"Wazo" (operation). ukusebenza eNormandy. Umlando seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili

June 6, 1944 lokufikela amasosha aqala anti-Hitler sokusebenzisana eside elindelwe ogwini olusenyakatho yeFrance, ithole igama jikelele "wazo" ( "wazo"). Ukusebenza yalungiswa isikhathi eside futhi kanzima, it kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe izingxoxo e Tehran nzima. On the eziQhingini ZaseBrithani zazidilivwa izigidi zamathani wezimpahla lempi. On Covert Front labetibambile sokwaziswa okunganembile Abwehr intelligence amasevisi izwe laseBrithani nelase-United States ngenhlonipho endaweni okufikela kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi ukuqinisekisa okuhlaselayo yimpumelelo. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, kokubili kuleli kanye nasemazweni aphesheya, izinga ukusebenza lempi, kuye ngokuthi isimo sezombangazwe, into ihaba, into understated. It sekuyisikhathi sokuthatha umgomo ukuhlolwa, futhi ukuphakama kwalo kube nemiphumela kwi-Western Europe yaseshashalazini iMpi Yezwe II.

inyama okusemathinini, ubisi wafingqa neqanda powder

Njengoba sazi kusukela movie, amasosha aseSoviet, abahlanganyeli impi ye-1941-1945 wabizwa ngokuthi "phambi yesibili" inyama American okusemathinini, ubisi olujiyile, amaqanda powder kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokudla, Kuye kwabikwa e-USSR usuka US "Unikeza Ubufakazi-zokuqashisa" uhlelo. Lokhu ibinzana azishilo nge ithoni kancane kuyindida, ezwakalisa nokwedelelwa kancane-ezifihlakele ngokuba "soyuznichki". It bedele yemagama: inqobo nje silapha igeleze igazi, baye kancane ekuqaleni impi yokulwa Hitler. Holed phezulu jikelele, belinde ukuya empini ngesikhathi lapho bobabili Russian namaJalimane kuyoncipha futhi deplete nemithombo yawo. Lapha-ke woza amaMelika kanye British ukwehlukana abawinile azithele ngabandayo. Ukuvulwa front wesibili e-Europe lihlehliselwe, babekezelela ekulweni bayaqhubeka Red Army.

Ngomqondo othile, konke kwakuyize kanjalo nje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusola F. D. Ruzvelta ukuthi wayengumuntu ekujaheni ukuthumela US Army ukulwa walindela lokhu esikahle kakhulu, kungaba okungalungile. Ekugcineni, umongameli wase-United States, waphoqwa ukuba ucabange nenhlalakahle ezweni labo futhi benze izithakazelo zayo. Kepha-UK, ngaphandle kosizo American amabutho akhe ahlomile amasha babe azikona ukufeza ukuhlasela kwaso okukhulu-mpumalanga yezwe. Kusukela ngo-1939 kuya ku-1941, leli zwe kuphela ilwa Hitler, wakwazi basinde, kodwa okuvela kuyo inkulumo ngisho sekudlule. Ngakho ukuthi Churchill isihlamba ikakhulukazi hhayi lutho. Ngomqondo othile, front yesibili owawukhona ngaso sonke isikhathi yempi, lungakafiki usuku lukaJehova "D" (D Day), libhalwa amandla enkulu Luftwaffe futhi Kriegsmarine. Iningi (cishe ngamakota amathathu) we-German zamasosha eyingoduso ekusebenzeni nema-British.

Nokho, ngaphandle kokubandlulula, uquketheni lowo oMfelandawonye, abahlanganyeli yethu ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe ubelokhu kufanele cabango lowo they enza khona umnikelo esiwujuqu ukunqoba ezivamile ngaphezu kwesitha.

Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakudingekile ukuba

Isimo uyazehlisa futhi ngendelelo ekufezeni aid azihlanganisa ayetshalwe ubuholi Soviet kwamashumi post-yimpi. I-agumenti eyinhloko ubuhlobo umonakalo ngempela namaSoviet futhi isiJalimane Eastern Front ngezinombolo efanayo baseMelika efile, amaNgisi, abaseCanada namaJalimane okufanayo, kodwa West. Emakhaya layimfica kulawa amasosha eziyishumi wabulala Wehrmacht abanikela ukuphila kwabo izimpi wayenaye iRed Army. Eduze eMoscow, eMfuleni iVolga, endaweni laseKharkov, eCaucasus kwezintaba, naphezu izinkulungwane namabhilidi engaziwa, emizaneni usithe bebelokhu ezazidilikile yokhalo wempi kalula owabahlula cishe wonke amabutho European futhi anqobe izwe e kungakapheli masonto amangaki, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho izinsuku. Mhlawumbe front yesibili eYurophu ngokuvamile akudingekile futhi kungase nje ngaphandle kwayo? Ehlobo lika-1944, umphumela impi sisonke kwaba kuzenzakalele. AmaJalimane wahlupheka esabekayo ukulahlekelwa, okungabantu kanye nempahla izinsiza, okuyinto ayifuna ngabomvu entula, ukuthi ngenkathi eSoviet ukukhiqizwa lempi ifinyelele okwakungakaze kube khona umlando wezwe linemibhikisho. Infinite "yokululama phambi" (ngendlela inkulumo-ze Goebbels 'uchaza ukuphambuka njalo) babengakwazi yini ukubaleka abazalwa. Noma kunjalo, I. V Stalin bephikelela wakhumbuza oMfelandawonye ka nesithembiso sabo hit eJalimane ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ngo-1943, amabutho aseMelika afika esesifundazweni Italy, kodwa kwakungenele.

Kuphi futhi nini

Amagama ezempi zikhethelwe ukutshala igama elilodwa noma amabili wonke ngokuyisisekelo amasu ka isenzo oluzayo. Kulokhu, isitha ngisho nokwazi, akufanele abe ukuqagela mayelana izakhi eziyinhloko ze-NDP. I isiqondiso kuhlaselwa main, bakhangwa izindlela lobuchwepheshe, imigomo izinto ezifanayo ngoba isitha ngempela kuhlale kuyimfihlakalo. Ukufika oluzayo ogwini olusenyakatho yeYurophu ngokuthi "wazo". Ukusebenza lahlukaniswa laba izigaba eziningana, ukuba njengoba amakhodi zabo. Yaqala ngosuku we "D" ukuze "Neptune" futhi saphela ngokukhululwa "Cobra", ezihilela ukukhuthazwa uma uya phakathi nezwe.

Esikhathini German Jikelele Abasebenzi akangabazanga ukuthi kuyoba kuvulwa Front Okwesibili. 1944 - Latest usuku lapho lo mcimbi ezingase zenzeke endaweni yakini, futhi nakuba babazi amasu eziyisisekelo US, kwakunzima sicabange ukuthi Esizanayo ukuhlasela iSoviet Union ngo ekwindla noma ebusika izinyanga ezimbi. Spring ayehlasela sigameko kuphinde kubhekwe singenakwenzeka ngenxa nokuntengantenga sezulu. Ngakho ehlobo. Intelligence olunikezwa Abwehr, waqinisekiswa omkhulu zokuthutha ubuchwepheshe. Ekuhlaseleni B-17 no-B-24 zezikhali zilethwe siqhingi yizinkantolo, "Liberty", kanye amathangi "Sherman", futhi ngaphezu kwalezi zikhali icasula kwezilwandle kufika nezinye izinto: ukudla, imithi, uphethiloli kanye zokugcoba , izinhlamvu, zokuthutha izindawo zasolwandle kanye nokunye okuningi. Fihla enjalo emikhulu ukunyakaza eziphathelene nezempi kanye nabasebenzi cishe akunakwenzeka. Imibuzo kusukela Command German kwadingeka ezimbili kuphela: "? Lapho" Futhi "Kuphi".

