Lapho elaseSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuvula esitimeleni? Umlando umasipala

Metro is ngokwesiko kubhekwe ifomu onokwethenjelwa kunayo yonke ezokuthutha zomphakathi. Izitimela "komhlaba" akemi esiminyaminyeni sezimoto, ukuhambisa ngokushesha, bakwazi ukuthutha lenqwaba abagibeli. Ngenxa ijubane, nokubikezela esitimeleni iyathandwa phakathi izakhamuzi emadolobheni amakhulu.

icala umlando

Ngamunye muzi kusukela maphakathi nekhulu XIX, njengoba ngodumo ukuze uthole Inethiwekhi ebanzi yophathina imigudu zomshoshaphansi kuzonciphisa phansi kwamaloli nezimoto uma zidlula. Amaphayona kule ndaba enzima, eLondon waqala: enhloko-dolobha i-English uvele komhlaba emhlabeni kuqala, futhi kwenzeka ngendlela emuva ngo-1862.

Special induduzo emisha kungenzeka ngiziqhayise: i izinqola evulekile phezulu owashukumisela zimbozwe intuthu nemihubhe umule ambozwe (the amakhanda British esetshenziswa), okwenza iwubuphukuphuku by indlela yanamuhla ubude 3.6 km - kodwa namanje kwaba intuthuko enkulu.

isiminyaminya - akuyona inkinga entsha

Moscow ekuqa- nesishiyagalolunye lwamashumi amabili eminyaka, kungase kungabi kakhulu njengegama isipho, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi ukhokho babe futhi esiphawulekayo. Yiqiniso, uma abazange bathathe ingxenye ziyinsimbi, kanye namahhashi abavamile kakhulu, kodwa ekuqongeleleni wezimpahla umgibeli nabasebenza ngezinye izikhathi wayeka womgwaqo emigwaqweni ngokuphelele.

Inkinga wavuthwa ngokucacile futhi, liphefumulelwe British, iziphathimandla Czarist Russian ukucabanga mayelana nokwakhiwa esitimeleni emuva 1890s - eside ngaphambi kwesikhathi lapho iSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuvula ongaphansi komhlaba. Yini ngonyaka ezobanjelwa kulo mcimbi, uma iphrojekthi wamukelwa ngonyaka 1901 (futhi yini ukuma ungathenga esiteshini), asisoze sazi. Nokho, umlando akakubekezeleli kwemizwa subjunctive.

Le phrojekthi lokuqala eMoscow Metro

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, Zabathanda ezintathu: P. Balinskii, E. Knorre noN Karazin atshalwe isinqumo okusalungiswa izinkinga kwezokuthutha eMoscow kwalasha ngesikhathi sabo, ithalente futhi izinzwa. Umzabalazo angene at zonke sinyathelo. Abanikazi "tram" nesincintisana wayemesaba. City uHulumeni awanelisekile ngezinzuzo sabo sezimali. Ngisho abefundisi bahileleka, ngaphandle angalokothi lingcweliswe: ukuthi ngezinyawo ngeke ubuhlungu ezinye ubuhle amasonto eMoscow. Kwakukhona ngisho umbono ukuthi Metro kuyalimaza (!) Ukuze emzaneni.

Uma kungenjalo ngokuba inertia nokuhaha zikahulumeni, umbuzo ukuthi, lapho iSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuvula ongaphansi komhlaba, lapho idolobha kanye ngonyaka Bekuyoba ukungabi nangqondo, ngoba inani isakhiwo ngabe yilunga izwe ngokuphelele. Kodwa kwathi ehlukile. Balinsky iphrojekthi brilliant sinqatshiwe, kanye nokusentshenziswa kwe Knorre entsha asethuthukile ngo-1912, uvikelwe kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye izenzakalo abadumile wamavukelambuso. ukwakhiwa Subway lihlehliselwe isikhathi esingaziwa: ezikhathini seziyaluyalu okukhulu hhayi nezigigaba ezisemadolobheni.

Umsebenzi uhulumeni omusha

Xazulula inkinga zokuthutha kule inhloko-dolobha abasha eSoviet Union kwaba emagunyeni entsha. Ekuqaleni, ubuholi kubonakala namanje harbored ezinye ukukhohlisa ukuthi ngaphandle Esiteshini ongayenza: ngenkuthalo kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo trams, amabhasi kanye trolleybuses. Kodwa yi-30s ekuqaleni kwaba sobala ukuthi phansi zokuthutha ukuxazulula ngokuphelele inkinga ka abakwazi.

Njengakwamanye ezintweni eziningi, isici eliyisisekelo iyintando zezombusazwe: isinqumo we Plenum leKomiti Central ngoJulayi 1931, ngokushesha ngaphambilini ukuqala ukwakhiwa esitimeleni - futhi kusukela isinqumo sawo esibalulekile. kuze kube ngomzuzu lapho iSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuvula ongaphansi komhlaba, kwathatha iminyaka emine kuphela.

ukwakhiwa Hammer

Ngo-September, 31 th ihlelwe Metrostroy, phezu kwengungu emigqeni 10 (inani 80 km) evunyiwe Mashi 33rd, futhi phakathi ekwindla 1934 by "kuyi-Komsomolskaya" ukuze "Sokolniki" uye cruised Isivivinyo, "aphambane-e" isitimela ehlanganisa namakalishi ezimbili .

