulwa Nobuna, lidlule ku kwelifa loonyana noHideyoshi.

Ngo-1583 edolobheni elaba isikhungo Osaka ukwakhiwa: lapha zenzeka ukwakhiwa inqaba enkulu. Njengoba abantu besikhathi kubonakala sengathi izinqaba ayinazo isimo nomhlaba ophucukile. Ngokwe-Japanese, lezi zihlanganisa eJapane, China ne Korea. Ngasikhathi sinye, Osaka isibe isikhungo ezinkulu zezimali futhi ekusithekeni, kodwa inhlokodolobha langempela yezwe.

Ukuhanjiswa kulo lonke elaseJapane

I imbangi ocebile kakhulu inqubo wokuhlanganisa izwe ngoba Toyotomi kwaba umlekeleli yangaphambili Nobuna Tokugawa Ieyasu. Ngo 1584, kwaba khona impi amisa phakathi namabutho abo, usuke unqobe impi e-samurai we Tokugawa. Kodwa engaba okukhuthazela ukuze uqhubeke impi ohlangothini noHideyoshi, u-Ieyasu ngakho wahamba ukuxoxisana ukuthula. Toyotomi kwaba ukuthula kancane, wayedinga ukuhanjiswa ngokuphelele zonke ababusi balo of Japan. Ukuze enze lokhu, waze wanika ngisho udadewabo Asahi ngishade Tokugawa, nonina wathumela kuye njengoba kalowo. Ngo 1586 Tokugawa Kyoto yena efika, wenza u-isifungo sokwethembeka noHideyoshi.

Phakathi nale minyaka, Toyotomi noHideyoshi wanquma unamathisele ezintweni zakhe esiqhingini Shikoku, okuyinto wagijima Tesokabe Mototiki. Ekuqaleni, noHideyoshi wammemela umane wamukele eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari. Kodwa, njengoba kulindeleke, wenqaba Tesokabe ke noHideyoshi wathumela 100 ibutho senkulungwane, okuyinto wanqotshwa yisitha.

Lokhu kwalandelwa esiqhingini Kyushu, le Shimazu ekuqaleni elawulwa. Ngo 1587 Toyotomi mathupha wahola ezingamakhulu amabili senkulungwane. gradopravitel Local akakwazanga ukumelana nebutho enjalo futhi yazinikela abanqobayo.

Ekupheleni kuka-80s kwekhulu XVI eJapane wayesekhona zomninindawo eyodwa enkulu kunazo zonke - Hamba-Hojo clan. Ngo-1590 likwazi ukuboshwa nokuqaqwa impi evulekile phakathi the titans ezimbili. Toyotomi wawuvimbezela main Odawara lenqaba. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, wakhipha umyalo wokuba bahlangane sokuhlala kwakhe zonke ingxenye Samurai empumalanga yeJapane. Ekugcineni, kuye kwaba cishe iNkosi yamakhosi ezempi kanye izinduna wayeziqaphela ukuncika noHideyoshi. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu zokuvimbezela inqaba ungenakunqotshwa, okuyinto ayikwazanga kuthathe iyiphi Toyotomi umkhuzi elikhazimulayo, wawa. UMbusi uhlobo namadodana akhe uzibophezele seppuku.

Ngenxa yalokhu umsebenzi ngaphansi kwethonya Toyotomi noHideyoshi umkhuzi sezombusazwe ukuthi banqoba insimu yonke Japan. Waba umbusi onamandla kunabo bonke emlandweni wombuso.

kwekuhlela kabusha yangaphakathi

Ezindabeni yasekhaya Toyotomi noHideyoshi isanda matasatasa e ezempi. Ngemva kokuqeda ekhulwini izimpi zombango kuleli zwe langena enkathini eyiminyaka ukuzinza, okwaphumela ukwanda besikhashana endaweni kutshalwa - Bavuka ngu-70%. Nokho, noHideyoshi wasungula intela omkhulu abalimi - 2/3 yokuvuna ababenakho ukuze bayinikele ku-womnikelo. Ngakho, ukuqoqwa elayisi ngonyaka zaba angaba ngu 3.5 million.

Toyotomi labetibambile inqubomgomo kokuhoxiswa kokuhlelwa zonke izikhali e imvelo zabantu abavamile, kanye kulesi sigaba ngesikhathi babe ngisho namathe futhi amasikela. Konke labantu Japan iye ngokucacile ngamaqembu amabili: abaphathi, ukuze elalingelamaFilisti isigaba wezempi, futhi izakhamuzi zomsebenzi. Obscheyaponsky umhlaba cadastre yaqale wadala, futhi, ngesikhathi kubusa noHideyoshi futhi wasinda ingashintshiwe iminyaka engaphezu kuka-300.