Hhayi lapho kulindeleke

Isiteshi - elula encane amanzi phakathi "meynlendom" British naseYurophu. Kukulo muzi lapho ojenene German izoqala lokubikezela, uma isinqumo phezu kwawo. Lokhu kunengqondo futhi evumelana zonke wemithetho yesayensi lempi. Kodwa yingakho Jikelele Eisenhower ngokuphelele siqambe English Channel, uhlela "wazo". Ukusebenza kwakufanele abe ukumangala ephelele umyalo isiJalimane, kungenjalo kukhona ingozi enkulu ukwehluleka lempi. Vikela ogwini kunoma isiphi isimo lula kunalokho ukuba ahlasele ke. Ukuqinisa "Atlantic Wall" wadala kusengaphambili zonke eminyakeni eyedlule empi, kwaqala umsebenzi ngokushesha ngemva umsebenzi engxenyeni esenyakatho France, futhi Kwakuseshwa ngosizo sabantu bevalelekile. Okujula ethile bazitholela ngemva Hitler aqaphela ukuthi ukuvulwa ongenakugwenywa Front Okwesibili. 1944 kwaphawulwa ukufika okuhloswe kokwehla indawo zamabutho azihlanganisa likaField Marshal Rommel, ogama sokudumisa ngenhlonipho kuthiwe "ehlane impungushe", ukuthi "African Lion" yakhe. Lokhu uchwepheshe lempi amandla amaningi esichithwa ngcono izinqaba, okuyinto, njengoba isikhathi kuboniswe, cishe aluphumelelanga. Kulesi impumelelo enkulu American futhi waseBrithani intelligence amasevisi namanye amasosha "phambi ongabonakali" zamabutho azihlanganisa.

akhohlise Hitler

Impumelelo iyiphi ukusebenza lempi incike into engalindelekile futhi ngokushesha wadala emakamu ezempi kuka ukuhlanganisa amabutho izinhlangothi aphikisanayo. Ngaphambili yesibili kufanele livulwe ngalolo elula ugu lapho ayehlasela kulindeleke okungenani. The kungenzeka Wehrmacht eFrance babezihluphekela. Iningi amabutho aseJalimane ahlomile wahola ekulweni iRed Army, uzama uyigcine okuhlaselayo. Impi babesuke endaweni ye-USSR eMpumalanga Yurophu isikhala kusongelwa kukawoyela uhlelo baseRomania lonke nezempi yaphenduka inqwaba metal engenamsebenzi ngaphandle uphethiloli. Isimo okusikhumbuza tsuntsvang chess uma cishe zonke jikela kwaholela emiphumeleni ungalungiseki, nokungalungile nakakhulu. Kwakunzima wenza iphutha, kodwa abasebenzi German zazenzela nesiphetfo lesingakalungi. Kwakuthinta kugqugquzelwa eziningi izenzo Allied Intelligence, phakathi kwawo - futhi kuhlelwe "ukuvuza" ulwazi olunganembile, futhi izindlela ezahlukene ukudukisa Abwehr futhi zasemoyeni kwesimo endaweni ejenti. Ayemaningi ngisho ezenziwe onobuhle imithambo ezokuthutha kumi nezimbobo kude nalapho umthwalo langempela.

Isilinganiso imibango lempi

Ngiphakathi impi emlandweni wesintu ongahambanga ngokohlelo, kukhona njalo izimo ezingalindelekile ukuthi uvimbele lokhu. "Wazo" - eyohlinzwa ehlelelwe a eside futhi ngokucophelela, ngokuphindaphindiwe lihlehliselwe ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto futhi wayengekho okuhlukile. Nokho, izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko, ukunquma impumelelo yayo jikelele, kodwa wakwazi ukugcina: isitha lokubikezela yaqhubeka ingaziwa kwaze kwaba usuku "D", kanye ukulingana kwamandla isungule esivuna abahlaseli. Ukufika kanye nenzondo okwalandela kulelivekati ukuthatha ingxenye amasosha Allied abayizigidi ezingu-1,6. Ukuze 6 ayizinkulungwane. 700 izibhamu German amabutho wamaNgisi namaMelika zingase zisebenzise ayizinkulungwane 15. Le. Kwabonakala izimoto ezinkulu zamasosha base 6000 no-2000 AmaJalimane eyodwa kuphela, anamanci mathandathu izindiza futhi "Luftwaffe" Kwakunzima kakhulu nokunciphisa cishe izinkulungwane nanye Allied izindiza, phakathi lapho, uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe, iningi izimoto babe "Douglas" (kodwa babebaningi " izinqaba flying "futhi" Bakhululi "futhi" Mustang "futhi" Spitfire "). Armada lwemikhumbi 112 zingamelana Cruisers German emihlanu kuphela kubabulali. inzuzo quantitative kuphela ngwenya isiJalimane, kodwa ngesikhathi indlela yokulwa kubo, amaMelika kwafinyelela izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu.

