Izinselele izixazululo nezindlela zokuxazulula kubo

Kusombulula tinkinga tetibalo izixazululo kuyinto kwesigaba ebalulekile Yiqiniso chemistry in esikoleni yesimanje. Ezinganeni eziningi, kukhona nobunzima ezithile lapho befeza izibalo ezihlobene nokuntula imibono mayelana ukulandelana msebenzi. Hlaziya imigomo ethile ezifaka izixazululo yenkinga kwamakhemikhali, futhi izibonelo izixazululo ngomumo eyenziwe.

Ubuningi iphesenti

Imisebenzi ehilela nokulungiselela kanye isinqumo ngezabelo. Njengoba sazi ukuthi lolu hlobo lokuhlushwa lubonakaliswa izingxenye ngesisindo, kungenzeka ukuba ibone okuqukethwe into e isixazululo.

ubuningi wathi kuwuphawu ambalwa yesixazululo okuphakanyiswe inkinga. Kuye uhlobo umsebenzi, kubalulekile ukucacisa lokuhlushwa ezintsha ezithakazelisayo, ukubala nenqwaba ndaba ukubala ivolumu isixazululo.

I izinyo lomhlathi lokuhlushwa

Ezinye izinkinga lokuhlushwa izixazululo ezihlobene ne ukuzimisela yokuthi liphansi izinga emqulwini ka kuphela. Amayunithi lesi silinganiso kuyinto imvukuzane / l.

Ilungiselelo kukharikhulamu lolu hlobo kwenzeka kuphela ngesikhathi abaphezulu ezingeni lesikole.

imisebenzi ikakhulukazi izixazululo

Nazi ezinye izixazululo inkinga chemistry ne isinqumo ukukhombisa ukulandelana yezenzo uma kudluliswa. Ukuze uqale, siphawula ukuthi kungenzeka ukwenza imidwebo ukuqonda izinqubo ezichazwe eziyimpumelelo. Uma wayefisa, omunye zingathola umsebenzi futhi itafula lapho amanani kokuqala oyifunayo zilethwa.

Inhloso 1

Lo mkhumbi equkethe 5 amalitha 15% isixazululo sikasawoti, wathela amalitha ayisikhombisa amanzi. Anqume lokuhlushwa iphesenti ketshezi isixazululo entsha.

Ukuze ukwazi ukubona ukubaluleka oyifunayo, okhonjiswe X. Ngo ingxenye ambalwa ukubala okuqukethwe izidakamizwa e ikhambi wokuqala uma 5 iphindwe 0.15, sithola 0.75 amagremu.

Okulandelayo thina ukubala isisindo yesixazululo entsha, uma kubhekwa ukuthi batheleka kumalitha angu 7 amanzi, futhi ukuthola 12 amagremu.

Ukuthola iphesenti okuqukethwe usawoti ikhambi esekelwe ukuzimisela kwaleli nani, sithola: (0.75: 12) x 100% = 6,25%

Omunye umsebenzi isibonelo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa ku izibalo wathola ingxenye zezibalo.

umsebenzi 2

Kungakanani zethusi ngesisindo kufanele ukungezwa ucezu wethusi kokuba isisindo 8 kg, equkethe 13 amaphesenti metal okumsulwa, sokukhulisa iphesenti zethusi ku-25%.

Izinkinga ezinjalo e izixazululo zidinga kuqala ukunquma mass zethusi okuhlanzekile ingxubevange kokuqala. Ungasebenzisa Ingxenye zezibalo. Umphumela uba ukuthi Isisindo: 8 x 0.13 = 1.04 kg

Thatha ukubaluleka wazifunela x (amagremu), kuyilapho ingxubevange entsha sithola ukubaluleka kwayo (1.04 + x) amakhilogremu. Veza isisindo ingxubevange okuholela, sithola: (8 + x) amakhilogremu.