Uma ukugcwaliseka umqondo ngokuvamile, kwakudingeka cishe uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu, ukwakhiwa, kusukela ukwamukelwa yephrojekthi ngaphambi kosuku, lapho iSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuvula esitimeleni - unyaka nesigamu. Kuyacaca ukuthi letatinyakata umsebenzi yashesha ijubane: eSoviet Union, cishe zonke kwakudingeka abe umthunzi engakaze ibonwe feat. Kodwa bezindonga udumo - akunakuphikwa, futhi Muscovites kufanele kube phakade unokubonga ngalokho esikufezile.

Metro station uqala ngokuqhathanisa kahle ubuhle zakamuva kanye intuthuko, okuyinto kubhekwa abaklami engadingekile yesimanje. ubudala bethu pragmatic igxile ukusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle. Bese ngithi, uma inani iziteshi rose esidlule ikhulu, kabasebabili into enjalo kwezinhloso zenzuzo yobuhle, uma kwenzeka ukuthi kukhona amabili kuphela. Esikhathini 30s kwaba zonke entsha, futhi isimo sengqondo izenzakalo wayehlukile.

Nobuhle nokusebenza

Architect Metrostroi "Ukhumbula ukuthi nje unyaka ngaphambi kwesikhathi lapho iSoviet Union kwaba Esiteshini kuqala wavula, babiza yayisithi iziteshi okudingeka ukwenze amaphrojekthi izinsuku ezingu-25. Izidingo kuphela ezisebenza umphumela - kumele babe "enhle".

Ukuze credit yayo, abakhi Kumelwe ngisho ukuthi umsebenzi basuke iphathwe isikhathi "lemihle kakhulu", uya isixazululo ngayinye, eqanjiwe nothando. Ngesikhathi iSoviet Union kwaba Esiteshini kuqala wavula enhloko-dolobha Ayekulungele iziteshi 13. Kuyinto funny Kaganovich anxenxa esikhundleni leatherette kwi lesikhumba izihlalo bangempela, ukumela nempilo ende yayo. zezomnotho Modern kusukela isinqumo esinjalo kungaba nje uyanengwa.

Isipho kangcono Muscovites

Februwari 4, 1934 Metro isitimela sidlula agudle kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni, futhi 6th, izitimela eziyisishiyagalombili esitimeleni eMoscow wathatha umgibeli wokuqala - Izihambeli we VII Congress.

Ekuqaleni, on the esitimeleni zingase zidlulisele km 11.5 kuphela - kusuka "Sokolniki" ukuze "Park of Culture", nge legatsha ukuze "Smolenskaya" (kamuva - Arbatskaya umugqa). Ukuze izinsizakalo abagibeli kwakukhona 13 iziteshi nezitimela 14. Yiqiniso, namuhla izakhamizi inhlokodolobha, le "komhlaba" benza akakuthandanga, kodwa ngesikhathi lapho iSoviet Union kwaba Esiteshini kuqala wavula, kusolakala eMoscow njengoba isimangaliso sangempela. Ngosuku lokuqala, May 15, 1935, ukuzwa ifomu bonobumba zokuthutha ufisele ayizinkulungwane 370. Man.

Yiqiniso, hhayi ngaphandle eqolo Iqabane uStalin. Ngalezo zinsuku, ngaphandle kwakhe ndawo ikhiphe - ayihlukile neze futhi ngosuku lapho iSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuvula ongaphansi komhlaba. I isitimela ehlotshiswe ekumeni of umholi kanye obala kokuqukethwe efanele :. "Ngenxa Stalin esikhulu ukunakekelwa zoyise yabasebenza eMoscow"

Izolo

Mangisho ukuthi ngomqondo othile "uyise wabo bonke izizwe" ngempela Ulondoloze le wokwakha omangalisayo, kokuthi unqume ukuba angamshiyi eMoscow ngo-1941, lapho amaJalimane befika emzini ibanga ezibucayi. On 15 Okthoba kulo nyaka - usuku kuphela emlandweni lapho iminyango kungukuthi wavula komhlaba abagibeli bayo. Wonke amatshe amasu (kanye ongaphansi komhlaba kanye) abangu misela futhi ukulungele ukubhujiswa. Ngenhlanhla, lokhu akwenzekanga: oda sahoxiswa. Phakathi nempi, yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi wokuphumula komhlaba ibhomu indawo yokukhosela, ukulondoloza, ngisho ngokunikela ngokuphila: ngo-1941 kwazalwa 217 izingane.

Umnikazi we-ithikithi wokuqala isibe isisebenzi njalo, yinkakha ifektri "Red yesigaba sabasebenzi" P.Latyshev. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ngolunye usuku ngo-May, lapho iSoviet Union kwaba Esiteshini kuqala wavula, ubani ongalindela ukuthi iphrojekthi grand kuzoholela lolu hlelo. Namuhla, ubude ulayini 327,5 km 196 ukuxhuma iziteshi, futhi nsuku zonke umgibeli sezimoto eMoscow Metro iqhawe emhlabeni.