amabhishi yaseNormandy

-United States ayizange ujabulele French imiqondo womhlaba, emhlathini-wawungathi. Njengoba amagama imisebenzi yempi code izigaba ogwini, ngokuthi amabhishi. Kuthe kusenjalo bakhomba ezine: Igolide, Omaha, Juno futhi Sword. isihlabathi zabo zabulawa amasosha amaningi Allied, kodwa izinduna benza konke ababengakwenza ukuze ukunciphisa ukulahleka. Julayi 6, izinkulungwane eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ilungu lamasotsha aqeqeshelwe ukugxuma emabhanoyini (Airborne Division ezimbili) yatshalwa indiza DC-3 futhi Awama-Glider. Yalesi ezidlula wayengayazi impi langaphambilini, njengoba wonke Umhlaba. Ukuvulwa front yesibili kwakulandelwa enamandla wezikhali nokulungiselela emoyeni bombardment kwezakhiwo ukuzivikela, ingqalasizinda nezindawo ukuthunyelwa amabutho aseJalimane. Parachute Izenzo kwezinye izimo ungazange baphumele tle lokubikezela iphutha ukuhlakazwa amabutho, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu kwadingeka. Ngu ogwini baboshwa embozwe yabo wezikhali oluhle ngemikhumbi yempi, ekupheleni kosuku osebeni wayesevele ayizinkulungwane 156 amasosha futhi inkulungwane 20. Izimoto Military ezinhlobo ezehlukene. Bridgehead kwadingeka Ubukhulu 70 by amakhilomitha 15 (ngokwesilinganiso). Kusukela ngomhla ka-10 Juni, lokhu band iye zithululwe ezingaphezu kuka-100 thous. Amathani lempi wezimpahla lixuku lokuhlala safinyelela cishe ingxenye yesithathu yale kwesigidi abantu. Naphezu ukulahlekelwa omkhulu (ngosuku lokuqala base angaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi), ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva front yesibili wavulwa. Lokhu kwaba Eqinisweni zibonakale futhi obungenakuphikwa.

ukuthuthukiswa impumelelo

Ukuze uqhubeke yokukhululwa lwamaNazi ehlasela izindawo kwakudingeka hhayi kuphela amasosha kanye nemishini. Impi ibusa malanga onkhe amakhulu amathani fuel, izinhlamvu, ukudla nemithi. Unika belligerents ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane alimele abadinga ukuphathwa ngayo. amandla Expeditionary, zibancishe zosizo, sibheke.

Ngemva phambi yesibili wavulwa, kwaba inzuzo okusobala emnothweni US. Amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo kwadingeka awunankinga kwezidingo ngesikhathi esifanele zonke kunesidingo, kodwa lokhu kwakudinga nezimbobo. Bona bathunjwa ngokushesha okukhulu, owokuqala kwaba Cherbourg isiFulentshi, kwathatha ngo-June 27.

Nokho, Ngemva kokululama ukushaqeka lokuqala kusenjalo, amaJalimane, babe ekujaheni ukuvuma ukwehlulwa. Kakade phakathi ngenyanga base lokuqala asetshenziswa V-1 - i-prototype ye-cruise ezicitshwayo. Ngoba bonke ukusweleka umthamo oMbusi, uHitler bathole izinsiza ekukhiqizweni V-2 ballistic. Bombardment London (1100 missile iziteleka) futhi akhiwe ezwekazini nababesizana esetshenziswa ukuphakela amabutho nezimbobo Antwerp futhi Liege (cishe 1,700 FAA izinhlobo ezimbili). Khonamanjalo Normandy beachhead enwetshiwe (kufika ku 100 km) futhi lujule (40 km). Kuye efakwe Airbase 23 chweba zonke izinhlobo izindiza. Isibalo sabasebenzi anda ukuze ayizinkulungwane 875. Yakha izimo sokuthuthukiswa ecasula babe ekufezeni komngcele isiJalimane, futhi kungani ukuvula phambi yesibili. Usuku ukunqoba jikelele lusondela.