Inkinga kokuqukethwe metal kuphesenteji e ingxubevange esisha 25 per cent, ungakha ezothando zezibalo.

izixazululo abahlukahlukene ukuba inkinga zihlanganisa izinto test ukuqinisekisa ezingeni lolwazi amakilasi kuncike nanye. Nazi ezinye izimo nezinqumo imisebenzi yalolu hlobo.

umsebenzi 3

Nquma ivolumu (ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile) igesi lapho sebuqoqiwe ngemva nokuphathwa 0.3 Mol aluminiyamu abahlanzekile 160 ml 20% isixazululo potassium hydroxide efudumele (1.19 g / ml).

Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe izibalo le nkinga:

1. Okokuqala ukunquma isisindo yesixazululo.
2. Okulandelayo ukubala inani alikhali.
3. Amapharamitha etholwe iqhathaniswa nomunye, ukushoda kunqunywa. izibalo Okwalandela eyenziwa izidakamizwa, kuthathwe izinto eziningi enganele.
4. Ukubhala i equation for ukusabela ezenzeka phakathi izinto kokuqala, sahlela okuza stereochemical. Senza ukubala kule ndaba.

Isisindo lisetshenziswe umsebenzi isixazululo alikhali kuyinto 160 x 1.19 = 190.4 g

Isisindo ketshezi kuyoba 38,08 amagremu. Inani alikhali kuthathwe - 0.68 imvukuzane. Esikhathini isimo ithi inani aluminium 0.3 Mol, yingakho lapho kuntuleka khona lokhu metal ethile.

izibalo Okwalandela bawuthwale kwalo. It kuvela ukuthi ivolumu igesi kuyoba 0.3 x 67.2 / 2 = 10.08 amalitha.

Izinselele izixazululo yalolu hlobo abaphothule kubangele ukuphoxeka esiphezulu. Isizathu neotrabotannosti isinyathelo ukulandelanisa, kanye nalapho engekho imibono kwakhiwa mayelana izibalo eziyisisekelo.

umsebenzi 4

Izinkinga eziphathelene "isixazululo" kungafaka kwencazelo ketshezi okumsulwa ngesikhathi iphesenti predetermined amanyela. Nasi isibonelo msebenzi ukuze guys akazange kuphakama izinkinga ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe.

Bala umthamo igesi etholwe ngaphansi isenzo kanzulu sulfuric acid e 292,5 g usawoti kanye 20% amanyela.

Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe izenzo:

1. Njengoba sazi ukuthi le nkinga libhekisela khona amaphesenti ukungcola 20 ka, kubalulekile ukuchaza okuqukethwe ketshezi ngesisindo (80%).
2. Sinquma ukusabela chemical equation, sahlela okuza stereochemical. Ukuchitha savela ivolumu igesi ukubala besebenzisa ivolumu izinyo lomhlathi.

Isisindo ketshezi, esekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi kunamaKristu ukungcola etholwe 234 amagremu. Futhi ngesikhathi kathisha lokhu equation, sithola ukuthi ivolumu ilingana 89,6 amalitha.

Inhloso 5

Iziphi izici nezinye kukharikhulamu zesikole inkinga-chemistry ku izixazululo? Nasi umsebenzi isibonelo elihlobene ne isidingo ukubala nenqwaba umkhiqizo.

sulfide Lead (II), kokuba isisindo 95,6 g, is wasithukuthelela 300 namamililitha isixazululo 30% i-hydrogen peroxide (ukuminyana 1,1222 g / ml). Umkhiqizo yokusabela (e amagremu) ...

Inqubo ukuxazulula inkinga:

1. Izinto Solutions ukuhumusha ngokusebenzisa ngezabelo isisindo.
2. Ngokulandelayo, sithola inani ngamunye ingxenye yokuqala.
3. Ngemva Ukuqhathanisa imiphumela eyatholakala, sikhetha okokusebenza esithathelwe eziningi enganele.
4. Izibalo Kwakuseshwa kahle ngokuvumelana ketshezi angangenisa okungekuhle.
5. Kulingana ukuxhumana zamakhemikhali ukubala isisindo lomcebo engaziwa.