Omunye izikhathi eziphawuleka kakhulu imisebenzi yangaphakathi ye noHideyoshi - the ngokudingiswa ka izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKristu. Kuningi yezizathu kwezomnotho ezisemthethweni ukuze siqu. Juni 19, 1587 lapho wakhipha isimemezelo owawuthi wonke amaKristu kwakufanele ashiye iziqhingi Japanese ezinsukwini ezingu-20, ngaphandle kwalokho kokuba belinde isikhathi sokufa. nokubulawa sekukhomba Kwakuseshwa ukwesabisa: ukubethelwa wahlupheka 26 amaKristu, kwakungabafundi baseYurophu.

ukubukwa lingabacindezeli Toyotomi noHideyoshi

Intoxicated impumelelo yasekhaya, bekholelwa zabo abantu bakaNkulunkulu abakhethiwe, Toyotomi kancane kancane waqala go crazy, njengoba abanye abacwaningi abathi. Wathola yena ethathe ehlanganisa nezancinza ezingu-300, njalo waxosha amakhulu ezinkulungwane abalimi ekwakhiweni izinqaba wezempi, futhi engenamsebenzi. Kodwa into - kungcono imibono yakhe lingabacindezeli. Toyotomi iphutha wasithatha sonke nomhlaba ophucukile. Waqala ne Korea. Isikhathi sokuqala empini, yebo, kwakuwukuba Japanese - baye ethumba cishe zonke umuzi yonke iNhlonhlo Korean futhi bafika emngceleni ne China. Kodwa-ke kwathi impi yabashokobezi, plus enyakatho kwavela ibutho Chinese, Korea bebheka endaweni yakhe ngaphansi kwesizwe. Umphumela - samurai abangu kwaphoqa eningizimu. Korea lahlukaniswa laba Chinese-Japanese umsebenzi wokuhambela amagatsha. Lokhu umzabalazo baqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekufeni noHideyoshi e 1598. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, ukuthi ama-samurai lacela umaluju, waya emizini yabo, lapho ngezihluthu futhi ubike ngokwenzelela kwamanye amaqembu raged, lesi sibalo esikhulu lapho isibe Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Washo kanjalo noHideyoshi

Izilinganiso namazwi, kanye umashiqela izinkondlo onguMninimandla onke noHideyoshi bagcwala kunencazelo ejulile zefilosofi. Nokho, kwakuvamile ukuba bonke ababusi East eziphucuzekile Ngalezo zikhathi, futhi iqhawe lethu iyathinteka.

Toyotomi wolimi lwabo ayikwazanga abe umbusi, ngakho kampaku isihloko wabelwa kuye. Lingachazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, kodwa iphuzu ukuthi wayenguKristu de empeleni waba umbusi isimo ngesikhathi namandla ukalwe imithetho yombusi. Ngakho-ke, lapho ama-samurai wathatha isifungo sokwethembeka, emthambekeni akwenziwa nombusi ngase kampaku noHideyoshi. Lokhu kufakazelwa umbhalo omkhulu yesifungo, idwetshwa ngqo Toyotomi: "Ama-oda kanye nemiyalelo kampaku kumele sihlonishwe zonke, futhi kumelwe ngokungenamibandela ukugcwalisa."

Omunye izingcaphuno zefilosofi noHideyoshi inkulumo ngokuphila: "Mina ngiyindlela siqine nigxilile ekufezeni umgomo wakho, futhi ngayaluza omusha ngamunye, bonke imisebenzi yasekhaya yami yasendlini beyoba ukuze. Ngithemba, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngibheke phambili esikhathini esizayo, ngiyakholwa nempilo ende yayo, futhi akukho okungalungile ngami akufanele kwenzeke. Ngizoqhubeka kwamanje ujabulela zonke nezinjabulo zokuphila. "

izingcaphuno yakhe Nokho zigcwele zokuphila nefilosofi, ungazange ngasinda Emazwini akhe mayelana ukuphathwa komphakathi, lapho esenamandla kakhulu. NoHideyoshi ifikile ibanga elide kusukela umlimi kampaku futhi lapho esekhulile, njengoba kushiwo bangesikhathi, yaphenduka umuntu ebonisa ukukholelwa ezeni kakhulu futhi zenzisa. Yingakho inkondlo yakhe yokugcina ebhaliwe kakade lapho esezokufa, kwaba lesi siphetho zefilosofi:

Mina - zifana neconsi falling amazolo,

efana dewdrop, uzoshabalala ngokuphelele.

Ngisho enqabeni e Osaka -

Nje iphupho.

Toyotomi noHideyoshi - "inkawu" noma "Mnu Monkey," lena yindlela azenza abizwe historiography Japanese. Kwakungekhona kusukela ukubonakala kwakhe okungafaneleki. EJapane, i-moniker efanayo noma igama elithi "Tokitiro" ngokuthi abantu bonke isikhathi, sase sanikwa ukuhlakanipha emangalisayo, kusitsho nangamandla. Toyotomi noHideyoshi konke wabonakalisa ngezimanga Ngokwesibonelo ngokuphila kwakhe. Yena ayiphumelelanga ngenxa ongumlimi abampofu ukuba abe umbusi waleli zonke eJapane, lanqoba nabaphikisi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuhlanganisa isimo ngaphansi kwegunya kuphela.