ukwehluleka umbimbi

Anglo-American emoyeni amabutho eyenziwa kuphangwa omkhulu ensimini laseJalimane lobuNazi, bephonsa emadolobheni, izimboni, ujantshi kokuhlangana nezinye izinto amashumi ezinkulungwane amathani ibhomu umthwalo. Melana lokhu ngendathane engxenyeni 1944 yesibili, Luftwaffe pilot bahluleka. Ngokuhamba yonke inkathi yokukhululwa eFrance, uMkhandlu Wehrmacht yizo kwesigamu sesigidi, kanti ahlangene amabutho - kuphela 40 ayizinkulungwane efile (plus ezingaphezu kuka-160 eziyinkulungwane olimele.). amabutho Tank amaNazi olunezinombolo amathangi yikhulu kuphela ukulwa-ngomumo (amaMelika kanye nayo iBritish - 2000). Ukuze indiza ngayinye German kwadingeka 25 umbimbi. Kwakukhona izinqolobane engasekho. abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili iqembu amaNazi uvinjiwe entshonalanga yeFrance. Esimeni semakhaya ukuphakama obuqand lihlasele ibutho lamaJalimane ngokuvamile Ublomile ifulegi elimhlophe phambi ithala wezikhali. Kodwa kwakungeyona ukumelana engajwayelekile futhi enenkani, ngenxa owabhubhisa eziningi, ngisho namakhulu Allied amathangi.

18-25 July isiNgisi (8) futhi Canadian (2nd) Umzimba wahlangana kahle ebiyelweyo izikhundla isiJalimane, ukuhlaselwa kwabo yizinkulumo, esibatshela Marshal Montgomery okwengeziwe wagomela ukuthi umthelela kwakungamanga futhi ekuphazamisayo.

Annoying umphumela wengozi we firepower okusezingeni eliphezulu US amabutho waqala ukulahlekelwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umlilo friendly", lapho amabutho babenohlobo amagobolondo abo namabhomu.

Ngo-December, i-Wehrmacht wathatha sina esiphikisayo okuhlukumezayo Ardennes ezimangalisayo ezaholela ekumiseni oluphelele olungeke lube impumelelo, kodwa osendaweni kukhona kancane ukuthi ingaxazululwa.

Ezenye zokusebenza impi

Ngemva kwaqala iMpi Yezwe II, amazwe iqhaza zingashintsha ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi. Ezinye wayeka ubutha, kuyilapho abanye beye bathuthuka kakhulu kubo. Abanye abe esehlanganyela naye zezitha zakhe zesikhathi esidlule (njenge Romania, isibonelo), abanye nje capitulated. Kwakukhona ngisho isimo, ngokomthetho asekelwe Hitler, kodwa akazange akhulume ekulweni neSoviet Union (naseBulgaria naseTurkey). Njalo wahlala abaphikisa abahlanganyeli main empini ye 1941-1945, iSoviet Union, eJalimane lobuNazi nasemakamu Britain (alwa ngisho isikhathi eside, kusukela ngo-1939). France, futhi, kwaba phakathi abawinile, kuyilapho Field Marshal Keitel, ngemvume sokunikela, ayikwazanga simelane amazwana kuyindida ngalolu daba.

Akungabazeki ukuthi Norman D-Day lihlala nezenzo okwalandela US Army, eBrithani, eFrance nakwamanye amazwe nomthelela kokunqotshwa nobuNazi nokubhujiswa lobugebengu wezombusazwe, akazange ukufihla essence yabo anti-womuntu. Kodwa ukuqhathanisa lezi umzamo ngokuqinisekile elihle kusukela Eastern Front ulwa nzima kakhulu. Kwakungemva eU.SSR kwaholela Hitlerism Imininingwane impi, ogama Inhloso kwaba ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe labantu, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ezamenyezelwa imibhalo esemthethweni sokubusa kwamaNazi. Inhlonipho more futhi bafanelwe inkumbulo yethu ebusisekile ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, ukugcwalisa umsebenzi wabo izimo kunzima kakhulu kunalokho abafowabo wamaNgisi namaMelika izingalo.