Ikhompyutha ikhambi peroxide, kwaba 336,66 amagremu. Isisindo ketshezi kumelwe ilingane 100,99 amagremu. Ikhompyutha inani amavukuzi, kuyoba 2.97. sulfide phambili kuyinto 95,6 / 239 = 0,4 Mol (eziqukethwe yokuntuleka).

Kulingana ukuxhumana zamakhemikhali. Nquma ngokuvumelana scheme futhi bathole ukubaluleka wayefisa 121,2 amagremu.

umsebenzi 6

Thola igesi ubuningi (Mol) okungase okulungiselelwe annealing ezishisayo, 5,61 kg yensimbi sulfide (II), kokuba ubumsulwa 80%.

inqubo:

1. Thina ukubala okalwe Fes.
2. Bhala kwesibalo chemical yokusabela umoya-mpilo emkhathini. Kuphethe izibalo ukusabela.

Ngu okumsulwa izidakamizwa isisindo kuyoba 4488, inani ingxenye Kutholwe kuyinto 51 ilitha.

Target 7

Of amalitha 134.4 (NTP) sulphur oxide (4) isixazululo yalungiswa. Ukuze-ke angena ngomfutho 1.5 litre 25% isixazululo sodium hydroxide (1.28 g / ml). Nquma isisindo usawoti okuholela.

I-algorithm ukubala:

1. Silindele isisindo isixazululo alikhali ngokuvumelana ifomula.
2. Sithola isisindo kanye nenani amavukuzi sodium hydroxide.
3. Ikhompyutha esilinganayo sulphur oxide (4).
4. Isilinganiso Inkomba wathola kunqunywa indlela yokwakheka usawoti kwakhiwa, ichaze abaphumeleli. Izibalo zenziwa ongemuhle.
5. Bhala ukusabela ikhemikhali okuza ukubala isisindo entsha ngenxa yokuntula usawoti.

Ngenxa yalokho, sithola:

• inani isixazululo alikhali 1171.875 amagremu;
• ngesisindo sodium hydroxide ukwenza 292,97 amagremu;
• e amavukuzi efana equkethwe 7,32 Mol;
• ezifanayo ukuziphatha ukubala oxide nesibabule (4), sithola 6 Mol;
• Kusho uzobe kwakhiwa usawoti yi ukuxhumana;
• Sithola 756 amagremu.

Target 8

Ukuze amagremu 100 10% isixazululo of ammonium chloride angena ngomfutho 100 g isixazululo 10% esiliva nitrate. Thola isisindo (e amagremu) kwenze.

I-algorithm ukubala:

1. Thina ukubala mass kanye nenani Ingqikithi ammonium chloride.
2. Silindele isisindo kanye nenani usawoti izinto - nitrate esiliva.
3. Nquma ukuthi iziphi izinto kokuqala athathwa eziningi enganele, ukwenza izibalo kwalo.
4. Bhala ezothando yokusabela okwenzeka, siyakuphila afeze ekubalweni mass inzika.

Holrida ammonium isisindo 10 g, inani - 0,19 imvukuzane. nitrate Isiliva ukuthi kuthathwe 10 amagremu, okungukuthi 0,059 imvukuzane. Esikhathini izibalo nedosttaku ukuthola 8,46 amagremu uyaca usawoti.

Ukuze sibhekane imisebenzi enzima, ezihlinzekwa ngesikhathi finals e lesikhombisa kanye nanye (ngesilinganiso neogranicheskoy-chemistry), kufanele ube ngumnikazi we-algorithm futhi babe amanye amakhono computer. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuba umnikazi ubuchwepheshe okukhiwa up zibalo zamakhemikhali, ukuze bakwazi usethe amazinga enqubeni.

Ngaphandle kwalezi amakhono ayisisekelo, ngisho umsebenzi kakhulu elula ukucacisa lokuhlushwa iphesenti ketshezi isixazululo noma ingxube abonakale iziqu vivinyo lube nzima futhi ezinzima.